6株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌的分子鉴定与毒力基因分析检测

为了分子鉴定6株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌,并从分子层面验证通过检测毒力基因以推测嗜水气单胞菌潜在致病性的可行性。实验采用PCR扩增16 S rDNA和gyrB基因并结合系统发育树的构建和分析进行菌种的分子鉴定,检测气溶素（ aerolysin, aer）、溶血素（ haemoly-sin, hly）、丝氨酸蛋白酶（ serine protease, ahp）、热稳定细胞肠毒素（ heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin, ast）和热敏感细胞肠毒素（ heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin, alt）5种毒力基因,且使用Mega 5．2对核苷酸和氨基酸序列进行分析。结果显示6株菌均为嗜水气单胞菌Aero-monas hydrophila,检测出5种毒力基因中的至少4种,其中均检测出溶血素和2种肠毒素,序列分析表明气溶素、溶血素和丝氨酸蛋白酶的氨基酸序列高度保守。本研究基于16 S rD-NA和gyrB基因可以准确地对嗜水气单胞菌进行分子鉴定,6株菌的毒力基因丰富预示着一定的致病性, aer、 hly和ahp基因相对保守,编码的毒力因子高度同源,在临床分子诊断中建议使用aer、 ahp和hly基因对嗜水气单胞菌的潜在致病性进行检测。     

鱼源气单胞菌的毒力基因检测、分型及致病力

为调查鱼源气单胞菌毒力基因与其致病力的相关性,以2009—2018年从不同患病鱼分离的173株气单胞菌为研究对象,通过检测毒力相关基因、测定溶血活性、腹腔注射感染异育银鲫等方法开展评价。通过管家基因gyrB分子鉴定结果显示,173株气单胞菌中维氏气单胞菌(119/173,68.9%)和嗜水气单胞菌(50/173,28.9%)是主要流行的菌株。10个毒力基因aer(162/173,93.64%)、act(131/173,75.72%)、ast(55/173,31.79%)、alt(58/173,33.53%)、lip(152/173,87.86%)、exu(154/173,89.02%)、fla(143/173,82.66%)、gcaT(148/173, 85.55%)、 eprCAI(41/173, 23.70%)和ahyB(51/173, 29.48%)普遍存在于173株气单胞菌中。依据检测到的毒力基因数量从多到少分布情况,这些菌株可分为7大类(Ⅰ～Ⅶ)53个毒力基因型。大部分嗜水气单胞菌检测到8～10个毒力基因,主要分布于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类基因型;维氏气单胞菌的eprCAI、ahyB、 ast和alt等4个毒力基因检测率低,主要分布于Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类基因型。大部分气单胞菌(94.22%,163/173)具有溶血活性。代表性毒力基因型的38株维氏气单胞菌和20株嗜水气单胞菌腹腔注射异育银鲫攻毒结果显示,3.0×106 CFU/尾的剂量下,3株维氏气单胞菌使鲫死亡率达80%～100%,16株嗜水气单胞菌使鲫死亡率达90%～100%。研究表明,维氏气单胞菌是目前最主要流行的气单胞菌,但其检测到的毒力基因普遍少于嗜水气单胞菌,且对异育银鲫的致病力普遍弱于嗜水气单胞菌。本研究能够为气单胞菌败血症的流行病学调查和疫苗研究提供理论依据。     

水产动物气单胞菌鉴定方法研究进展

<正>气单胞菌属于γ-变形菌纲、气单胞菌目、气单胞菌科、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),该属包括嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A.sobria)、豚鼠气单胞菌(A.caviae)、维氏气单胞菌(A.veronii)和杀鲑气单胞菌(A.salmonicida)等20个种,其中嗜水气单胞菌和杀鲑气单胞菌又分别包括5个亚种[1]。气单胞菌广泛分布于自然生态系统     

