红毛菜壳孢子的超微结构

采集江苏南通海区栽培的红毛菜壳孢子，先在2.5%的二醛海水溶液中固定，然后用电子显微镜观察红毛菜壳孢子的超微结构。壳孢子内的主要细胞器为色素体、细胞核和线粒体。色素体轴生、星状，占据细胞质内的大部分空间，其内有一蛋白核，位于中央，但被少数类囊体片层穿过；类囊体排列整齐，表面有藻胆体颗粒。细胞核位于细胞的一侧，为不规划的圆球形，外被有核孔的双层核膜，核仁较大，球状，内部可见有几处电子密度较低的圆形结构--纤维中心。细胞质内可见到液泡、游离的红藻淀粉颗粒等超微结构。     

坛紫菜自由丝状体细胞超微结构的初步研究

本文介绍了用扫描电镜和透射电镜对坛紫菜自由丝状体细胞观察的结果。发现在坛紫菜自由丝状体的膨大藻丝细胞外壁上具有脊突；在丝状藻丝及膨大藻丝细胞的间壁上，存在着孔状联系。在坛紫菜自由丝状体的细胞质中，清晰地观察到内质网结构；这些内质网多分布于细胞核的周围，有些地方并与核膜连接，在细胞膜的附近也能观察到内质网的存在。在细胞核中可以看到双层核膜，在双层核膜之间是一核膜间区，核膜上具有核孔，此外还可见到核仁和浓聚深色的染色质。     

条斑紫菜自由丝状体的形态结构观察

以光镜和电镜观察条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis）自由丝状体生长过程中，从营养藻丝、壳孢子囊枝到成熟的壳孢子囊枝细胞形态结构的变化，结果表明，光镜下自由丝状体在生长过程中细胞外部形态、色素体位置和颜色均发生变化；电镜观察显示了3个不同时期细胞的超微结构，主要包括细胞壁、细胞核、色素体、类囊体、内质网、蛋白核、线粒体、液泡、红藻淀粉和质体小球等。在自由丝状体的生长过程中细胞超微结构的主要变化为细胞壁增厚并产生脊突；色素体数量减少、分布位置从连续排列在细胞两侧到分散排列在细胞边缘，并且在类囊体膜之间出现空隙；红藻淀粉量增多并充满细胞间质。对这些变化与自由丝状体生长环境水温、光照强度和光照时间发生变化之间的关系进行探讨，综合分析认为，条斑紫菜自由丝状体在生长过程中，生长环境经由夏季高温、光照时间长、光照强度高到秋季温度下降、光照时间缩短、光照强度下降的变化，丝状体细胞发生细胞壁增厚、疏松，色素体数量减少，内质网面积增加，液泡、线粒体数量增多，红藻淀粉量大大增加等结构的变化。     

褐牙鲆精子超微结构观察

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对自然成熟的褐牙鲆精子超微结构进行了观察。褐牙鲆精子的头部近似圆形,直径1.49±0.17μm,尾部鞭毛较长,达40.17±0.65μm。褐牙鲆精子由头部、中段和尾部(鞭毛)构成。头部的顶端无顶体,细胞核为圆形,染色质致密。核膜分由内核膜和外核膜构成,其间有核周腔。核膜与质膜间有较大间隙,其间分布有许多细胞质、囊泡和溶酶体,在细胞核后端,核膜与质膜之间除细胞质外,还分布有5~6个呈环形单层排列的线粒体。植入窝位于细胞核后端的凹陷处,中心粒复合体位于植入窝内。基体的头端由电子致密物质构成,基体的末端与鞭毛起始端相连,鞭毛从袖套腔中伸出。鞭毛中心结构是轴丝,轴丝为"9+2"微管结构。轴丝外侧有侧鳍。     

