湘云鲫（鲤）肌肉生化成分和氨基酸组成分析

应用生化分析方法对湘云鲫（鲤）肌肉中的营养成分和氨基酸含量进行了定量分析，结果显示：湘云鲫（鲤）鲜肌肉水分含量为７７．８２％（７７．１０％），粗蛋白含量为１８．５８％（１７．７０％）。粗脂肪含量为２．７６％（３．１６％）。磷分含量为０．９９％（１．１７％）。湘云鲫（鲤）股肉中含有１７种氨基酸，总量为７６０．２９ｍｇ／ｇ（７０５．０１ｍｇ／ｇ），其中人体必需氨基酸含量为２５９．８３ｍｇ／ｇ（２０８．     

高寒鲤含肉率及肌肉营养成份的分析

本对高寒鲤含肉率、肌肉营养成份及氨基酸含量进行了测定，为制定出高寒鲤种质标准，提供参数。高寒鲤含肉率为61．70％，肌肉营养成份中水分为77．24％，蛋白质为17．59％，脂肪为2．58％，灰份为1．25％。用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了18种氨基酸含量，结果是：18种氨基酸总量为17．38％，8种必需氨基酸及2种半必需氨基酸总量为8．46％，4种鲜味氨基酸总量为7．03％。并与兴国红鲤、青鱼、青草、鲢鱼、鳙鱼、虹鳟的肌肉营养物质含量进行对比分析，结果表明：高寒鲤肌肉脂肪、灰份低于虹鳟鱼，高于其他几种鱼；水份高于虹鳟鱼，低于其他几种鱼。     

高寒鲤、红鲫杂交F_1同亲本形态学特征比较

鲤鲫杂交F_1、高寒鲤、红鲫主要形态学特征:体高/体长比为39.60％、39.45％、41.81%;体厚/体长比为17.22％、18.27％、19.99％;眼径/体长比为5.16％、5.62％、5.79％;体厚/头长比为56.33％、57.22％、66.42％;眼径/头长比为16.90％、17.60％、19.28％。鳞式分别为31(5-6)/6 33、36(6-7)/(6-8)40、26(6-7)/(6-7)29。第一鳃弓左侧腮耙数分别为34.20、21.64、42.93。上述指标除体厚/体长、眼径/体长、体厚/头长、眼径/头长鲤杂交F_1比双亲低以外,其它指标均介于双亲之间。从上述三种鱼同塘饲养生长对照来看,鲤鲫杂交F_1分别比亲本高寒鲤、红鲫生长31.18％、96.60％。我们认为鲤鲫杂交F_1是一个极有前途的新的养殖对象。     

投饲次数对网箱中鲤生长的影响

网箱饲养试验表明，在１７０—２００℃时每周投喂６、５和４天时，鲤（重１９３５—２７８０ｇ）的体重瞬时增长率（ＳＧＲ，％／日）分别降低３３１％、３９４％和５００％。５、６、７、８月网箱养鲤（５８８±２８９ｇ）的适宜日投饲次数分别为３、４、５—７和６—５。     

鳜鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲤、鲫、鲢消化酶活性的研究

鳜鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲤、鲫、鲢肝脏蛋白酶活性低于肠蛋白酶。肠蛋白酶活性，鳜鱼最高，其余依次为青鱼、鲤、鲢、草鱼、鲫。鳜鱼、鲢的肠蛋白酶活性由前肠向后肠递减；而青鱼、鲤、草鱼的则由前肠向后肠递增；鲫则中肠活性最低。六种鱼不同组织的脂肪酶活性因鱼而异。青鱼、鳜鱼、鲤、鲢肝脏中脂肪酶活性低于肠脂肪酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而草鱼和鲫肝脏中脂肪酶活性与肠脂肪酶活性差异不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。六种鱼肝脏中脂肪酶活性由高到低依次为鳜鱼＞鲢＞鲫＞草鱼＞青鱼＞鲤；肠脂肪酶活性顺序为鳜鱼＞鲢＞青鱼＞鲤＞草鱼＞鲫。脂肪酶活性与鱼类食性无明显相关性。不同组织间淀粉酶活性存在差异。鳜鱼的肝脏和肠均有较高淀粉酶活性，青鱼和鲫肝脏中淀粉酶活性低于肠中的；草鱼、鲤和鲢肝脏中淀粉酶活性高于肠中的，但差异不显著。六种鱼中鳜鱼的肝脏淀粉酶活性明显高于其它五种无胃鱼，它们的淀粉酶活性顺序依次为鳜鱼＞鲢＞鲤＞草鱼＞青鱼＞鲫；肠淀粉酶活性顺序为鳜鱼＞鲫＞鲤＞青鱼＞鲢＞草鱼。     