水族箱气单胞菌的鉴定及致病特性分析

为了确定南京市某渔场发病鱼感染的病原,本研究采集患鱼脏器,采用平板培养、生化实验和特异性gyrB基因扩增测序等方法进行细菌的分离鉴定;利用PCR技术检测分离株毒力基因的分布,分析其生物学特性,并进一步通过动物实验确定菌株致病力.结果分离到1株水族箱气单胞菌,命名为LK-25.该菌株携带5种主要毒力基因:气溶素(aer)、细胞毒性肠毒素(act)、细胞兴奋性肠毒素(alt)、温敏胞外蛋白酶(epr)和丝氨酸蛋白酶(ahp),其溶血性和溶蛋白能力较强,对斑马鱼的半数致死量为1.02×103 CFU/尾,确定为强毒株.进化树分析表明,水族箱气单胞菌与嗜水气单胞菌达卡亚种亲缘关系较近.本研究在国内首次报道发现水族箱气单胞菌,为进一步预防该菌所引起的相关疾病的发生和传播提供理论基础.     

杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种和杀日本鲑亚种PCR检测方法的建立

杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)是一种重要的鱼类致病菌,可以感染多种海淡水鱼类。杀鲑气单胞菌包括5个亚种,目前常用的生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析方法很难实现亚种的快速精确区分。为实现杀鲑气单胞菌亚种的快速鉴定和检测,针对我国常见的杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种(A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida)和杀日本鲑亚种(A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida),本研究开发了其特异性的PCR检测方法。根据Gene Bank已公布的杀鲑气单胞菌基因组信息,选择杀鲑亚种phoB基因和杀日本鲑亚种LOC111476736基因作为目标基因,根据其序列设计特异性引物,进一步对PCR反应的退火温度、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、Mg2+浓度和酶浓度5个方面进行了优化,并测试了该方法的特异性、敏感性和应用效果。结果显示,2对引物分别可以扩增出杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种522 bp的phoB特异性基因片段和杀日本鲑亚种515 bp的LOC111476736特异性基因片段。杀鲑亚种特异性引物最适退火温度为64 ℃,10 µmol/L引物、2 mmol/L dNTPs、25 mmol/L MgSO4和1 U/µL KOD酶的最适添加量分别为1.5、2、1.5和0.5 µL。杀日本鲑亚种特异性引物最适退火温度为64 ℃,10 µmol/L引物、2 mmol/L dNTPs、25 mmol/L MgSO4和1 U/µL KOD酶的最适添加量分别为0.75、1、1.5和0.5 µL。以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、美人鱼发光杆菌(Photobacterium damselae)、杀鱼爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella piscicida)、杀鲑气单胞菌其他亚种等14种其他水产病原菌或常见环境菌为模板进行PCR检测,均无特异性条带。该方法对杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种的检测灵敏度为12.8 CFU/反应(菌体)或17.6 fg/反应(DNA),对杀鲑气单胞菌杀日本鲑亚种的检测灵敏度为23.8 CFU/反应(菌体)或27.2 fg/反应(DNA)。利用杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种和杀日本鲑亚种分别对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)进行人工感染实验,感染后取病鱼组织进行PCR检测,结果显示,本方法可以从感染后的大菱鲆中分别检测到相应病原。综上所述,本研究建立了杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种和杀日本鲑亚种的特异性PCR检     

致病性嗜水气单胞菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是近年中国各地大规模流行的淡水养殖鱼类暴发性疾病的主要病原,本研究针对GenBank中登录的致病性嗜水气单胞菌的气溶素基因(hlyA)、溶血素基因(aerA)以及为气单胞菌属所特有的内参照基因16S rRNA保守区设计了3对特异性引物,通过进行多重PCR反应体系优化,多重PCR产物的测序鉴定与特异性和敏感性实验,试图建立一种检测致病性嗜水气单胞菌的多重PCR检测方法。对8株嗜水气单胞菌、16株相关菌株进行多重PCR检测,结果显示,非致病性分离株均未扩增出毒力基因hlyA和aerA,而致病性分离株则至少含有hlyA基因;对40份送检的水产动物样品进行多重PCR检测,结果与常规微生物学检测符合率为97.5%。多重PCR检测方法具有较高的敏感性与特异性,最低可检测模板量为10 ng的样品。该方法的建立对水产动物嗜水气单胞菌病的快速诊断和分子流行病学的调查有重要意义。     

