牛蛙爱德结氏菌病病原菌的鉴定和致病因素的研究

从患爱德华氏菌病的牛蛙肌肉、肝、肾、血液和腹水中分离到８株细菌，根据其形态和生理生化特性鉴定为野生型迟钝爱德华氏菌。人工感染实验均为该病的病原菌，毒素检测试验表明，致病因素主要是内毒素而不是外毒素。分离菌 株的主要特性为杆状、革兰氏阴性、周生鞭毛、兼性厌氧。接触酶、甲基红试验和硝酸盐还原均为阳性。在三糖铁琼脂上产Ｈ２Ｓ。氧化酶、丙二酸盐利用、Ｖ．Ｐ试验、明胶液化、尿素酶。苯丙氨酸脱氨酶为阴性。分解     

中华鳖爱德华氏菌病病原和组织病理研究

从中华鳖病病鳖的肝脏分离得到菌株ｓ－１。用菌株Ｓ－１进行人工感染，１００％的鳖患病，从感染的病鳖的肝脏分离到菌株ｓ’－１，经生理生化反应测定，它与菌株ｓ－１特性一致。经鉴定，菌株ｓ－１是迟钝爱德华氏菌，野生型。爱德华氏菌感染会引起鳖的脏器发生变质性病变。主要症状呈肝脏型，肝局部坏死，有结节状肉芽肿。     

牛蛙感染迟缓爱德华氏菌的研究

2001年10月底，厦门地区一些牛蛙（Rana catasbianay）养殖场养殖的牛蛙暴发流行传染病，造成大批成蛙和幼蛙死亡。经流行病学调查和病原分离鉴定，确定其主要致病原为迟缓爱德华氏野生型（Edwardsiella tarda）。该菌具有溶血性，对SPF小鼠有强致死作用，对幼蛙和蝌蚪致病力较小，根据药敏实验结果，和敏感药物进行治疗取得了良好的疗效。     

牛蛙爱德华氏菌病的研究

１９９３年９月－１９９４年５月，作者对牛蛙的肝、眼内水样液进行了病原菌分离、人工感染、病原菌生理、生化特性和药物的敏感性的测定，观察了病理组织变化等。结论认为病原菌为革兰氏阴性、周身鞭毛能运动的短杆菌；氧化酶、Ｖ－Ｐ反应阴性，过氧化氢酶、Ｈ２Ｓ产生、吲哚反应、甲基红反应为阳性；最适生长所需温度、盐度和ｐＨ值分别为３０－３５℃、５－１０‰和７．０。病菌为迟钝爱德华氏菌，它对吡哌酸、复方新诺明、氯霉素     

中华鳖爱德华菌病病原菌的分离鉴定及致病因子研究

采用API 20E系列生化鉴定及16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列同源性分析方法,对从患病中华鳖(Trionyx sinen-sis)肝脏中分离到的一株细菌TL5m进行了鉴定,并通过人工感染试验,对该菌株进行了毒力检测;此外分别提取该TL5m株的主要致病因子外膜蛋白、脂多糖和胞外产物,对中华鳖进行毒力和免疫保护率试验。结果显示:菌株TL5m的API 20E鉴定编码为4544000,99.9%为迟钝爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda);其16SrDNA序列和gyrB基因序列(GenBank登录号分别:EF121756和GU563803)与迟钝爱德华氏菌的同源性最高(分别为94%和98%);菌株TL5m对中华鳖的半数致死量LD50为2.45×106 CFU/ind。药敏感结果显示菌株对磷霉素、菌必治、头孢孟多、头孢噻吩、壮观霉素高度敏感。外膜蛋白攻毒剂量60μg/ind和脂多糖攻毒剂量400μg/ind时,对中华鳖的致死率都为33.3%,胞外产物对中华鳖的LD50为31.73μg/ind;全菌灭活苗、胞外产物、外膜蛋白和脂多糖的免疫保护率分别为75%、62.5%、25%和87.5%。结果表明,发病中华鳖的病原菌为迟钝爱德华氏菌,其分泌的胞外产物对中华鳖具有较高毒力;提取的脂多糖对中华鳖遭受迟钝爱德华氏菌攻击具有较高免疫保护率。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌病

