奥利亚罗非鱼(♀)×鳜(♂)远缘杂交子代与亲本血液学指标的比较

本研究对奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aurea)(♀)×鳜(Siniptrca chuatsi)(♂)远缘杂交子代(F2和F3)与双亲的血液常规参数和血液生化指标进行了比较,探讨杂交对子代血液学指标的影响.杂交子代具有两种来源,第一种的杂交母本为中心奥利亚罗非鱼(子代简称中心奥利亚杂交);另一种的母本为埃及奥利亚罗非鱼(子代简称埃及奥利亚杂交).用于对照实验的母本为中心奥利亚罗非鱼.结果显示,中心奥利亚杂交F2与对照母本F2在2个血液常规参数和1个血液生化指标上存在显著差异(P＜0.05),与父本鳜则有6个血常规参数和4个血液生化指标具有显著差异(P＜0.05).中心奥利亚杂交F3与对照母本F3在4个血液常规参数和2个血液生化指标上存在着显著差异(P＜0.05),与父本鳜有6个血常规参数和4个血液生化指标具有显著差异(P＜0.05).埃及奥利亚杂交F2与对照母本F2在4个血液常规参数和4个血液生化指标上存在着显著差异(P＜0.05),与父本鳜则有6个血常规参数和4个血液生化指标具有显著差异(P＜0.05).埃及奥利亚杂交F3与对照母本F3在2个血液常规参数和3个血液生化指标上存在显著差异(P＜0.05),与父本鳜则有7个参数和3个血液生化指标具有显著差异(P＜0.05).不同品系来源的杂交后代中,2个F2群体在1个血常规参数和1个血液生化指标上具有显著差异(P＜0.05),而2个F3群体仅1个血液生化指标具有显著差异(P＜0.05).研究结果表明,杂交子代与双亲在血液组成上均存在差异,但其更接近于母本.这些差异可能是由于杂交所引起的遗传结构变化所致.     

奥利亚罗非鱼（♀）×鳜（♂）远缘杂交子代与亲本血液学指标的比较

本研究对奥利亚罗非鱼（Oreochromisaurea）（♀）×鳜（Sinipercachuatsi）（♂）远缘杂交子代（F2和F3）与双亲的血液常规参数和血液生化指标进行了比较，探讨杂交对子代血液学指标的影响。杂交子代具有两种来源，第一种的杂交母本为中心奥利亚罗非鱼（子代简称中心奥利亚杂交）：另一种的母本为埃及奥利亚罗非鱼（子代简称埃及奥利亚杂交）。用于对照实验的母本为中心奥利亚罗非鱼。结果显示，中心奥利亚杂交F2与对照母本F2在2个血液常规参数和1个血液生化指标上存在显著差异（P〈0．05），与父本鳜则有6个血常规参数和4个血液生化指标具有显著差异（P〈0.05）。中心奥利亚杂交F3与对照母本F3在4个血液常规参数和2个血液生化指标上存在着显著差异（P〈0.05），与父本鳜有6个血常规参数和4个血液生化指标具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。埃及奥利亚杂交F2与对照母本F2在4个血液常规参数和4个血液生化指标上存在着显著差异（P〈0.05），与父本鳜则有6个血常规参数和4个血液生化指标具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。埃及奥利亚杂交F3与对照母本R在2个血液常规参数和3个血液生化指标上存在显著差异（P〈0.05），与父本鳜则有7个参数和3个血液生化指标具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。不同品系来源的杂交后代中，2个F2群体在1个血常规参数和1个血液生化指标上具有显著差异（P〈0．05），而2个F3群体仪1个血液生化指标具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。研究结果表明，杂交子代与双亲在血液组成上均存在差异，但其更接近于母本。这些差异可能是由于杂交所引起的遗传结构变化所致。     

罗非鱼杂交F1代与亲本的遗传关系及其杂种优势的利用

用ＲＡＰＤ 技术研究奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼杂交子代和亲本的遗传关系及其在杂种优势中的应用。在所用的１６ 个随机引物中,有１１ 个引物在罗非鱼亲代和杂交子代间呈现多态。遗传相似性指数和遗传距离的计算结果表明,正交子代（ 尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂） 在遗传关系上界于亲代之间,不表现出明显的倾向性;而反交子代（ 奥利亚罗非鱼♀×尼罗罗非鱼♂） 却与母本奥利亚罗非鱼极其相似。说明正、反交子代与两亲本遗传相似性有明显的不同,表明遗传性状介于两亲本之间的杂交子代更有可能形成显著的杂种优势。同时发现,扩增片段ＯＰＡ０７１９００ 、ＯＰＡ０７９６０ 、ＯＰＺ１４７２０ 和ＯＰＺ１４６００ 可以作为鉴别尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼和正交子代的遗传标记。     