鲫源嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因多重PCR检测及ERIC-PCR分子分型

为快速了解鲫源嗜水气单胞菌株毒力基因携带情况及与菌株基因型的相关性,建立多重PCR法和ERIC-PCR分子分型,为临床快速检测、菌株分型和菌株致病性分析提供依据。通过单重PCR法检测出标准菌株ATCC7966内5个毒力基因气溶素(aerolysin,aer)、溶血素(hemolysin,hly)、细胞毒性肠毒素(cytotoxic enterotoxin,alt)、胞外蛋白酶(extracellular protease,ahp)和细胞肠兴奋性肠毒素(intestinal cells of excitatory enterotoxin,act),其扩增产物长度依次为300 bp、592 bp、442 bp、856 bp和500 bp。在此基础上,优化并建立特异性高,敏感度达7.2×102cfu·m L-1多重PCR法,用于检测从江苏射阳地区患病水产动物体内分离的17株嗜水气单胞菌5个毒力基因携带率。结果显示,毒力基因act的携带率为100%,而80%的菌株5个毒力基因均有检出。采用ERIC-PCR分子分型技术,以标准菌株ATCC7966为对照,对17株鲫源致病性嗜水气单胞菌进行基因分型,获得两种基因型,分别描述为A型和B型,其中B型菌株14株,带型与ATCC7966一致,认为是当地的主要流行株。探究菌株基因型与毒力基因分布相关性,携带5个毒力基因的均为B型菌株,而所有A型菌株存在一或多个毒力基因缺失,有可能是此类菌株更易发生毒力基因漂变,但还需进一步研究。     

不同来源嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因检测及序列分析

采用PCR方法,对分离于发病宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)、中国林蛙(Rana temporaria chensinensis)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellua)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的42株致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)进行了外膜蛋白(OMP)基因的检测;将代表菌株的外膜蛋白基因通过DNAStar软件与GenBank中报道的4株嗜水气单胞菌(FJ437030.1、AF183931.1、AF276639.2、CP000462.1)和1株温和气单胞菌(A.sobria,FJ437029.1)参考菌株进行了核苷酸同源性比较分析。结果表明,所检不同来源嗜水气单胞菌的OMP基因携带率为100%;所测代表菌株的OMP基因与参考菌株的同源性在86.0%～99.2%之间。所测得的不同来源嗜水气单胞菌OMP基因的同源性98.3%～100%,其中分离于宽体金线蛭的HTQ010505-1与青鱼的HL060811-4两菌株间同源性高达100%。     

嗜水气单胞菌气溶素单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

以1％福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌纯化的气溶素免疫8周龄的BALB／C小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2／0细胞融合，经间接ELISA筛选，获得1株稳定分泌气溶素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞，命名为A2D3。腹水单抗ELISA效价为1：16，384（1：2^14），其能特异性抑制气溶素的溶血活性并且腹水单抗有中和特性，抑制效价和中和效价分别为1：128（1：2^7）和1：128（1：2^7）。以此单抗建立了检测嗜水气单胞菌气溶素的问接ELISA方法，对临床分离的50株嗜水气单胞菌培养上清检测，有48株呈阳性反应。     

气单胞菌基因研究

气单胞菌在一定条件下能引进养殖鱼类的大批死亡，从基因水平认识该菌对研究该菌的致病条件及防治该菌引起的各种病症等都大有帮助。自８０年代中期开始，人们陆续对嗜水气单胞菌及其它气单胞菌的气溶素基因、溶血毒素基因和蛋白酶等基因进行了研究。本文从气单胞菌溶血毒素基因及分布、毒素的调控与分泌和蛋白酶基因等方面简要综述了近年来对气单胞菌基因的研究。     

白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)致病性嗜水气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

近些年来,新疆许多养殖场发生白斑狗鱼暴发性疾病而死亡。为鉴定病因,本研究对乌鲁木齐周边地区的自然患病白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)的肝脏、肾脏等组织进行分离,经形态观察、生理生化试验、16S r DNA序列分析进行细菌鉴定。并通过人工回归感染白斑狗鱼和鲫,来验证分离菌株的致病性。结果表明,分离出的9株优势菌为致病性嗜水气单胞菌,命名为PK001-PK009。经PCR特异性检测发现,所得的9个菌株分别含有丝氨酸蛋白酶基因(ahp A)、溶血素基因(hly A)和气溶素基因(aer A)中的0-3个,从而导致了菌株间致病性的差异。通过人工回归感染实验发现,白斑狗鱼患病症状与自然病例相似,并重新分离得到原感染菌,经细菌学鉴定,其性状与原菌株一致,为嗜水气单胞菌。     

Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in the black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf, in Korea

Cultured black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, suffered mass mortalities during winter 2008 and spring 2009 in Korea, showing clinical signs of ulcer lesions and haemorrhages over their body surface. The aetiological agent was identified as Aeromonas salmonicida (strains RFAS-1, -2 and -3), which is a non-pigmented, slow-growing bacterium. Phenotypes of RFAS strains showed variation, while 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD, dnaJ and recA gene sequences of all the strains were affiliated to A. salmonicida. In particular, vapA gene sequences of the strains were most closely related to one of the five subspecies of A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida (=KCCM 40239(T) ). LD(50) values of RFAS-1 for intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection were 1.5 × 10(5.25) and 1.5 × 10(6.4) cfu/rockfish, respectively. However, A. salmonicida strains KCCM 40239(T) and SAS-1, which originate from masou and chum salmon, respectively, were not pathogenic to black rockfish. RFAS strains, possessing A-layer protein on their surface, exhibited β-haemolytic activity against rockfish erythrocytes and capability to survive in rockfish serum, which seem to be associated with virulence.     

Identification and pathogenicity to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), of some aeromonads

Twelve strains of fish pathogenic aeromonads were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Aeromonas bestiarum , A. hydrophila , A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis , A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida , A. sobria biovar sobria and A. veronii biovar sobria. Following intramuscular injection, A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis caused dark liquefying, raised furuncle-like lesions in rainbow trout within 48 h. Extracellular products of all cultures contained gelatinase and lecithinase, and most revealed lipase. Congo red absorption and siderophore production was recorded, but not so the suicide phenomenon or slime production. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of the outer membrane proteins (OMP) revealed 10–25 bands, of which major bands were seen in the region of 32.5–47.5 and 62–83 kDa. Marked heterogenicity of the OMP and whole cell protein (WCP) profiles within and among the species was observed. Polypeptides of 83–173 kDa were detected in the WCP profile of the cultures, but they were not expressed in OMP fractions.     

Analysis of exotoxins produced by atypical isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida,by enzymatic and serological methods

In this study, exotoxins produced by 62 Aeromonas salmonicida strains and the bacterium Haemophilus piscium were analysed. Enzymatic assays, zymograms and serological detection were used to monitor secretion by bacterial strains of the previously described exotoxins P1, GCAT and AsaP1 and also the extracellular P2 metallo-gelatinase and a serine caseinase, which is different from the P1 protease and has not yet been characterized. Based on the results, the strains were divided into five groups. One comprised the type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. masoucida, H. piscium and 36% of the atypical isolates, and another, a type strain for A. salmonicida ssp. smithia together with 14% of the atypical isolates. A second type strain of A. salmonicida ssp. smithia was grouped with 8% of the atypical isolates. The largest group contained the type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes and 38% of the atypical isolates. The type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida were in the last group with all the four typical strains and 4% of the atypical isolates. The combination of zymogram and serological detection used is recommended as the most reliable method for characterizing A. salmonicida strains according to their exotoxin secretion.     

循环水养殖系统中高毒力嗜水气单胞菌的鉴定与药敏试验

为探究中华鳖（Pelodiscus sinensis）循环水养殖过程中出现体表穿孔和溃疡的病因，对患病中华鳖的肝、脾、肺和肾等部位取样并进行病原菌分离及革兰氏染色，利用16S rRNA测序和生化鉴定相结合进行细菌鉴定，通过毒力基因PCR检测和人工回感试验评估细菌的致病性，以纸片扩散法评估几种抗生素的抑菌效果，利用琼脂打孔法评估中药提取物的抑菌效果。结果显示，从病鳖的脏器中分离到一株优势菌AH0421，该菌为革兰氏阴性菌，菌体呈短杆状；菌株AH0421 与嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）模式菌株ATCC 7966 的16S rRNA 序列相似性高达99.66%。菌株AH0421 能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖，具有O/129 耐受性，其携带act、aerA、aha、ahh、ahp、ahpA、alt、ast、hlyA、lip、ompA毒力基因。回感试验出现与自然发病相似病症，菌株AH0421半致死浓度(LC50)为1.7×106CFU/mL。中药五味子提取物、诺氟沙星、多西环素、恩诺沙星、新霉素以及头孢克肟、头孢曲松等头孢类抗生素对该菌有较强的抑制作用。研究表明，五味子和多数头孢类抗生素可作为治疗菌株AH0421感染的参考药物。     