迟缓爱德华菌病,是由迟缓爱德华菌引起鱼类、牛蛙等水生动物疾病的统称,其中鱼类疾病有肠道败血症和肝肾坏死病、鳗赤鳍病、鳗臌胀病、鳗溃疡病、鳗肝肾病、鳗肝肾综合症等。迟缓爱德华氏菌还可引起人体肠炎、腹泻、脑膜炎、蜂窝组织炎、肝脓肿、败血症等症状。为我国的三类水生动物疫病。     

二温式聚合酶链反应鉴别诊断迟缓爱德华氏菌病

根据迟缓爱德华氏菌株23S rDNA基因,设计合成一对引物XZE15、XZE16,建立了二温式聚合酶链反应(PER)鉴别诊断迟缓爱德华氏菌株的技术.特异性试验表明,对3株迟钝爱德华氏菌株进行PCR扩增出与预期大小相一致的284 bp的特异性片段,但对3株钻鱼爱德华氏菌及其他对照鱼病病原体核酸模板的PCR扩增不出现任何条带;敏感性试验结果显示,该二温式PCR可以检测到10 Pg的迟钝爱德华氏菌DNA.     

牙鲆爱德华氏菌病的研究

随着牙鱼平(Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ)在我国养殖规模的扩大,牙鱼平疾病的暴发频率及危害性也逐渐增加,其中危害最大的一种疾病就是爱德华氏菌病。爱德华氏菌病又称腹水病,是一种细菌性疾病,由爱德华氏菌(Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓｉｅｌｌａｔａｒｄａ)引起。爱德华氏菌病多发生于夏秋两季,尤其在七八月份,水温高于20℃时是其发生的高峰期。而且水温越高,发病期越长,危害也越大。此病每日死亡率不高,但长期积累死亡率非常高[1]。并且常与链球菌混合感染。1　症状发病初期,症状不明显,难以发现,给早期治疗造成了困难。在病情的…     

鳗鲡爱德华氏菌病的防治

近年来,水产品安全问题日益突出,其中鳗鱼及其制品的药物残留问题尤受关注,特别是自2006年5月日本实施农业化学品(农药、兽药及饲料添加剂)《肯定列表》制度以来,实行更严厉的药物残留检验制度,进     

养殖大菱鲆爱德华氏菌病的研究

2004年5月至2005年9月间,先后对潍坊、烟台、威海和青岛等沿海区域养殖的大菱鲆自然发生的6宗爱德华氏菌感染病例进行了流行病学、病原分离鉴定和组织病理学等方面的调查研究。根据分离菌株的形态、生理生化特性,并结合16S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为迟钝爱德华氏菌 (Edwardsiella tarda)。人工感染实验证实该菌为大菱鲆爱德华氏菌病的致病菌。大菱鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌病具有急性和慢性两种感染形式。迟钝爱德华氏菌感染可引起大菱鲆肾脏、脾脏、肝脏、肠、鳃、皮肤等器官组织发生不同程度的病理变化,其显著特点是单核巨噬细胞增生,使得各器官组织出现巨噬细胞浸润现象。病鱼的组织病理变化以肾脏最为明显,包括巨噬细胞大量增生,多发性局灶坏死伴有渗出性炎症反应以及肉芽肿的产生;肾脏外观则显示异常膨大,正常组织转变为白色脓疡或豆腐渣状。本文属国内首次报道爱德华氏菌感染大菱鲆致病,为该鱼类的健康养殖和疾病防治提供参考和依据。 关键词：大菱鲆;迟钝爱德华氏菌;细菌鉴定;组织病理学;16S rDNA     

Edwardsiellosis in farmed turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L.), associated with an unusual variant of Edwardsiella tarda: a clinical,aetiological and histopathological study