蜈蚣藻和繁枝蜈蚣藻孢子发生类型的研究

本研究以我国厦门地区沿海产的蜈蚣藻和繁枝蜈蚣藻为对象，进行其发生的比较研究，其结果如下：1．蜈蚣藻的果孢子和四分孢子大小相似，直径约为15微米左右，孢子中央具有一个细胞核，色素体多集中于细胞中央，呈黄褐色。繁枝蜈蚣藻的果孢子和四分孢子略大，直径为17微米左右，其色素体呈棕褐色。2．蜈蚣藻和繁枝蜈蚣藻的孢子发生类型，均为间接盘状型，但其发生初期的发生形式，略有不同，表现出种间的差异性。     

梭子蟹肌孢虫的组织分布与形式特点

利用透射电镜技术研究了梭子蟹肌孢虫在三疣梭子蟹体内的组织分布和形式特点,结果显示,梭子蟹肌孢虫主要寄生在骨骼肌、血淋巴、鳃、胃和肠,而在心脏、肝胰腺、性腺和神经等部位未发现。在胃和肠的结缔组织以及骨骼肌中发现梭子蟹肌孢虫的分裂体,表明其可以在这些组织的细胞中增殖,尤其是在骨骼肌细胞中,大量不同发育时期的虫体显示了该虫对骨骼肌的亲嗜性。梭子蟹肌孢虫的分裂体以及其他增殖期的细胞仅寄生于宿主细胞内,而成熟的孢子可存在于宿主细胞内和细胞外基质中。梭子蟹肌孢虫的孢子有6种存在形式,在宿主细胞内和宿主细胞外基质中各有3种。孢子在宿主细胞内的存在形式:1孢子直接寄生于宿主细胞质中,自由游离,无膜包围;2孢子被单层膜包围,类微绒毛样突起物部分溶解,这种情况见于专业性吞噬细胞——无颗粒细胞内;3孢子被层状环形膜结构包围,类微绒毛样突起物清晰,这种情况见于非专业性吞噬细胞内。孢子在宿主细胞外基质中的存在形式:1孢子自由游离,无膜包围,类微绒毛样突起物清晰;2多个孢子被体液性被囊包围,类微绒毛样突起物清晰;3孢子无膜包围,孢外壁与类微绒毛样突起物消失。本研究阐明了梭子蟹肌孢虫在三疣梭子蟹体内的组织分布和孢子的存在形式,为进一步研究微孢子虫在宿主蟹体内的迁移规律提供了重要的基础数据。     

栉孔扇贝急性病毒性坏死症(AVND)病理学观察与分析

2000~2002年,应用光镜和电子显微技术对AVND发生期间栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)各主要组织器官病理变化进行了连续观察。光镜观察显示,除生殖腺、闭壳肌外,濒死栉孔扇贝的外套膜、鳃、肾、消化腺和肠组织都有不同程度的组织病理变化。病灶主要出现在上述各器官的结缔组织以及上皮组织,病理变化表现为细胞核肿大、固缩、破裂,核染色质边缘化或空泡化,受感染细胞崩解、脱落,留下大片均质无结构的空白区域,形成凝固性坏死,结缔组织细胞质中有嗜碱性包涵体样颗粒存在。电镜观察显示,在病灶出现的组织细胞内,细胞核染色质异常凝集和边缘化、核膜周隙扩张或溶解。细胞器病理变化明显,内质网扩张,核糖体脱落,有髓鞘样小体出现;线粒体肿大、嵴融解,整个细胞出现解体现象。病变的结缔组织细胞与间质细胞细胞质中有大量直径为130~170nm、具有囊膜的球形病毒粒子存在,负染电镜观察表明,病毒囊膜表面覆有长20nm放射状纤突。病毒的发生基质在细胞质内,并被一膜性结构所包围。病毒在宿主细胞中的繁殖分为3个阶段,即病毒发生期、病毒装配期和病毒释放期。病理学观察证明,病毒感染与病理变化具有明显的相关性。     