水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交子代的生长和体色研究

利用人工授精的方法，进行水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤和荷包红鲤的相互杂交试验，测定各个杂交组合子代的成活率、生长速度和体色分离比例。结果表明：4种鱼能够相互杂交受精，孵出鱼苗。孵化率锦鲤自交最低为46．4％，其它组合为70％～80％；杂交鱼苗经28d的人工饲养，水晶彩鲫与荷包红鲤、锦鲤的正、反杂交，同其它杂交组合比较有明显的差别，其生长速度慢，个体之间差异大，成活率低；杂交子代的体型分为3类：鲫鱼型、鲤鱼型和鲤鲫型。鳞片反光组织(虹彩细胞或鸟粪素细胞)为2类：完全型、缺失型。体色分离复杂多样，水晶彩鲫与红鲫杂交是水晶彩鲫，红鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交是青灰色鲤鲫杂种，水晶彩鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交都会出现水晶彩色和青灰色鲤鲫杂种。     

野生雌雄鲫肌肉主要营养成分的比较分析

对野生鲫肌肉主要营养成分进行了分析比较,并对其营养价值进行了评价。结果显示：雌鲫肌肉的粗蛋白含量为15．36％,显著低于雄鲫（P〈0．05）,而雌雄鲫肌肉的水分百分含量差异不显著（P〉0．05）。雌雄鲫肌肉样品中均检测出18种氨基酸,雄鲫肌肉中的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸含量（分别为17．58％、7．23％、5．77％）极显著高于雌鲫肌肉（分别为16．22％、6．73％、5．24％;P〈0．01）;无论以AAS进行评价还是采样CS值进行评价,雌雄鲫肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸。雄鲫肌肉的EAAI为80．14,略高于雌鲫（77．43）。结果表明：于桥水库出产的鲫营养价值较高,且雄鲫的营养价值较雌鲫高。     

岩原鲤肌肉营养成分分析

岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)蛋白质含量为19.60%,与鲤、草鱼相当,高于斑点叉尾鲴、斑鱯、中华倒刺鲃、鲫;其脂肪含量为1.80%,低于斑点叉尾鮰、斑鱯、草鱼,与中华倒刺钯相当,明显高于鲤、鲫;16种氨基酸含量为15.65 g/kg,较鲫低,比斑鳠、草鱼和鲤高,与中华倒刺鲃相当.5种鲜味氨基酸含量为5.85 g/ks.岩原鲤具有良好的开发利用前景.     

鲢鳙鳊鲫鱼肉的蛋白质组成及分离研究

我国４种淡水鱼鲢镛鳊鲫的蛋白质组成基本一致,即粗蛋白质为１７．２ｇ／１００ｇ－１８．３ｇ／１００ｇ湿肉,其中肌原纤维蛋白质占总氮的６０．７－６４．４％、肌浆蛋白质为２６．１－３３．２％,总基质蛋白质为９．０－２０．８％,非蛋白 １９３ｍｇＮ３４７ｍｇＮ／１００ｇ湿肉。     

