中华鳖常见细菌病的病原鉴定及药物体外拮抗比较

对中华鳖疖疮穿孔病、腐皮病、出血性肠道坏死症、细菌性肝水肿病与白点病等5种常见鳖病的16株病原菌进行鉴定与抑菌效果测定,其中温和气单胞菌6株,类志贺邻单胞菌1株,嗜水气单胞菌6株,豚鼠气单胞菌3株。各分离株对中华鳖与实验小鼠均具强毒力。对16株病菌的体外拮抗结果统计表明,不同鳖病致病菌的药物拮抗作用存在明显差异,而病症一致采集地各异的中华鳖病菌其体外药物敏感性亦有所不同,以丁胺卡那、氟嗪酸、环丙沙星、新霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、卡那霉素、呋喃妥因等抗生素的抑菌效用最为显著,中高敏频次≥10。     

鳖白底板病、腐皮病并发症病原菌及药物治疗

中华鳖(Ｔｒｉｏｎｙｘｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ)的白底板、腐皮病是两种较严重的传染病,两者并发症的感染率可达80%～90%,死亡率100%。陈晓凤等[1995]研究认为白底板病的病原是嗜水气单胞菌(Ａ.ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ)、迟缓爱德华氏菌(Ｅ.ｔａｒｄａ)和变形杆菌(Ｐ.ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ)。而谢军[1996]认为该病的病原可能是病毒。腐皮病的病原也众说不一,孙佩芳等[1998]多次从患腐皮病的中华鳖血液和肝脏中分离到温和气单胞菌,而其他人也从患腐皮病鳖体内分离到气单胞菌、假单胞菌和无色杆菌等菌种,其中认为气单胞菌为主要致病菌[中国科学院水生生物…     

中华鳖腐皮病血液病理初步研究

对患有腐皮病的中华鳖的血液病理进行了初步研究,结果表明：病鳖的嗜中性粒细胞、红细胞外形上均有较大变形,甚至破碎,淋巴细胞个体增大;从生理指标值上来看,病鳖的红细胞数目减少,白细胞数目尤其是嗜中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞数目明显增加,红细胞脆性增加,沉降率增加。     

中华鳖腐皮病及防治方法研究

研究了中华鳖腐皮病的病原、病理，认为腐皮病的病原是气单胞菌属的两个种（或亚种），并通过具有病例阐述了腐皮病的防治方法。     

中华鳖腐皮病病原菌及防治药物研究

从具有典型腐皮病症状的中华鳖体中分离到Ｐ－１,Ｐ－２两株细菌,人工感染,经菌株形态特征和培养特性及生理生化反应的鉴定,证实均为中华鳖腐皮病的病原菌,且为嗜水气单有民菌。同时进行了该菌的药物敏感试验,筛选了１５种最佳防治药物。     

中华鳖常见病防治方法

中华鳖在自然环境中生长较慢，且较少罹患疾病。随着养鳖业的发展，饲养密度的提高，其生活环境条件的改变，鳖病明显增多。据不完全统计，目前我国鳖病总的发生率为20％～40％，平均死亡率为20％～50％、中华鳖常见的疾病有腮腺炎、白底板病、出血病、穿孔病、红脖子病、腐皮病、水霉病等。而在生产中往往存在一病多症，一症多病的复杂情况，治疗较为困难。因此，对于鳖病必须坚持“以防为主，防治结合，防重于治”的原则，如此才能收到较好的效果。     

中华鳖稚鳖纤毛虫病的诊断与防治

<正>纤毛虫病是鳖、虾、蟹养殖中常见寄生虫病之一，但养殖对象被寄生后不会直接死亡，故而容易被忽视。该病可引起鳖食欲不振、机体消瘦、生长缓慢，影响鳖的生长发育。鳖被大量纤毛虫寄生后不加以治疗，会继发细菌感染，诱发腮腺炎、腐皮病、穿孔病和红脖子病等常见疾病，造成死亡和影响商品价值，所以在病情发生早期要积极防治。现将1例中华鳖稚鳖感染纤毛虫病的治疗情况总结如下，以供参考。     

全国水产养殖病害防治网络1996年第8期快讯

全国水产养殖病害防治网络１９９６年第８期快讯（总第１２４期）主办单位：中国水产学会科普工作委员会中国水产学会《科学养鱼》编辑部中华鳖腐皮病及防治方法研究亲鳖越冬后，翌年春季往往死亡率较高，在死去的亲鳖中，以雌鳖为主，人们通常将这种现象统称为“越冬死亡...     