铜对鲤鱼损害的电镜X射线显微分析

用电镜X射线显微分析法，研究铜在鲤（Cyprinus carpio）肝细胞和肾细胞中的分布和相对含量，从细胞水平探讨鲤的铜中毒机理。结果表明，铜进入鲤体内后，在肝细胞、肾细胞的溶酶体中分布最多，溶酶体旁、细胞核次之，细胞质内最少，中毒组与正常组差异显著。鲤中毒后肝细胞核膜扩张、线粒体呈空泡状，溶酶体数量增多、体积增大；肾小管上皮细胞核膜扩张，线粒体肿胀，嵴断裂。     

对虾卵细胞的发生

用光镜和电镜观察了对虾(Penaneus orientalis Kishinouye)卵细胞的发生。结果为:1.卵母细胞核逐渐长大。核仁经历大量形成,颗粒部与原纤维部分离并在核膜下连成一片,以及颗粒部消散等过程。胞浆,早期游离核糖体多,而后内质网池多。在内质网池间出现卵黄球前体,后形成卵黄球。最后在胞浆的外周出现皮质棒。2.卵泡细胞逐渐伸展于卵母细胞间,将其完全分隔开。早期胞浆中多滑面内质网,而后为大量粗面内质网。     

多刺裸腹溞的精子发生

应用组织学方法和电镜技术,研究了多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的精子发生、成熟精子的形态以及雄性生殖系统的结构特征。多刺裸腹溞雄性生殖系统包括1对精巢、1对输精管和1个生殖孔。精巢壁薄,由电子密度不同的2层结缔组织膜组成。生殖孔位于尾爪底部,其周围无类似交媾器等其他附属结构。多刺裸腹溞的精子发生经历精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞和成熟精子4个主要时期。精原细胞呈椭圆形,核染色质较分散,细胞质中分布着大量的粗面内质网和游离的核糖体。精母细胞由于挤压呈多角形,细胞核为椭圆形,核基质和染色质分别位于细胞核的一侧,细胞质中存在少量的线粒体,内质网呈片层状。精子细胞向精子分化,形态上纵向拉长,细胞核也纵向伸长;细胞质中线粒体数量增多,个体增大,且部分线粒体内嵴溶解,形成空泡状的衍生物;内质网大量发生。成熟精子弯曲成棒形,细胞核变小,呈圆形,位于精子的中央。扫描电镜观察显示,精子外表面光滑无附属结构。在整个精子发生过程中,细胞核双层核膜结构完整且清晰。此外在精巢中还存在巨大细胞。     

条浒苔蛋白核超微结构和Rubisco及其活化酶分子定位

研究了条浒苔蛋白核超微结构及其Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶金相免疫分子定位。超微结构显示,条浒苔细胞具有形态及组成相同的1～2个蛋白核,每个蛋白核被淀粉鞘所包围。蛋白核中央均有1条由1个类囊体构成的纵向孔道,并有时局部特别膨大。纵向孔道两端与叶绿体基质相连接。小球藻Rubisco抗体对条浒苔Rubisco的Western印迹图谱显示仅为1条带,其位置与SDS-PAGE电泳图谱上的主带相对应,分子量大约为55kD。金相免疫分子定位的结果显示,条浒苔Rubisco金标颗粒主要分布于叶绿体的蛋白核(71.86%)和淀粉鞘(27.94%)部位中,按面积密度计算二者总和占99.8%,极少分布在叶绿体类囊体和基质中(0.2%)。Rubisco活化酶分子定位也显示其主要分布于蛋白核和淀粉鞘中。这些结果均表明条浒苔蛋白核(及淀粉鞘)与单细胞绿藻的蛋白核相同,具有光合作用功能。条浒苔Rubisco初始活性和总活性的测定结果表明,其活化率较高,高达77.62%。     

“红肉病”文蛤中发现的一种球形病毒的形态发生与细胞病理学

在患“红肉病”文蛤的消化盲囊上皮细胞中发现了一种球形病毒及其发生基质。病毒粒子呈球形，无囊膜，直径约50－80nm，在细胞质内形成多泡状的包涵体并进行病毒粒子的装配。受感染的细胞具有明显的病理变化，主要表现为核固缩或肿胀并出现核空泡，内质网膨胀、大部分转化泡状，线粒体溶解或固缩，溶酶体数量增多等。     