鲤、鲫杂交子代的同工酶分析

利用水平式淀粉凝胶电泳法对乌克兰鳞鲤(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫二倍体(♂)、白鲫(♀)×墨龙鲤(♂)4组鲤鱼、鲫鱼杂交子代背侧肌肉组织的天冬氨酸转氨酶、α-甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶及肌浆蛋白进行电泳分析,并测量了红细胞长径。红细胞测量结果表明,乌克兰鳞鲤(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫二倍体(♂)杂交子代为三倍体,白鲫(♀)×墨龙鲤(♂)杂交子代为二倍体。4组杂交子代葡萄糖磷酸异构酶同工酶的基因组成结果显示,父本乌龙鲫四倍体和父本乌龙鲫二倍体均产生二倍体配子,且二倍体配子中1套为鲤鱼染色体组,1套为鲫鱼染色体组。     

养殖博氏鱼芒肉营养成分的分析及评价

采用国家标准方法测定湖北英山博氏(鱼芒)肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素含量.结果表明,博氏(鱼芒)肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的含量分别为75.36％±1.07％、17.90％±0.43％、5.13％±0.18％和0.98％±0.09％；18种氨基酸总量为(69.01±0.07) g/100 g(干重),其中5种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41.70％,8种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的48.68％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值为95.06％；粗脂肪中含24种脂肪酸,油酸含量38.41％±0.29％最高,单不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的42.68％±0.10％,n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值为1.48；矿物质元素中钾含量最高,为(1 118.51±30.67) mg/100 g(干重),微量元素中,铁、锌含量最高,分别为(1.19±0.10)和(1.18±0.05)mg/100 g(干重).与其它鱼类相比,博氏(鱼芒)肉蛋白质质量较高,氨基酸组成比例均衡,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,有较高的营养价值.     

Calculated Taste Activity Values and Umami Equivalences Explain Why Dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus) Is a Valuable Condiment

ABSTRACT

Active nonvolatile taste active compounds—including free amino acids, flavor 5?-nucleotides, lactic acid, succinic acid, and four kinds of inorganic ions in dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus)—were analyzed. The results were then used to calculate taste activity values (TAVs) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) to evaluate their potential contributions to depth of flavor. Our results showed that the total free amino acid content of dried Sha-chong was 56.62 mg/g; glycine, arginine, and alanine as the major free amino acids, accounting for more than 76% of the total free amino acids; 5?-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 5?-inosine monophosphate (IMP) were the main flavor 5?-nucleotides (128.8 and 121.0 mg/100 g); guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was present in a small amount, only 14.6 mg/100 g. Eight amino acids—especially Gly, Arg, and Ala,—three flavor 5?-nucleotides, succinic acid, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and chloride ions were of high TAV greater than 1. The EUC of dried Sha-chong was 49.12 g MSG/100 g, which meant that the dried Sha-chong has a strong umami taste and is suitable for use as umami condiment.     

温州市珊溪水库鳙营养成分分析与评价

本研究采用国标方法分析了温州市珊溪水库鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)肌肉的基本营养成分(水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和灰分)、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质等含量。研究表明4龄和6龄温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉中(鲜样)水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量分别为(78.74±0.98)%和(78.84±1.16)%、(16.87±0.86)%和(16.50±0.80)%、(1.35±0.66)%和(1.36±0.83)%、(1.65±0.82)%和(1.76±1.47)%。鳙肌肉中18种氨基酸总量分别为(17.90±1.50)%和(16.87±0.86)%,其中,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比值分别为41.38%和41.46%,4种鲜味氨基酸总量分别为8.24%和7.75%。温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉的氨基酸种类齐全,比例适宜,第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸。温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉中检测出23种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较其他淡水鱼丰富,EPA+DHA含量在22.69%和22.24%之间。本研究可为温州市珊溪水库鳙的营养价值进行了全面评估并对人类合理膳食营养提供参考。     

引进鹅种的性能及杂交利用效果

选择体质健康、体重相近的1日龄四川白鹅、莱茵、朗德鹅和莱×川杂交鹅各40只,在相同的饲养管理条件下,对多项指标进行70d连续测定。试验结果,育雏率依上述顺序穴下同雪分别为72.5%、72.5%、97.5%和65.0%;70日龄体重分别为2985.00g、3280.00g、3295.00g和3550.00g;0～70日龄增重分别为41.43g、45.62g、45.86g和49.51g鸦腿肌率均达到20%以上(26.65%～22.07%)。     

