牛蛙爱德华氏菌病病原菌的鉴定和致病因素的研究

从患爱德华氏菌病的牛蛙肌肉、肝、肾、血液和腹水中分离到8株细菌，根据其形态和生理生化特性鉴定为野生型迟钝爱德华氏菌。人工感染实验均为该病的病原菌，毒素检测试验表明，致病因素主要是内毒素而不是外毒素。分离菌株的主要特性为杆状、革兰氏阴性、周生鞭毛、兼性厌氧。接触酶、甲基红试验和硝酸盐还原均为阳性。在三糖铁琼脂上产H2S。氧化酶、丙二酸盐利用、V．P试验、明胶液化、尿素酶。苯丙氨酸脱氨酶为阴性。分解葡萄糖、甘露糖、麦芽糖，产酸产气，不利用甘露醇、蔗糖和阿拉伯糖。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌间接ELISA快速检测法

以迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)WY28作为抗原,免疫新西兰兔,获得效价为1:2 048的多克隆抗体;以此多克隆抗体作为-抗,山羊抗兔IgG-HRP作为酶标二抗,建立迟缓爱德华氏菌的间接EIJSA快速检测法.采用棋盘滴定法确定抗原与一抗的最佳工作浓度分别为106 CFU·mL-1和1:10 000;酶标二抗的最适工作浓度为1:1 000.病原菌检测灵敏度为每孔103 CFU.该方法标准化后具有快速、灵敏等特性,与肠杆菌科其他细菌参考菌株无交叉反应,具良好的特异性.对养殖场发病大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)和半滑舌鳎中分离的细菌菌株进行检测,从56株分离菌株中检测出27株迟缓爱德华氏菌,阳性检出率为48.2%.该方法的建立有助于快速准确地诊断由迟缓爱德华氏菌引起的养殖鱼类病害.     

罗非鱼迟缓爱德华氏菌病的分离鉴定

从广西某鱼场的发病罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)中分离到1株呈β溶血的革兰氏阴性杆菌,在普通琼脂平板上生长,菌落圆形,边缘整齐,灰白色,湿润菌落,直径为0.5～1.0 mm,有动力,接触酶阳性,赖氨酸及鸟氨酸脱梭酶阳性,还原硝酸盐为亚硝酸盐,发酵葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖,经细菌形态、培养特征、生化特性测定结果均符合迟缓爱德华氏菌的特征.应用PCR技术扩增出576 bp目的片段,通过PCR产物核苷酸序列测序及Blast比对结果,进一步确定为迟缓爱德华氏菌.致病性试验结果显示分离菌株具有致病性,对氧氟沙星、氯霉素、氟哌酸、恩诺沙星、先锋霉素等高度敏感.     

牛蛙爱德结氏菌病病原菌的鉴定和致病因素的研究

从患爱德华氏菌病的牛蛙肌肉、肝、肾、血液和腹水中分离到８株细菌，根据其形态和生理生化特性鉴定为野生型迟钝爱德华氏菌。人工感染实验均为该病的病原菌，毒素检测试验表明，致病因素主要是内毒素而不是外毒素。分离菌 株的主要特性为杆状、革兰氏阴性、周生鞭毛、兼性厌氧。接触酶、甲基红试验和硝酸盐还原均为阳性。在三糖铁琼脂上产Ｈ２Ｓ。氧化酶、丙二酸盐利用、Ｖ．Ｐ试验、明胶液化、尿素酶。苯丙氨酸脱氨酶为阴性。分解     

牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌血清型及荧光抗体检验

以迟钝爱德华氏菌的代表菌株(HC010907-1)为免疫原,制备免疫血清,对分离于牙鲆鱼的130株迟钝爱德华氏菌进行了血清型检定,结果表明:供试的130株迟钝爱德华氏菌均为同种血清型;同时以此免疫血清为第一抗体,以标准羊抗兔IgG荧光抗体为第二抗体,进行了荧光抗体技术检验迟钝爱德华氏菌的可行性试验,表明亦具有较强的特异性。     