Development and regression of soybean meal induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., distal intestine: a comparison with the intestines of fasted fish

The development of a pathological condition in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., induced by dietary soybean meal, was studied in a 6-week feeding experiment. The fully developed condition, as observed after 3 weeks on the experimental diets, was characterized by: (1) a shortening of heights of the mucosal foldings; (2) a loss of the normal supranuclear vacuolization of the absorptive cells in the intestinal epithelium; (3) a widening of the central stroma within the mucosal foldings, with increased amounts of connective tissue; and (4) a profound infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The first signs of morphological changes were observed after 2 days on a diet containing a solvent extracted soybean meal, and within 7 days, all the above mentioned signs were observed. When the fish were subsequently transferred to a control diet, the mucosal folds were rebuilt from the base, resulting in an apparently functional epithelium after 3 weeks. Starved fish also exhibited characteristic changes of the mucosa, including a finely granular cytoplasm replacing the supranuclear vacuoles seen in the epithelial cells of normal fish. In addition, a pattern of irregularly spaced indentations developed in the epithelium of the simple folds. The condition induced by dietary soybean meal was classified as a no n-infectious subacute enteritis, and a pathogenesis involving immunological mechanisms is suggested.     

Morphological studies of peripheral blood cells of the Chinese sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>

The peripheral blood cells of one-year-old Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) have been studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The erythrocyte count was 84.86 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³ in the peripheral blood of the fish and that of leukocytes was 2.24 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³. The erythrocytes and four main types of leucocyte—thrombocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes (including neutrophils and eosinophils), and monocytes, were identified in the peripheral blood. In addition to normal erythrocytes, reticulocytes and division of erythrocytes were observed. Thrombocytes were the most numerous among the leukocytes, and the number of neutrophils with lobated nuclei was larger than for other fish. The structures of the erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes of the fish were studied. The erythrocytes were almost completely devoid of organelles, except for some mitochondria and granules. A large number of vacuoles and a few organelles were observed in cytoplasm of the monocytes. There were many microvilli on the membrane and pseudopodia-like cytoplasm bulge in the lymphocytes. The neutrophils were round or oval in shape with bilobed, trilobed, or multilobed nuclei whereas the eosinophils had big special granules, dark stained. There were many vesicles in some thrombocytes, which were related to its phagocytosis; some thrombocytes had almost no cytoplasm or organelles.     

“红肉病”文蛤中寄生类立克次体的超微结构与细胞病理学

报道了患“红肉病”文蛤的消化盲囊上皮中所发现的类立克次体以及所引起的受感染细胞的病理学变化。该病原包涵体呈球形或椭球形,有强嗜碱性和嗜酸性两种,电镜下观察到上皮细胞内充满了大量的类立克次体,其形态结构及大小表现了极大的多样性,受感染的细胞具有明显的病理学变化,内质网膨大为潴泡状,核糖体脱落;线粒体溶解或固缩,核膜肿胀,染色质固缩并出现液泡结构,高度感染时,细胞核与大部分的细胞器消失,在上皮细胞中,观察到类立克次体以二分裂和出芽方式进行繁殖。     

Ultrastructural morphogenesis of salmonid alphavirus 1

Studies on the ultrastructural morphogenesis of viruses give an insight into how the host cell mechanisms are utilized for new virion synthesis. A time course examining salmonid alphavirus 1 (SAV 1) assembly was performed by culturing the virus on Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE‐214). Different stages of viral replication were observed under electron microscopy. Virus‐like particles were observed inside membrane‐bound vesicles as early as 1 h following contact of the virus with the cells. Membrane‐dependent replication complexes were observed in the cytoplasm of the cells, with spherules found at the periphery of late endosome‐like vacuoles. The use of intracellular membranes for RNA replication is similar to other positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses. The number of Golgi apparatus and associated vacuoles characterized by ‘fuzzy’‐coated membranes was greater in virus‐infected cells. The mature enveloped virions started to bud out from the cells at approximately 24 h post‐infection. These observations suggest that the pathway used by SAV 1 for the generation of new virus particles in vitro is comparable to viral replication observed with mammalian alphaviruses but with some interesting differences.     