滨海型盐碱水域杂交青虾“太湖1号”肌肉营养成分分析

为研究杂交青虾"太湖1号"在滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的营养特点,采用常规生化成分测定法测定了该杂交青虾肌肉中的营养成分,并与野生青虾的肌肉营养成分进行比较。结果显示:杂交青虾肌肉(鲜重)中蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分的含量分别为16.774%、0.927%、1.173%、81.367%;肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸(总量为85.680%,干重),其中8种必需氨基酸占31.024%;肌肉中含12种脂肪酸,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高,两者含量之和为1.247%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为1.753%;矿物元素种类丰富,常量元素中,钾含量最高(12.420 mg/g),微量元素中,锌含量最高(59.673μg/g)。研究发现,杂交青虾"太湖1号"蛋白含量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),脂肪、EPA+DHA含量极显著高于野生青虾(P0.01),氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量与野生青虾无显著差异(P0.05),必需氨基酸总量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),但两者氨基酸结构均符合FAO/WHO的标准要求。研究表明:滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的杂交青虾"太湖1号"氨基酸组成平衡,微量元素丰富,具有较高的营养价值。     

皮氏蛾螺肌肉营养成分分析与评价

采用生化手段对皮氏蛾螺肌肉中营养成分进行检测与分析。结果表明:皮氏蛾螺肌肉中水分含量为75.78%,蛋白质含量为15.70%,脂肪含量为0.50%,灰分含量为1.50%。皮氏嫂螺肌肉氨基酸总含量为58.21 g/100 g,共检测出17种氨基酸:半胱氨酸(Cys)含量最高,含量为11.35 g/100 g,其次是精氨酸(Arg)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和甘氨酸(Gly),组氨酸(His)含量最低,含量为0.39 g/100 g。共检测到6种呈味氨基酸,分别为天冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氮酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)及脯氨酸(Pro)。呈味氨基酸(DAA)总量为23.07 g/100 g。共检测出25种脂肪酸,其中包括9种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),16种不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)。在所有脂肪酸中,二十碳五烯酸EPA(C20:5i3)含量最高,达19.75%;而十五碳一烯酸(C15:1)含量最低,仅0.26%。     

Reproductive development, GnRHa-induced spawning and egg quality of wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius) acclimatised to captivity

The objective of the study was to acclimatise wild-caught meagre (Argyrosomus regius) to captivity to produce viable eggs for aquaculture production. Twelve meagre (3 males and 9 females, mean weight?=?20?±?7?kg) were caught and transported to a land-based facility on 26 October 2006. During, March to June 2007, all three males were spermiating and five of the nine females were in vitellogenesis with mean maximum oocyte diameter ≥550?μm. No spontaneous spawning was observed. Two hormone treatments, either a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa, 20?μg?kg(-1) for females and 10?μg?kg(-1) for males) or a slow-release implant loaded with the same GnRHa (50?μg?kg(-1) for females and 25?μg?kg(-1) for males), were used to induce spawning on three different dates on 26 March 2007, 4 May 2007 and 18 April 2008. From each spawning event, the following parameters were determined: fecundity, number of floating eggs, egg size, fertilisation and hatching success, unfed larval survival, and proximal composition and fatty acid profile of the eggs. In 2007, two females that were injected on 26 March and 4 May spawned a total of 5 times producing 9,019,300 floating eggs and a relative fecundity of 198,200 eggs?kg(-1) and two different females that were implanted on the same dates spawned 14 times producing 12,430,000 floating eggs and a relative fecundity of 276,200 eggs?kg(-1). In 2008, a pair that was implanted spawned five times producing a total of 10,211,900 floating eggs and a relative fecundity of 527,380 eggs?kg(-1). The latency period was 48-72?h. Parameters were compared between hormone treatments, date of hormone induction and parents determined by microsatellites. Percentage hatch and egg size were 70?±?0.3% and 0.99?±?0.02?mm, respectively, for GnRHa-implanted fish and were significantly higher (P?相似文献   