耐盐罗非鱼育种回交效应评估

对罗非鱼2种回交子代、2种正反交子代(回交鱼的母本)、2种原始种(回交鱼的祖父、母本),共6种遗传型的生长特性、耐盐特性及遗传特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)在盐度15、20及25时,2种回交子代的日均增重率皆比母本提高了30%～45%,差异显著(P=0.023).(2)SSR分析发现,2种回交子代接受尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的遗传特征带分别为87.5%和79.2%,接受萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)的分别为35.2%和41.2%;而2种正反杂交子代接受尼罗罗非鱼的分别为66.7%和41.7%,接受萨罗罗非鱼的分别为47.1%和88.2%.(3)回交子代与原始亲本尼罗罗非鱼的遗传距离较近,同正反交子代相比,回交子代生长性能有所进步,耐盐性能基本保持,扩增的特异性条带数目较少,表明遗传多样性走低和基因型纯合性走强的趋势.(4)两种回交子代间有一定差异,萨尼♀[萨罗罗非鱼♀×尼罗罗非鱼(♀)(F2)]×尼罗罗非鱼(♂)生长快5%,有效等位基因数、平均杂合度、多态信息含量等遗传指标较高,是优选的对象.     

吉富罗非鱼(♀)与翘嘴鳜(♂)远缘杂交子代的遗传特征分析

为了探究吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,GIFT)(♀)与翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)(♂)远缘杂交的可行性,对吉富罗非鱼(♀)×翘嘴鳜(♂)子代的胚胎发育、细胞遗传和分子遗传特征进行了初步研究。杂交子代的胚胎存活率仅为(0.34±0.13)%,通过流式细胞技术对正常存活个体进行了DNA相对含量分析,结果显示杂交子代的DNA含量和吉富罗非鱼的DNA含量无显著性差异。染色体数目和核型分析结果显示,杂交子代的染色体数目是2n=44,核型公式是6sm+24st+14t,染色体臂数(NF)=50。杂交子代的染色体数目与其母本相同,核型与其母本相似,二者与父本明显不同。细胞遗传和分子遗传特征的结果显示,吉富罗非鱼(♀)×翘嘴鳜(♂)子代属于雌核发育个体。     

全雄罗非鱼育苗试验

本文探讨了在江西省宁都县罗非鱼良种场利用种间杂交技术,采用尼罗罗非鱼母本(♀)与奥利亚罗非鱼父本(♂)杂交,获得全雄子代奥尼罗非鱼,捞苗共计136.5万尾,全雄率为95%。     

全国渔业主导品种──罗非鱼

正A奥尼罗非鱼品种来源:用奥利亚罗非鱼为父本和尼罗罗非鱼为母本进行杂交,而获得的杂交优势明显的子一代杂交种。审定情况:1996年全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定。审定编号:GS-02-001-1996。特征特性:奥尼鱼又称全雄性罗非鱼,奥尼鱼雄性率达90%以上,生长速度比父本奥利亚罗非鱼快17%~72%,比母本尼罗罗非鱼     

尼罗罗非鱼(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(♂)F_1家系亲权关系微卫星分析

利用尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)第2代遗传连锁图谱标记,对3组不同尼罗罗非鱼(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)(♂)杂交F1家系内亲权关系进行分析。结果显示,86个微卫星位点中共筛选出20个在尼罗罗非鱼、萨罗罗非鱼中存在差异的扩增位点,含13个种间特异性和7个共享带差异位点。尼萨杂交F1中,平均等位基因2.90,平均多态信息含量0.439,位点多态性较高。3个尼萨杂交F1家系组间遗传距离0.362~0.504,组内个体间遗传距离0.245~0.316,组内遗传距离明显小于组间。利用3个种间特异位点组合,可对3个不同家系组父、母本个体进行鉴别。通过对各组亲本与子代位点基因型分析,家系A、B和C组分别使用4、8和12个特异位点组合进行亲权鉴定,累积排除概率分别为99.99%、99.99%和99.91%,家系A、B组分别含3个半同胞家系,家系C组含2对非同胞或4个半同胞家系。     