长江口纹缟虾虎鱼精子、卵子及受精过程扫描电镜观察

采用电镜对长江口纹缟虾虎鱼成熟精子、卵子及受精早期精子入卵过程进行了观察。结果显示:纹缟虾虎鱼成熟精子由头部和尾部两部分组成。头部呈圆形或近圆形,无顶体,细胞核长径为1.15±0.28μm,短径为0.97±0.22μm,尾部鞭毛长为8.17±1.12μm。核膜外具有双层质膜,质膜表面不平整,在核膜和双层质膜中间有较大空隙存在。中心粒复合体位于植入窝内。袖套两侧分布有2～3个较大的线粒体。鞭毛为典型的"9+2"结构,有侧鳍。成熟卵呈圆形,卵膜表面多沟和嵴,具单一受精孔,孔洞区外径约5μm,孔内壁呈螺旋嵴。在卵的植物极有一盘状突起,突起的中间为圆形,周边有呈网状结构的粘丝与卵壳膜连接。纹缟虾虎鱼精子入卵速度较快,受精过程较短,受精后10～18 s完成精子入卵过程。     

Infection by intracellular bacterium in red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens), in Ecuador

An intracellular bacterium was detected on several occasions in commercial farms in Ecuador culturing red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens). Cases A, B and C presented mortality rates of 80%, 45% and 80%, respectively. Each incident occurred in grow-out ponds. Moribund crayfish were observed at the edge of the ponds in some cases. Affected crayfish presented no external differences from healthy ones, except their smaller size. Histological examination of affected red claw crayfish revealed that the cytoplasm of cells in the hepatopancreas, cuticular epithelium, and connective tissue of all organs had been replaced by massive granular and basophilic material. In the hepatopancreas, the tubules were intact but the intertubular connective tissue was replaced by Gram-negative microcolonies. Columnar cells in the cuticular epithelium also contained Gram-negative microcolonies and were necrotic. The heart and nerve cords also contained basophilic material. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the microcolonies consisted of a rod-shaped, obligately intracellular bacterium. The bacterium was delimited by a cell membrane that was composed of two electron-dense zones. Cells contained a single, compact, cytoplasmic condensation that was circumscribed by an electron-lucent halo. The bacterium replicated within the cytoplasm of host cells, which is pathognomic of rickettsiales infections. No host cell nuclei were infected.     

Ultrastructural study of Pisdnoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954) Lom, 1981 with special emphasis on its attachment to the fish host

Abstract. Trophonts of Pisdnoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954), a common ectoparasite of freshwater aquarium fish, are attached to host cells by means of a specialized structure, the attachment disc. Unlike other dinoflagellate genera parasitic on fish and invertebrates, this disc features nail-like organelles, the rhizocysts. Head-parts of the rhizocysts are inverted in separate compartments, rhizothecas, in the sole of the disc while their long shafts are firmly embedded in the cytoplasm of cells of the host epidermis or gill epithelium. The attachment inflicts a serious injury on the host cells which may ultimately be destroyed. Rhizocysts originate in the subnuclear cytoplasm from where they migrate into the attachment disc. There are other specialized organelles and inclusions; fibrous vesicles, membraneous bodies, striated tubular bodies and paracrystalline bodies. Pisdnoodinium has well-developed chloroplasts. While its cytological adaptations indicate a nutritional dependence on the host, there is no evidence of ingestion of host-derived particulate material. Pisdnoodinium may derive an essential part of its nutrition from photosynthesis.