中华鳖腐皮病的组织病理研究

近年来,随着市场需求的扩大,养鳖业在全国各地迅速盛行起来,鳖的高密度养殖,高蛋白饲料投喂易造成水环境恶化,同时许多养鳖场忽视了防病措施,鳖的传染病日趋严重,发病率极高,中华鳖腐皮病就是其中最主要的传染病之一,该病一年四季均可流行,而以春季居多。我们对该病的病原菌进行了分离鉴定。为了了解病原菌对中华鳖的致病过程及致病机理,对自然发病的中华鳖的肝。肾、脾等三种器官进行了解剖学和组织病理学观察,并与健康鳖的相应器官组织进行了比较。一、材料与方法（1）材料自然发病鳖与健康鳖均来自徐水县甲鱼场。（2）方法将…     

鳖“疖疮”腐皮“并发症的防治

鳖“疖疮”、“腐皮”并发症的防治近年来，笔者在舒城、六安等县市农村调查，发现大多数养鳖户习惯将鳖高密度因养育肥，鳖“疖疮”、“腐皮’讲发症日益增多，造成病鳖大量死亡，养鳖户蒙受巨大经济损失，严重困扰了农村养鳖业的发展。为此，本文试图就鳖“疖疮”“腐皮...     

中华鳖台湾群体耶尔森氏菌病的研究

从中华鳖台湾群体病鳖的肝脏分离到菌株９７－７－２Ｃ,９７－９－２Ａ‘,用这两种菌株人工感染１０－１５ｇ稚鳖,发病率和死亡率均为１００％,经菌体形态特征,培养特性和生理生化反应测定,鉴定９７－７－２Ｃ为小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,９７－９－２Ａ’为结核耶尔森氏菌,这两种菌都会引起鳖败血症。     

鳖池一些环境因子变化特征及其对鳖生长的影响

本文通过对鳖池水体进行理化处理,分析了主要的环境因子对养殖鳖生长的影响。结果表明鳖池水体溶解氧的提高对鳖池水质和底质改善及养殖鳖的生长具有明显的促进作用,但对皮肤病的治疗没有明显的作用;大换水后鳖池水体pH值昼夜变化较大,午后出现较高的pH值高峰;午后高pH值对正常养殖鳖虽无明显的不适反应,但在随后的养殖过程中出现较多的疖疮病和白底板病。利用外加电源提高鳖池氧化还原电位,试图改善鳖池底质和水质的方法,未能得到满意效果。     

美国青蛙养殖技术研究

研究了美国青蛙的形态,生态、人工催产,孵化,幼蛙培育,成蛙养殖,配饵驯食及腐皮病,红腿病,气泡病的防治技术,结果：孵化密度４０００－８０００粒／ｍ＾２,４８ｈ出苗。幼蛙培育适宜密度为８０－１００只／ｍ＾２,幼蛙体重１５ｇ左右时,以活饵带动法或直接驯食法分３个阶段进行驯食。成蛙养殖密度以２０－３０只／ｍ＾２为宜。５２ｍ＾２土池放养幼蛙１４０４只,经１２３天养殖,成蛙平均体重２５２ｇ,每平方米蛙６．３     

Pathological and PCR detection of mycobacteriosis in pond-cultured Chinese soft shell turtles, Trionyx sinensis

Mycobacteriosis due to infection of Mycobacterium marinum is a common disease in pond-cultured Chinese soft shell turtles, especially in those surviving beyond their first year. The infected turtles independently showed either heterophilic or histiocytic granulomas in various organs such as the spleen, liver, lungs, intestine, kidneys, stomach and pancreas. The heterophilic granuloma contained many acid-fast unbranching bacilli intracellularly in macrophages and extracellularly in the necrotic center. The histiocytic granuloma had only a few bacteria, mainly in the cytoplasm of Langhan's giant cells. The organisms were rarely observed in the advanced lesions of both types. Based on PCR assays for partial hsp65 gene of Mycobacterium spp., all of our strains were identified as M. marinum which can be divided into two groups. The strains of the first group induced heterophilic granulomas and had very high nucleotide sequence identities (99.8%-100%) to the reference strains of M. marinum (AF456471) and M. pseudoshottsii (AY550226). Those strains of the second group caused histiocytic granulomas and also showed very high identities (99.8%-100%) to the reference strains of M. marinum ATCC 927 (AF456470) and M. shottsii (AY550225). However, when we compared the partial sequence of the hsp65 gene from group one and two strains the identities between the two groups range from 98.8% to 99.3%, therefore we can not assert that these two belong to the same species.     