鳗源迟缓爱德华氏菌菌蜕的构建及制备条件优化

菌蜕具有完整细菌表面抗原结构, 可诱导机体的体液和细胞免疫应答, 成为疫苗制备的候选之一,为了探讨鳗鲡迟缓爱德华氏菌菌蜕疫苗的可行性, 实验采用基因重组技术构建了噬菌体PhiX174裂解酶基因(Lysis E)的温控表达载体, 转化迟缓爱德华氏菌, 成功制备其菌蜕, 并对菌蜕形态、溶菌动力学、裂解效率以及制备条件等进行了研究。结果表明, 细菌菌蜕表面形成溶菌孔道, 细胞因内容物流失而发生明显的皱缩; 构建的迟缓爱德华氏菌诱导后1 h开始裂解, 5 h后裂解基本完成, 裂解效率为99.99%, 冷冻干燥后重悬涂布平板, 未检出活菌, 电镜观察表明冻干前后细胞形态未见明显变化; 构建的迟缓爱德华氏菌分别在OD₆₀₀值为0.4和0.6进行诱导, 其裂解过程和裂解效率没有明显区别; 分别用LB、BHI、NB 3种培养基进行比较研究, 其中LB培养基制备的菌蜕细胞较完整、裂解完全, 是制备迟缓爱德华氏菌菌蜕最优培养基。本研究成功构建了鳗源迟缓爱德华氏菌菌蜕, 并对其制备条件进行了优化, 为鳗鲡爱德华氏菌病疫苗开发奠定了基础。     

发病鲆鲽类分离菌株的16S rRNA基因测序分析

细菌性疾病是中国海水养殖鲆鲽类的主要病害,为全面了解病原菌种类,本研究对1999~2012年从山东、江苏、河北、天津等沿海地区养殖场发病鲆鲽鱼类中分离得到的124株优势菌株进行了16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育学分析。将基因序列与GenBank核酸序列数据库进行相似度比对分析,结果显示,有83株与弧菌属(Vibriosp.)细菌相似度最高,11株与气单胞菌属(Aeromonas sp.)细菌相似度最高,4株与爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella sp.)细菌相似度最高,26株为其他15种属的细菌。根据系统发育学分析结果,进一步将66株菌鉴定为16个种,优势种为溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)、哈氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)、杀鲑气单胞菌(A.salmonicida)和迟缓爱德华氏菌(E.tarda)。选择其中的9株鳗弧菌和4株迟缓爱德华氏菌进行人工感染实验,结果显示,其中7株鳗弧菌和3株迟缓爱德华氏菌对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)有较强的致病性。研究结果可为阐明中国海水养殖鲆鲽类的流行病发生历史、病原种类、病原监测及疾病控制提供重要参考。     

鳗鲡病原性嗜水气单胞菌与爱德华氏菌二联表达外膜蛋白的免疫原性

采用鳗鲡源嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)外膜蛋白基因二联表达产物免疫日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica),检测其对日本鳗鲡免疫功能的影响及其攻毒免疫保护力。将150尾日本鳗鲡平均分为PBS、细菌免疫和外膜蛋白免疫3个组,3组鳗鲡分别以PBS(0.01 mol/L,p H7.4)、嗜水气单胞菌与迟缓爱德华氏菌二联灭活苗(5.0×108 CFU/m L)、嗜水气单胞菌与迟缓爱德华氏菌外膜蛋白二联表达产物(500μg/m L)腹腔注射0.2 m L。于免疫后14、21和28 d麻醉鳗鲡采血并分离抗凝血。测定3个时间点鳗鲡血浆中特异性抗体效价和同时期鳗鲡血浆、体表黏液、肝和肾组织匀浆液中的溶菌酶含量,同时检测3个时间点鳗鲡全血细胞的转化水平。免疫后28 d,嗜水气单胞菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌分别腹腔注射感染3组鳗鲡并测定其相对免疫保护率。结果表明,免疫后14 d和28 d,灭活菌和外膜蛋白免疫组的抗体水平均极显著高于PBS组(P0.01)。溶菌酶检测结果表明,不同处理组不同时间段血清、黏液和肝肾组织悬液的溶菌酶含量存在显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)差异。免疫后14 d灭活菌组全血细胞转化水平显著高于PBS和外膜蛋白组(P0.05),而21 d两个免疫组则均显著低于PBS组(P0.05)。活菌感染结果表明,灭活菌和外膜蛋白免疫后28 d对两株病原菌的攻毒相对免疫保护率均比PBS组提高了50%(P0.05)。本研究结果表明鳗鲡源嗜水气单胞菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌外膜蛋白二联表达产物免疫日本鳗鲡后可提高鳗鲡的免疫功能及其对这两株菌的抵抗力,从而可能应用于鳗鲡基因工程疫苗的研发。     

应用Dot-ELISA快速检测牙鲆腹水病病原的研究

选用硝酸纤维素膜作固相载体,建立检测迟钝爱德华氏菌的斑点酶联免疫吸附试验诊断方法。根据棋盘试验,确定迟钝爱德华氏菌免疫血清最佳工作浓度为1∶800,酶标抗体最佳工作浓度为1∶200,以出现明显清晰斑点者判定为阳性。用该方法检测时,迟钝爱德华氏菌呈阳性,温和气单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌、河流弧菌、溶藻弧菌、鳗弧菌、腐败希瓦氏菌、产碱普罗威斯登菌、阪崎肠杆菌和大肠杆菌均呈阴性。试验结果表明,Dot-ELISA方法简便、特异、快速、结果直观,便于在基层推广使用。     

牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌病及其病原特征

爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)的迟钝爱德华氏菌(E.tarda),是多种淡、海水养殖鱼类的一种重要病原菌,在世界不少国家和地区均有由该菌引起的、不同程     

Emergence of Edwardsiella piscicida in Farmed Channel ♀, Ictalurus punctatus × Blue ♂, Ictalurus furcatus,Hybrid Catfish Cultured in Mississippi

There is a trend toward the increased incidence and prevalence of Edwardsiella piscicida septicemia in US catfish aquaculture, particularly in channel ♀, Ictalurus punctatus, × blue ♂, I. furcatus, hybrid catfish. From 2013 to 2017, a total of 3242 disease case submissions were made to the Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ARDL) at the Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center in Stoneville, MS. Of these, 1400 (43.2%) were hybrids. E. piscicida was suspected in 138 (4.3%) of cases, the majority of which (89.1%) were from hybrid catfish. A molecular survey of these isolates confirmed the majority (92.0%) to be E. piscicida. Furthermore, cases of E. piscicida from hybrids submitted to the ARDL and the Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory of the Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine in Starkville, MS, were documented for gross lesions and histological analysis. Grossly, E. piscicida presents with small dermal ulcerations, a raised fluid‐filled cranial midline lesion that is frequently ulcerated, hemorrhage in the gills, exophthalmia, and abdominal distension. Internally, lesions include splenomegaly, straw‐colored ascites, renomegaly, and occasionally hemorrhagic intestines. Histopathological examination is in agreement with gross observations, and infected fish repeatedly demonstrate a mononuclear meningoencephalitis, hemorrhagic branchitis, splenitis, ulcerative dermatitis, granulomatous interstitial nephritis, and hepatitis coupled with a hemorrhagic enteritis.     

牛蛙感染迟缓爱德华氏菌的研究

2001年10月底，厦门地区一些牛蛙（Rana catasbianay）养殖场养殖的牛蛙暴发流行传染病，造成大批成蛙和幼蛙死亡。经流行病学调查和病原分离鉴定，确定其主要致病原为迟缓爱德华氏野生型（Edwardsiella tarda）。该菌具有溶血性，对SPF小鼠有强致死作用，对幼蛙和蝌蚪致病力较小，根据药敏实验结果，和敏感药物进行治疗取得了良好的疗效。     

Cross-protection elicited in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) immunized with a low dose of virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri strains

Cross-protection of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) immunized with a low dose of virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri and challenged with six E. ictaluri strains was examined in four trials. The relative per cent survival among low-dose immunized and then challenged fish ranged from 27.7% to 100%. Significant protection ( P <0.05), with the exception of strain ATCC-33202, was conferred by immunization with a given E. ictaluri strain challenged either with a homologous or a heterologous strain. Antibody titres of pooled serum collected on day 22 from surviving fish examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ranged from 1:40 to 1:320, but no differences were apparent among different vaccinated groups. The protein profiles of six E. ictaluri strains examined by Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a relatively homogeneous pattern. Immuno-blots probed with pooled serum from immunized and challenged fish showed a pattern similar to LPS-reaction patterns observed with E. ictaluri in other studies. Since the present studies further corroborate that E. ictaluri is a clonal bacterial species with no apparent antigenic differences, it is possible that immunization with a single E. ictaluri field strain should confer protection against any other strain.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of a purified nucleotide mixture on immune function and disease and stress resistance in channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus

Juvenile channel catfish (14.4 g average initial weight) were fed diets supplemented with a purified nucleotide mixture for 8 weeks. The mixture consisted of five nucleotides supplied on an equal basis as disodium salts at combined concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.9% or 2.7% of diet. Addition of nucleotides to diet produced a dose‐dependent reduction in survival of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Although the reasons are unclear, the high levels of nucleotides supplemented in this study may have contributed to the decrease in disease resistance, and this decrease appeared to be unrelated to the innate immune (unaffected) and specific antibody (enhanced) responses. Stress resistance increased with a corresponding amelioration of the immunosuppressive effects of the stress response on non‐specific immunity (lysozyme and bactericidal activity) as nucleotides increased in diet. Use of exogenous nucleotides as a prophylactic treatment before culture‐related stress exposure may prove beneficial by decreasing the immunosuppressive effects of stress but not in prevention of ESC.     