银鲫肠道内抑制嗜水气单胞菌的潜在益生菌筛选及其特性研究

从养殖的银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肠道中分离纯化得到60株具有不同特征的菌株,以嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)为指示菌,点种法初筛得到12株菌株,再通过牛津杯实验筛选出4株对嗜水气单胞菌有明显抑制作用(抑菌圈直径在14 mm以上)的益生菌疑似株,并进行了耐热试验、耐酸试验和人工肠液耐受试验,筛选出最符合益生菌功能特性的菌株YJ-9。该菌株在90℃高温水浴30 min后相对存活率为1.51%,在pH3的液体培养基中4 h内相对存活率为8.37%,活菌数都保持在106 CFU/mL以上,并且可以在人工模拟肠液中缓慢生长。在急性毒力实验中,10倍于实验剂量的菌株YJ-9对银鲫无毒,动物保护实验证明菌株YJ-9能有效增强银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的免疫抵抗力,相对保护率达到80%。研究结果表明,菌株YJ-9可以作为一个新的饲用微生态制剂候选菌种。     

Extracellular glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase from Aeromonas salmonicida: activation by serine protease

Abstract. Extracellular hacmolytic activities of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida to salmon red blood cells were shown to be due to different forms of the membrane-active enzyme glyccrophospholipidrcholcstcrol acyltransferase (GCAT). About 10% of the total haemolytic activity was due to a high molecular mass complex of LPS and GCAT (mol. mass >1000kDa), containing 35–50% neutral sugars and 1.5–2.0% protein. Some haemolytic activity (30–40% of total), corresponding to 50–70kDa by gel filtration, also contained GCAT-activity and may represent aggregated forms of GCAT. However, about 50% or more of the haemolytie activity was due to a protein of 26kDa free GCAT. Rabbit antibodies to GCAT neutralized the hacmolytic activity of both GCAT and GCAT-LPS. A transposon-produccd serinc protease negative mutant of the same A. salmonicida strain showed reduced haemolytic activity. The mutant produced a 38-kDa GCAT proform of low hacmolytic activity. The proform was processed by autogenous scrinc protease to a highly hacmolytic 26-kDa molecule with pl 6.3, similar to GCAT of the parent strain. The weakly haemolytic GCAT-LPS analogue of the mutant strain did not contain detectable amounts of the 26-kDa molecule and was not activated by proteases.     

Evaluation of profiles of Aeromonas salmonicida as epidemiological markers of furunculosis infections in fish

Abstract. Strains of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida , the agent of furunculosis disease of salmonid fish, have fairly uniform plasmid patterns. Of 35 strains examined by agarose gel electrophoresis, 28 had a pattern consisting of four small plasmids (4.2, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3 Mda) and a larger plasmid. The larger plasmid was most often 50–56 Mda, but it was larger in some strains. In the remaining seven strains, the same general profile was seen, but one of the small plasmids was missing. An additional plasmid was present in six strains. The pattern seen in 30 strains collected from Ontario fish over an 8-year period did not differ significantly from five reference isolates from other locations. Plasmid profiles of A. salmonicida strains appear too uniform to provide a useful epidemiological tool. The non-pigmented. atypical strains of A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida, A. media , and brown-pigmented strains of A. hydrophila had different plasmid DNA profiles, which were distinct from those of typical isolates of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida . Antibiotic susceptibility patterns, determined by the agar dilution method, were uniform for most typical strains. A non-transferable resistance to tetracyclmes was found in two Ontario isolates, but antibiotic resistance was relatively uncommon among the Ontario isolates.