尼罗罗非鱼（ ♀） × 萨罗罗非鱼（ ♂） F1家系亲权关系微卫星分析

利用尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）第2代遗传连锁图谱标记,对3组不同尼罗罗非鱼（♀）×萨罗罗非鱼（Sarotherodon melanotheron）（♂）杂交F1家系内亲权关系进行分析。结果显示,86个微卫星位点中共筛选出20个在尼罗罗非鱼、萨罗罗非鱼中存在差异的扩增位点,含13个种间特异性和7个共享带差异位点。尼萨杂交F1中,平均等位基因2.90,平均多态信息含量0.439,位点多态性较高。3个尼萨杂交F1家系组间遗传距离0.362~0.504,组内个体间遗传距离0.245~0.316,组内遗传距离明显小于组间。利用3个种间特异位点组合,可对3个不同家系组父、母本个体进行鉴别。通过对各组亲本与子代位点基因型分析,家系A、B和C组分别使用4、8和12个特异位点组合进行亲权鉴定,累积排除概率分别为99.99%、99.99%、99.91%,家系A、B组分别含3个半同胞家系,家系C组含2对非同胞或4个半同胞家系。     

奥利亚罗非鱼（♀）?鳜（♂）杂交后代的形态

通过测定美国奥利亚罗非鱼(Ao)、Ao(♀)×鳜(♂)的子代(As1)、埃及奥利亚罗非鱼(Eo)、Eo(♀)×鳜(♂)的子代(Es1)、As1(♀)×Ao(♂)的所谓"回交"子代(As2)、Es1的兄妹交子代(Es2)的形态和框架数据,用卡方分析、聚类分析、判别分析,比较了它们之间的形态异同。可数性状卡方分析表明,这几组实验鱼可数性状无显著差异;形态和框架数据的聚类分析结果表明,除了As2与Ao之间无显著差异外,其它都有显著差异,其中As1和Es1与其它鱼的差异最大,Es2与其它鱼的差异其次;判别分析结果表明,判别效果极显著,判别准确率都在90%以上,判别准确率依次为Es1、As1、As2都为100%,Es2为96.2%,Ao为95%,Eo为90%。综合以上分析,根据亚种75%规则,表明雌性奥利亚罗非鱼与雄性鳜间远缘杂交后代与亲本奥利亚罗非鱼不同;为此通过本课题的远缘杂交也许能产生新的养殖品种。     

Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) as predators on three sympatric whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) forms in the subarctic Lake Muddusjärvi

Abstract  – Brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) and Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) use whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) as their main prey in the subarctic Lake Muddusjärvi. Brown trout dwelled in littoral and pelagic habitat, whereas Arctic charr lived only in epibenthic habitat. Both species shifted to whitefish predation at a length of 20–30 cm. At this size, brown trout fed on larger whitefish than Arctic charr. Whitefish occur in three sympatric forms, differing in their habitat, ecology and morphology. Both the predators preyed primarily upon the small-sized, densely rakered whitefish form (DR), which was the most numerous whitefish form in the lake. DR used both epibenthic and pelagic habitat, whereas two sparsely rakered whitefish forms dwelled (LSR and SSR) only in epibenthic habitat: LSR in littoral and SSR in profundal areas. Sparsely rakered whitefish forms had minor importance in predator diet.     

Habitat use and activity patterns of roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and pike (Esox lucius L.) in the laboratory: the role of predation threat and structural complexity

Abstract– The role of predation risk and structural complexity in determining the habitat use and activity patterns of roach, rudd and perch was assessed using a series of video-recorded laboratory trials. The time spent in open and structured habitats, vertical swimming heights and activity levels of each species were observed in the presence and absence of a potential, pike, predator. Habitat complexity varied between treatments with artificial stem densities of 200, 400 and 600 stems'm⁻². Predator free trials showed that roach and rudd spent significantly less time in structured habitats than perch. Increasing stem density had no significant effect on the habitat choice of perch but did affect the distribution of roach and rudd. Stem density influenced the vertical swimming height of rudd or perch but not roach, although the effects of habitat complexity on swimming activity were more complicated. Pike were themselves influenced by increases in stem density, only selecting structured habitats when stem densities were less than 600 stems'm⁻². In the presence of a predator, both roach and rudd increased the amount of time spent in structured areas. These observed differences were independent of stem density. Perch, however, decreased the amount of time spent in structural habitats at all stem densities. Predation risk also prompted significant changes in both vertical swimming height and activity levels of potential prey fish. A pike predation success hierarchy of rudd-roach-perch was also observed during the study. The reasons for this pattern are discussed.     

Side-aspect target strength of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), and pike (Esox lucius)

The side-aspect acoustic target strengths (TS) of 19 Atlantic salmons (Salmo salar), 16 brown trouts (Salmo trutta), 10 whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and 9 pikes (Esox lucius) were measured using a 200 kHz split-beam echosounder, in order to study the relationship between TS and fish size indices (length, weight and side area). The effect of side aspect angle on TS was also studied. Linear models between TS and the logarithm of the fish size indices were fitted with length being best for predicting TS. Typically, the standard error of estimate was 1.2–2.9 dB. The side-aspect TS measurements with specimens of known size showed that the linear relationship between full side-aspect TS and the logarithm of fish length for salmonid (Salmo salar + Salmo trutta) was on average 4.7 dB (SE = 0.7), lower than for whitefish and pike combined. The effect of side aspect angle on TS was modelled with cos³ (2α) function. The differences in the TS between full side aspect and head/tail aspect were 17.4, 19.0 and 19.6 dB for salmonid, whitefish, and pike, respectively.     