二温式聚合酶链反应鉴别诊断迟缓爱德华氏菌病

根据迟缓爱德华氏菌株23S rDNA基因,设计合成一对引物XZE15、XZE16,建立了二温式聚合酶链反应(PER)鉴别诊断迟缓爱德华氏菌株的技术.特异性试验表明,对3株迟钝爱德华氏菌株进行PCR扩增出与预期大小相一致的284 bp的特异性片段,但对3株钻鱼爱德华氏菌及其他对照鱼病病原体核酸模板的PCR扩增不出现任何条带;敏感性试验结果显示,该二温式PCR可以检测到10 Pg的迟钝爱德华氏菌DNA.     

中华鳖爱德华氏菌病病原和组织病理研究

从中华鳖病病鳖的肝脏分离得到菌株ｓ－１。用菌株Ｓ－１进行人工感染，１００％的鳖患病，从感染的病鳖的肝脏分离到菌株ｓ’－１，经生理生化反应测定，它与菌株ｓ－１特性一致。经鉴定，菌株ｓ－１是迟钝爱德华氏菌，野生型。爱德华氏菌感染会引起鳖的脏器发生变质性病变。主要症状呈肝脏型，肝局部坏死，有结节状肉芽肿。     

20种中草药对迟缓爱德华氏菌的体外抑菌试验

用琼脂扩散法和二倍稀释法测定了20种中草药对迟缓爱德华氏菌（Edwardsiella tarda）（GD080715-1、GD080715-2）的体外抗菌活性。结果表明,五倍子、乌梅、大青叶、石榴皮的抑菌作用明显,最小抑菌浓度（MIC）〈6.25 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度（MBC）〈50 mg/mL;吴茱萸和菖蒲有一定的抑菌作用,MBC为50～100 mg/mL;而苦地丁、栀子的抑菌作用不明显,MBC〉200 mg/mL。     

Isolation and characterization of Edwardsiella ictaluri strains as pathogens from diseased yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) cultured in China

Yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) is a commercially important fish generally distributed in Southeast Asian countries. The well‐known aetiological agent of enteric septicaemia of catfish, Edwardsiella ictaluri, was isolated from diseased yellow catfish P. fulvidraco (Richardson) reared at two commercial fisheries in China. The economic losses due to the high mortalities (about 50%) caused by this bacterium have been increasing annually. The affected fish presented two different, typical symptoms: pale gills, slight exophthalmia and a ‘hole in the head’, and haemorrhage on the opercula, in the skin under the jaw, creating a ‘hole under the jaw’. These diseases were found frequently in cultured yellow catfish throughout China. The isolates from both outbreaks were all Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic and short rod. Morphological and biochemical tests and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA sequences all strongly indicated that these yellow catfish isolates were highly identical to the known E. ictaluri. In addition, the isolates possessed the typical plasmid profile of E. ictaluri. Experimental infection assays were conducted and pathogenicity (by an intraperitoneal injection) was demonstrated in yellow catfish and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The results showed that yellow catfish isolates were quite conservative phenotypically and genetically, and were able to cause two different, typical symptoms in this fish under unknown conditions and mechanism.     

养殖杂交鳢迟缓爱德华菌的分离鉴定

从患病杂交鳢[斑鳢（Channa maculata）♀×乌鳢（C.argus）♂]体内分离到2株致病菌（ZS201364-1和ZS201364-2）,通过对其生化特性与16S rRNA基因序列进行分析,确定为迟缓爱德华菌（Edwardsiella tarda）。该致病菌兼性厌氧,为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,能运动,能发酵葡萄糖、麦芽糖。吲哚试验和MR试验均为阳性。2株致病菌对杂交鳢的半致死剂量（LD50）分别为7.1×105cfu·g^-1和5.6×105cfu·g^-1。ZS201364-1最适生长温度为25～35℃、pH为7～8、氯化钠（NaCl）质量分数为1%,对头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星等抗生素高度敏感。     

福建爱德华氏菌对土霉素、氯霉素和链霉素的感受性、耐药性研究

本研究在试管内测定福建爱德华氏菌对土霉素、氯霉素和链霉素的最小抑菌浓度分别为５０ｕｇ／ｍｌ，３．１２ｕｇ／ｍｌ和０．３９ｕｇ／ｍｌ。在２５℃下经药物浓度递增继代培养，该菌株对这３种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度分别上升了１６倍，３２倍和６４倍。而对已获得耐药性的菌株进行无添加药物继代培养９次、１２次和１１次后，对土霉素、氯霉素和链霉素的敏感性又回复到了初始水平。