During 2005 and 2010, a survey of edwardsiellosis on eight turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), farms was conducted in China. This report presents the detailed results of the study on this disease. Diseased turbot displayed two distinct types of gross signs: black discoloration of the dorsal skin on the posterior portion of the body; and red cutaneous foci on the ventral side. Internally, the most pronounced clinical signs in all fish examined were enlarged kidneys. The causal agent of the disease was finally proved to be one species of bacterium that was identified as Edwardsiella tarda by physiological and biochemical tests, API 32E and 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. It is noteworthy that unlike the commonly described E. tarda strains, the isolates in this study were non‐motile strains without flagella. A histopathological study revealed that E. tarda infection was systemic in turbot and that kidney showed the most significant pathological changes, including acute focal necrosis, an influx of macrophages and formation of granuloma. The most common histopathological characteristics of this disease are the proliferation of macrophage in various organs and formation of granuloma. In addition, this article also gave background information on the disease and presented the results of virulence tests with the E. tarda strain identified in this study.     

Comparative analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of high- and low-virulent strains of Edwardsiella tarda

Edwardsiella tarda is a causative agent of edwardsiellosis in freshwater and marine fish. Extracellular enzymic, haemolytic, hydrophobic and serum resistance activities, haemagglutination, autoagglutination and siderophores of high‐ and low‐ virulent E. tarda strains were examined. The results revealed different haemagglutination, autoagglutination, haemolytic, hydrophobic and serum resistance activities in different strains. Analysis of extracellular proteins (ECPs) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) demonstrated several major, low molecular weight, virulent‐strain‐specific proteins, which could be virulence‐related. Based on the database search with MALDI‐TOF MS data, the closest homologies of the three protein bands Ed1, Ed2 and Ed3 were phosphotransferase enzyme family protein, nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H], large subunit and ATP‐dependent Lon protease, respectively. A comparison of pathogenicity of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A from virulent and avirulent strains demonstrated that LPS was one of the virulence factors of the E. tarda isolates, and lipid A was a biologically active determinant of LPS.     

Multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus iniae, four important fish pathogens in subtropical Asia

A multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based (m-nested PCR) method was developed for simultaneous detection of four important freshwater/marine fish pathogens in subtropical Asia, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus iniae . The specificity of the oligonucleotide primers used for PCR detection was confirmed to generate specific amplicons for the corresponding pathogens. Moreover, non-specific amplicons were observed when the primers were tested using pure DNA extracted from 31 related bacterial strains belonging to 23 species or tissue homogenates of infected tilapia. This m-nested PCR approach could detect 19 colony forming unit (CFU) for A. hydrophila , 62 CFU for E. tarda , 280 CFU for P. damselae subsp. piscicida and 179 CFU for S. iniae in infected tilapia kidney homogenates, consistent with the results derived from bacteriological methods. The assay described in this paper is a sensitive and effective method for simultaneous detection of multiple fish pathogens.     

Effect of temperature and salinity on virulence of Edwardsiella tarda to Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of temperature and salinity on the virulence of Edwardsiella tarda to Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. In the temperature experiment, a two‐factor design was conducted to evaluate the effects of both pathogen incubation temperature and fish cultivation temperature on pathogen virulence. E. tarda was incubated at 15, 20, 25 and 30±1°C, and the fish (mean weight: 10 g) were reared at 15, 20 and 25±1°C respectively. The fish reared at different temperatures were infected with the E. tarda incubated at different temperatures. The results of a 4‐day LD₅₀ test showed that temperature significantly affected the virulence of E. tarda (P<0.01) and the interaction between the two factors was also significant (P<0.01). For fish reared at 15°C the virulence of E. tarda was the highest at 25°C of pathogen incubation, followed by 20, 15 and 30°C. When the fish rearing temperature was raised to 20 and 25°C, the virulence of E. tarda incubated at all temperatures increased. Isolation testing demonstrated results similar to those of LD₅₀. The higher rearing temperature increased the proliferation rate of the pathogen in fish. In the salinity experiment, the incubation salinity of E. tarda was at 0, 10, 20 and 30 g L^?1, respectively, and the fish with mean weight of 50 g were cultured in natural seawater of 30 g L^?1. The results of one‐way anova in 4‐day LD₅₀ test showed that incubation salinity significantly affected virulence. Virulence was lower when the salinity of the incubation medium was at 0 and 30 g L^?1, higher at 10 and 20 g L^?1. The results of isolation test were in accordance with those of LD₅₀. At 20 g L^?1E. tarda had a faster proliferation rate than that at 10 g L^?1.     