珠江口海域4头中华白海豚的病理解剖及死因鉴定

对珠江口海域4头死亡的中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)进行外部形态检查和内脏器官病理解剖。从外部形态看，ZSC01-ZSC03三头都有明显的伤痕，而ZSC04则受海水浸泡表面已经严重腐烂。通过病理解剖，发现4头中华白海豚的内脏器官并无可见病变，部分内脏器官由于死亡时间较久发生自溶和腐烂，并发现ZSC04的食道塞着一团毛发。根据它们的受伤情况和死亡情况进行死亡原因分析，初步鉴定ZSC01～ZSC03是受人类活动影响致死，ZSC04则因食道阻塞而饿死。     

Efficacy and tolerance of lutein as colourant in diet of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis

The effects of dietary supplementation of lutein on the growth, haematological profile and pigmentation in target tissues of the soft‐shelled turtles were investigated. Five experimental diets were prepared with lutein levels at 1.16 (D1, control), 70.3 (D2), 132 (D3) and 239 (D4) mg kg^?1, and one more high inclusion level of 3410 mg kg^?1 (D5) was included for tolerance test. Each diet was fed to 24 juvenile turtles for 8w. Specific growth rate (SGR) in D2, D3 and D4 was significantly higher than that of group D1 and D5. Skin yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*) of both carapace and plastron skin were all significantly increased with higher dietary lutein levels. Dietary lutein supplementation turned the H° values of skins into yellowness. The accumulation of lutein in skin and muscle also augmented significantly with increasing lutein levels and fit a logarithmic correlation with dietary lutein levels. There were almost no differences in haematological parameters of all turtles. Lutein is an efficient and safe colourant in diet of soft‐shelled turtle. The optimal inclusion levels for the highest SGR and desired skin colour in carapace and plastron of soft‐shelled turtle were 162, 142 and 143 mg kg^?1, respectively.     

Isolation and characterization of strains of Flavobacterium columnare from Brazil

Flavobacterium columnare is an important pathogen of freshwater fish, implicated in skin and gill disease, often causing high mortality. An outbreak of skin disease in fingerling and adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), cultivated in a recirculation system, was investigated. Four strains were isolated and characterized by biochemical reactions, enzyme production, fatty acid profile and analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region. All strains were identified as F. columnare. Experimental infection assays with one of these strains (BZ-5-02) were conducted and pathogenicity (by intramuscular route) was demonstrated in Nile tilapia and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). This is the first report of characterization of Brazilian strains of F. columnare.     

川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传研究与杂交利用

通过对川南常羽乌骨鸡3种羽色系的纯繁、杂交以及与3个浅肤品种的杂交,初步揭示了川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传现象。结果表明,所用乌骨鸡的肤色主要受遗传控制,存在杂合类型,黑羽系和麻羽系的肤色遗传较为稳定。乌肤性状终生不变,且与趾色、肉骨及内膜色高度相关。乌肤公鸡与不同浅肤母鸡的杂交后代可表现出较高的不同的乌肤比例,表明适当引入浅肤血缘尚可保持乌骨鸡的乌色性状。     

The effects of vitamin E on non-specific immune response of the juvenile soft-shelled turtle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pelodiscus sinensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplements on non-specific immune responses in juvenile soft-shelled turtles. Turtles were fed diets supplemented with vitamin E at 0 (control), 50, 250, 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively, for 4 weeks. Results showed that blood cell phagocytosis and serum bactericidal activity were significantly improved in turtles from two diets (250 and 500 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation), while had no significant improvement in turtles from the three remaining diets (50, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation) when compared to turtles from the control group. Serum bacteriolytic activity in turtles from diets with 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation were higher than activity levels quantified for the control group, but no significant difference was observed between the 5000 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation diet and the control diet. The results suggest that vitamin E has an upper and lower threshold for improving non-specific immune function in soft-shelled turtles, and the optimal supplementation may be between 250 and 500 mg/kg.     

鳖保宁对中华鳖气单胞菌病的药效学研究

采用常规方法对中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis)常见病害进行细菌学检查，测定了鳖保宁及相关单味药对中华鳖主要病原菌温和气单胞菌（Aeromonas sobria)和豚鼠气单胞菌（A.caviae)的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC），并观察鳖保宁预防鳖病害的效果，结果表明：20例患病鳖中共分离到28株细菌，其中温和气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌分别占32.14%和21.43%;鳖保宁及相关单味药对温和气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌均有不同程度的抑制和杀灭作用。其中鳖保宁的作用最强；鳖保宁预防鳖病害的效果优于对照组。