Use of monoclonal antibodies for the differential diagnosis of pestivirus infections in swine]

Monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for hog cholera virus (HCV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) or pestivirus were applied for the differential diagnosis of pestivirus infections in pigs. Field virus isolated from 8 confirmed classical swine fever outbreaks and one suspect case was propagated in PK(15) cell cultures and identified by direct immunofluorescence (IFA) and peroxidase linked antibody (PLA) assays. Peroxidase-linked HCV, BVDV and pestivirus specific mab were applied in direct PLA for differentiation. Nine isolates were classified as members of the genus pestivirus. Eight isolates showed a positive reaction with an HCV mab. One isolates reacted with BVDV specific mab only. For further characterization an indirect PLA was performed using a collection of different HCV and BVDV specific mabs. Some of the HCV isolates also showed a weak reaction with BVDV specific mab.     

Ear hematoma in a sheep

A case of othaematoma in a sheep is reported. The successful treatment was carried out following the treatment principles known in the dog.     

中国肉羊产业发展特征、矛盾及对策

为了深入了解中国肉羊产业的发展环境,本文从生产和国际贸易角度对我国肉羊产业的发展特征、面临的矛盾以及今后的发展趋势作了较为详尽的分析。分析表明,从生产上看,肉羊生产快速发展,生产水平不断提高;肉羊生产的区域化特征明显,产业集中度不断提高。从国际贸易上看,中国肉羊国际贸易总额不断增长,但贸易逆差不断拉大,并且进口、出口市场相对集中,特别是进口市场集中化趋势更为明显。进一步的分析表明,肉羊产业的发展处于矛盾重叠期,现存的矛盾制约着我国肉羊产业的可持续发展进程,因此,在一系列矛盾相互交织之中,从整个产业发展的高度,对肉羊产业链各环节进行优化整合,赋予传统肉羊产业以新的内涵,用现代畜牧业的要求来改造传统的肉羊产业,促进我国肉羊产业的可持续发展。     

农区不同品种肉羊杂交组合模式效益分析

选择波尔山羊、南江黄羊、本地羊进行杂交组合,分析不同组合模式的产羔数、初生重、双月龄断奶重、六月龄出栏重等生产指标,筛选农区适度规模舍饲肉羊的最优杂交组合。结果表明:不同品种肉羊杂交生产性能明显提高;不同杂交组合模式效益依次为本♀×波♂×波♂>本♀×南♂×波♂>本♀×波♂。     

青海绵羊血清铜蓝蛋白酶活性测定

用盐酸对苯二胺法对青海省148只绵羊进行了血清铜蓝蛋白酶活性测定。结果为:小尾寒羊,(18.660±0.905)IU/L;新疆细毛羊,(10.024±0.359)IU/L;青海半细毛羊,(48.380±1.152)IU/L;海南藏羊,(58.090±0.864)IU/L;欧拉羊,(45.440±1.342)IU/L。同时,在公、母组间进行比较,小尾寒羊母羊的血液铜蓝蛋白酶的活性极显著的高于公羊(P<0.01)。     

The diagnostic significance of different blood parameters and liver biopsy in chronic copper poisoning of sheep

In a flock of sheep to which food with excess copper (= Cu) had been fed for some months 39 animals died of chronic copper toxicosis. In 5 sheep of this flock the plasma concentrations of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), aspartate-amino-transferase (ASAT) and copper were measured several times over a period of 100 days. At day 23, 58 and 97 needle biopsies of the liver were taken. The biopsies were used for histological examination and Cu-analysis. After 100 days the sheep were slaughtered and chronic copper poisoning was diagnosed by raised Cu concentration and typical histological alterations in the liver. The activities of GLDH and SDH in the plasma of the 5 sheep were consistently above normal, ASAT activity and the plasma Cu level were raised only occasionally. The results of Cu determination in biopsy samples were of little predictive value compared with post mortem Cu analysis of the liver.     