中草药与抗生素作为添加剂对本地鸡生产性能的影响

本试验对本地鸡设计了A、B、C、D四种饲料进行饲养试验,结果表明:A组(混合型基础日粮+中草药添加剂)平均日增重比B组(混合型基础日粮+抗生素添加剂)、C组(玉米型基础日粮+中草药添加剂)、D组(玉米型基础日粮+抗生素添加剂)分别提高20.03%、18.3%、46.8%,与B、C组之间差异显著(P<0.05),与D组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。经济效益以A组最好,比B、C、D组分别提高26.37%、26.05%、59.75%。平均采食量A组比B、C、D组分别提高1.20%、0.87%、9.87%。A、B组比C、D组平均日增重提高19.94%,差异显著(P<0.05),经济效益提高26.04%。A、C组比B、D组平均日增重提高22.04%,差异显著(P<0.05),经济效益提高22.67%。因此,用稻米来代替部份玉米,用中草药添加剂代替抗生素添加剂是可行的,且能获得较好的日增重和经济效益。     

Effects of dietary arginine levels on growth, feed conversion, protein productive value and carcass composition of stinging catfish fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying levels of dietary arginine on growth, feed conversion, protein productive value and carcass composition of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (10.11?±?0.14?cm; 5.87?±?0.07?g). Casein and gelatin-based isonitrogenous (38% crude protein) and isocaloric (14.72 kJ?g^?1 digestible energy) amino acid test diets with varying levels of l-arginine (1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 and 2.25?g 100?g^?1 of dry diet) were fed to randomly assigned triplicate groups of fish to apparent satiation twice daily at two feeding schedules (08.00 and 17.30?h). Thermal growth coefficient (TGC; 0.86), feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.97) and protein productive value (PPV; 0.25) were best attained by the group fed diet containing 1.75?g arginine 100?g^?1 of dry diet (D4). Carcass protein content also peaked at the above level of dietary arginine whereas carcass lipid showed consistent drop with the increase in dietary arginine level up to 1.75?g 100?g^?1 of dry diet. Second-degree polynomial regression analysis at 95% maximum and minimum response of thermal growth coefficient, feed conversion, protein productive value, carcass protein and lipid productive value against varying levels of dietary arginine yielded that dietary arginine in the range of 1.51–1.66?g 100?g^?1 of dry diet, corresponding to 3.97–4.37?g 100?g^?1 protein is adequate to optimize growth, feed conversion, protein productive value and improve carcass quality in fingerling H. fossilis.     

Development of digestive enzymes in larvae of Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus

The development of digestive enzymes during the early ontogeny of the Mayan cichlid (Cichlasoma urophthalmus) was studied using biochemical and electrophoretic techniques. From yolk absorption (6?days after hatching: dah), larvae were fed Artemia nauplii until 15?dah, afterward they were fed with commercial microparticulated trout food (45% protein and 16% lipids) from 16 to 60?dah. Several samples were collected including yolk-sac larvae (considered as day 1 after hatching) and specimens up to 60?dah. Most digestive enzymes were present from yolk absorption (5?C6?dah), except for the specific acid proteases activity (pepsin-like), which increase rapidly from 8?dah up to 20?dah. Three alkaline proteases isoforms (24.0, 24.8, 84.5?kDa) were detected at 8?dah using SDS?CPAGE zymogram, corresponding to trypsin, chymotrypsin and probably leucine aminopeptidase enzymes, and only one isoform was detected (relative electromobility, Rf?=?0.54) for acid proteases (pepsin-like) from 3?dah onwards using PAGE zymogram. We concluded that C. urophthamus is a precocious fish with a great capacity to digest all kinds of food items, including artificial diets provided from 13?dah.