Identification and Detection of the Pathogenic Bacteria Responsible for Swollen Abdomen Disease in Cultured Turbot,Scophthalmus maximus,and Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Swollen abdomen disease (SAD) seriously threatens the aquaculture of turbots and flounders. Two dominant bacterial strains, FS1 and FS2, were isolated from the livers and kidneys of fish with diagnosed SAD. Applications of biochemical analyses, sequence analyses of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and heat shock protein 60 gene revealed two distinct pathogenic bacterial species, Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio alginolyticus. These two hypothesized SAD‐causing pathogens were validated by challenge trials on flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Challenges with E. tarda and V. alginolyticus demonstrated lethal dose 50 (LD₅₀) values at 1.51 × 10⁵ colony‐forming units (CFU) and 1.05 × 10⁵ CFU, respectively. To develop a rapid SAD diagnosis method in flounders and turbots, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay method was developed to simultaneously detect E. tarda and V. alginolyticus. Our multiplex PCR assay successfully detected as low as 10⁵ CFU/mL E. tarda and V. alginolyticus in flounders and turbots. No other common fish pathogens were detected with the multiplex PCR, suggesting a high specificity of this assay. The multiplex PCR assay developed in this study showed a great reliability in detecting SAD‐causing bacterial pathogens. Further optimization of this assay may contribute to the development of a novel SAD diagnosis tool in aquaculture.     

大菱鲆迟缓爱德华氏菌福尔马林灭活疫苗研究

以大菱鲆为免疫对象,采用0.5福尔马林灭活的方法,将迟缓爱德华氏菌制成全菌疫苗,验证了其具有可靠的安全性。以浸泡和注射两种免疫接种方法对养殖大菱鲆14d内进行2次免疫,第二次免疫后第10天,对免疫鱼和各自的对照鱼进行爱德华氏菌的人工感染试验,获得注射接种疫苗的大菱鲆对腹水病的免疫保护率为70,浸泡接种疫苗的大菱鲆对腹水病的免疫保护率为35。表明注射和浸泡接种迟缓爱德华氏菌全菌疫苗都能使大菱鲆对腹水病产生免疫效果,并且注射免役效果优于浸泡免疫。     

牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病家系的继代选育与早期速生家系筛选

迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)是牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的主要致病菌之一,严重影响牙鲆养殖业的可持续发展。本研究主要以2012、2013和2014年选育的优质抗病牙鲆家系为亲本,于2016年建立和培育了28个牙鲆家系,包括F3代家系4个、F_4代家系23个和对照家系1个。经过60 d的鱼苗早期生长性能测定和迟缓爱德华氏菌人工攻毒感染实验,筛选得到7个高抗病力(攻毒感染存活率66%)的家系,包括1个高抗病、速生家系(F1639),攻毒存活率达77.23%,比28个家系的平均值高32.75%,全长日增长率达到0.174 cm/d,比28个家系的均值高0.023 cm/d。该家系亲本源自2007年[F0750,抗鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)病家系]、2009年(F0927,抗鳗弧菌病家系)和2014年(F1421,抗迟缓爱德华氏菌家系)选育的抗病力强家系。历代攻毒感染实验的结果显示,选育的牙鲆家系抗病力逐代提高,说明通过家系选育(同胞选择),能够有效提高选育后代的抗病力。本研究进一步证明,家系选育是培育鱼类抗病优良品种的有效途径,为进一步培育出生长更快、抗病力更强的牙鲆新品种奠定了良好的基础,也为牙鲆对爱德华氏菌抗病性能的遗传解析和抗病机理研究提供了良好的遗传材料,对其他鱼类抗病良种选育具有重要指导作用和应用价值。