绵羊遗传连锁图谱的新动态

本文对绵羊遗传连锁图谱研究的方法。 现状和进展进行了综述，主要包括绵羊连锁图谱的 作图参考家系、标记系统、图谱制作方法、基因组资 料库和绵羊连锁图谱的研究现状并加以展望。     

Fine tissue studies of the nerve supply to the dental pulp in domestic sheep (O. ammon aries Linné, 1758)]

The nerve supply of the pulp was investigated in 17 sheep of various breeds and age groups belonging to both sexes, using light and electron microscopy. The following results were obtained: The dental pulp of sheep is supplied with myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. The subodontoblastic plexus of Raschkow, as found in man, is absent in sheep. Single axons may be found in the predentine between the odontoblasts and near Tomes' processes. The rare occurrence of both subodontoblastic nerve fibres and cells of the immune system in the ovine pulp is discussed in relation to evolutionary processes, in light of the fact that sheep are relatively resistant to caries.     

种羊场经营管理与经济效益分析及提高经济效益的措施

本文从种羊场的收入和支出情况出发,统计分析了种羊场种羊的销售与生产成本,计算出收入与支出差额,分析该场的盈亏情况,得出该场处于盈利状况。同时根据种羊场羊群结构状况以及经营状况指出了该场在经营管理上存在的问题,并提出了切实可行的改进措施。     

Functional pyloric stenosis in sheep]

The clinical findings, the autopsy and the histology of functional pyloric stenosis in three sheep between four and eight years old are described. A chronic ulcer with structural alterations of the pyloric protuberance was found in the first animal. In the second sheep there were several polyps in the pylorus, and in the third erosions throughout the whole pylorus, and a few hyperplastic areas of epithelium at the junction between pylorus and duodenum. The abomasum was moderately to extremely congested and the contents weighed between 6.7 and 13 kg. In addition to these findings chronic and unspecific abomaso-duodenitis was found in all three sheep. These three cases can be attributed to the distal functional pyloric stenosis (Hoflund syndrome).     

绵羊同期发情研究进展

同期发情是动物繁殖生物技术之一,同超数排卵和胚胎移植一并已广泛应用于养羊业生产,大大地提高了羊生产力。文章就国内外绵羊同期发情技术的研究方法及其效果作以论述。     

The problems of vaccination against chlamydial abortion in sheep]

Different vaccines used against chlamydial abortion in sheep are described. Problems associated with insufficient immunity after vaccination are discussed. Reasons for failure of certain vaccine preparations are addressed. Finally new developments in vaccine production are introduced which might be useful in solving problems still existing in the prevention of chlamydial abortion in sheep by vaccination.     

Passive immunisation of fish against vibriosis, comparison of intraperitoneal, oral and immersion routes

Passive immunisation of fish was conducted to determine whether anti-Vibrio anguillarum whole sera (AVA) and affinity-purified AVA raised in sheep, rabbits and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were persistent when injected and orally administered into rainbow trout. These responses were compared with active immunisation by immersion in, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with, formalin-killed V. anguillarum cells. Sheep and rabbit AVA were detected in rainbow trout sera for up to 70 days (half-life 21 days) after i.p. injection as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relative percentage survival (RPS) of passively immunised rainbow trout challenged with virulent V. anguillarum after an injection was comparable to that of active immunisation by immersion after 1 month post-immunisation (p.i). Affinity-purified sheep and rabbit AVA exhibited the same protective potential as whole serum in rainbow trout. Rabbit and sheep immune sera diluted 1:8 and 1:50, respectively, provided equivalent protection as undiluted fish immune serum. An active immune response against passively acquired heterologous immunoglobulins was demonstrated by ELISA, with responses against sheep AVA being less than those against rabbit AVA. Rainbow trout given purified sheep AVA conjugated to LTB (the GM-1-binding subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin) and administered orally had an RPS of 37.5% at 15 days and 27% at 1 month p.i. In contrast, fish given sheep AVA conjugated to TraT (an internal membrane of E. coli) or in micellar form with Quil-A had RPSs of only 18.7 and 6.2%, respectively, after 15 days, and 13.3 and 0% after 1 month, respectively. The protection conferred by immune sera was shown to be due to the immunoglobulin component alone. Heat inactivation of the complement in sera had no effect on the potency of immune sera.     

The etiology of "malignant catarrhal fever" originating in sheep: serological findings in cattle and sheep with ruminant gamma herpesviruses

In the case of the wildebeest-derived form of malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF) alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlcHV1) is well established as the cause. However, the etiology of the form of the disease circumstantially associated with sheep (SA-MCF) remains equivocal. A serological relationship has been proposed to exist between the unidentified sheep-associated agent causing SA-MCF and AlcHV1 causing WD-MCF. We attempted to confirm this hypothesis. Using an indirect ELISA we found 94 of 100 cattle (94%) and 80 of 90 sheep (89%) to display antibody to AlcHV1. Nine of 10 cattle with SA-MCF showed elevated antibody titers to AlcHV1 when compared with most other animals. However, these findings were of limited diagnostic value, since similar results were also obtained with sera from healthy cattle. When assayed in the presence of antigens of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4), a virus related to AlcHV1 yet without confirmed pathogenicity, 99 cattle sera (99%) and 85 sheep sera (95%) were observed to react specifically with this virus. Together, the results indicated that most domestic cattle and sheep were infected with viruses that are related to AlcHV1 and BHV4. An etiologically meaningful interpretation of the serologic findings does not seem possible at present.     

Use of the Reflotron system for laboratory diagnosis in swine and sheep

The "Reflotron" system (Boehringer Mannheim) was compared with standard laboratory methods for determination of blood values, e.g. haemoglobin, glucose, urea, ASAT/GOT and GGT in pigs and sheep. Various different commercial control sera as well as blood and plasma samples from pigs and sheep were used for evaluation of its precision. The day-to-day precision of all parameters was satisfactory. The accuracy of the values was tested in 56(48) blood samples of healthy and sick pigs (sheep) by using standard substances (glucose, urea) and by comparing them with values measured by standard laboratory methods. There were systematic differences between "Reflotron" and other values in the glucose- and enzyme-values, which can be corrected with the help of conversion factors. In pigs, the enzyme GGT can not be determined accurately with the "Reflotron" system.     

The cell count in sheep and goat milk]

The udder health of 404 sheep from 23 flocks and 397 goats from 15 herds in Lower Austria was examined. In order to determine cell levels, the Schalm Test (equivalent to the California mastitis test) and a fluoroscopic "Fossomatic" cell count appliance were employed. The resultant physiological median levels of somatic cell content were established as 71,000 cells/ml for sheep milk and 415,000 cells/ml for goat milk. Significant factors influencing the cell count levels were the milking technique in both species and age in sheep but not in goats. The pathogens most frequently isolated as causes of chronic or latent mastitis were coagulase-positive and -negative cocci.     

农区绵羊数字化管理系统的开发

根据河南省绵羊饲养情况,提出了一种开发农区绵羊数字化管理系统的设想,对系统的框架、系统功能以及系统平台等进行了详细论述。     

新疆地方绵羊遗传多样性AFLP检测方法的建立

研究以新疆地方绵羊为试验材料,为建立适合绵羊AFLP多态性分析体系,对其分析过程中DNA提取、酶切连接扩增、电泳及银染效果等相关环节进行了一定改进和检测。本试验通过筛选出的8对引物组合分析了新疆6个地方绵羊的遗传多样性。结果表明经优化后的AFLP体系条带清晰可辨,扩增信号较强,带型稳定,AFLP适合绵羊遗传多样性分析。     

Sheep raising in the farming industry

90% of the income of sheep keeping is derived from the sale of lamb meat. Next to the selection by breeding, a series of management and hygiene measures can help to improve the reproductive capabilities of the animals greatly. This means that the lambing and breeding capabilities of a sheep herd may be accomplished above the mean.     

Ecthyma of sheep and goats

Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD, contagious ecthyma, Orf) is a highly contagious viral disease afflicting sheep and goats. The infectious agent is a parapoxvirus which is widespread and also contagious for humans (zoonosis). Recently the disease in sheep and goats is marked by increased incidence and severe cases which cause many losses especially among lambs in fattening farms. The immunity of once infected animals is based on cellular defense mechanisms which are very unstable. The most suitable method for the prevention of ecthyma is parenteral vaccination with attenuated live vaccines. Effective vaccination programmes should enclose the whole animal population at intervals of 6-8 months.