Global conservation status and research needs for tarpons (Megalopidae), ladyfishes (Elopidae) and bonefishes (Albulidae)

We assessed the taxonomic diversity, geographic distributions, life history, ecology and fisheries of tarpons, ladyfishes and bonefishes (members of the subdivision Elopomorpha), which share many life history and habitat use characteristics that make them vulnerable to environmental and anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments. This assessment of Red List status for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature reveals three species considered near threatened or vulnerable, three species of least concern, and 11 data‐deficient species. Although the taxonomy of tarpons appears stable, it is less so for ladyfishes and bonefishes. In aggregate, these species are distributed circumtropically and foray into temperate zones. Although they spawn in marine habitats, larvae of many species disperse into estuarine habitats, which are declining in area or degrading in quality. Several species support high‐value recreational fisheries, or culturally important small‐scale commercial and artisanal fisheries. Nonetheless, no formal stock assessment exists for any species, so improved data collection, information sharing and assessment techniques should facilitate socio‐economic development of individual fisheries. Catch‐and‐release recreational fisheries that promote conservation of tarpon and bonefishes in some regions are promising models to improve the conservation status of these fishes elsewhere, as well as the economic development of these fishing communities. Most tarpons, ladyfishes and bonefishes likely face significant challenges from anthropogenically mediated habitat loss and alteration, and several are vulnerable to both habitat degradation and overfishing. Broader protection and enhancements to fisheries habitat in all regions will benefit these as well as many other coastal fishery species.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+)对鳙胚胎和仔鱼的急性致毒效应

研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+ 4种重金属对鳙胚胎发育及仔鱼存活的影响.试验结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,除0.5、1.0 mg/L的Cd2+可促进胚胎发育速率外,其余3种重金属均不同程度地减慢胚胎孵化速率;受精卵孵化率明显低于对照组;初孵仔鱼出现不同程度的畸形;Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+对鳙仔鱼的毒性强度为Cu2+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Cr6+.根据试验数据求得4种重金属对鳙仔鱼的24、48、72、96 h的LC50值及安全质量浓度.     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

Nutrient digestibility studies in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) and C. gariepinus (Burchell)

The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC %) for protein in catfishes, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) (16–18 cm; 45–50 g), C. gariepinus (Burchell) (21–22 cm; 60–65 g) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (10–12 cm; 10–15 g) was estimated for nine feedstuffs of plant and animal origin. Fat digestibility was tested for C. batrachus and C. gariepinus, wherein the influence of feeding frequency on protein digestibility was also examined. The digestibility trials were conducted with triplicate groups of 25 fish each in 70‐L polyvinyl indoor flow‐through (1–1.5 L min^?1) circular tanks (water volume=55 L). Fish were fed to satiation daily, at 08:00 and 18:00 hours, and faecal matter was collected through slow siphoning. For studying the effect of feeding frequency, fish were fed the experimental diets at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours. The protein digestibility of the feedstuffs varied significantly within each test species. However, the protein digestibility values for most of the ingredients tested were comparable between the three catfish species. The most efficient utilization of protein in these fishes was noted for soybean meal followed by lab‐prepared fishmeal. The lowest protein digestibility was recorded for rice bran. Similarly, the utilization of fat from the feedstuffs was also significantly different within each of the two species, C. batrachus and C. gariepinus. Fat digestibility of feed ingredients was similar between the two species. With respect to the fat, soybean meal, lab‐prepared fishmeal, full‐fat soybean meal and dried fish were more efficiently utilized, while the lowest fat digestibility was obtained for rice bran. A marked decline in protein utilization was observed in the two species where the feeding frequency was increased from two to four times a day.     

Resource partitioning between lake-dwelling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr, brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.))

Abstract – Resource partitioning between Atlantic salmon parr, brown trout and Arctic charr was studied throughout the ice-free season in a north Norwegian lake. Juvenile salmon and trout (≤160 mm) utilized the littoral zone and juvenile charr the profundal, while adult trout and charr (>160 mm) were found in both. Juvenile salmon and trout had a similar diet, although trichopteran larvae were more important for the trout and chironomid pupae and three-spined sticklebacks for the salmon parr. Small salmon and trout parr (≤120 mm) had a higher diet overlap than larger parr (121–160 mm). The feeding habits of adult trout were similar to that of juvenile trout, but the former took larger prey items. At the population level, both salmon and trout were generalistic feeders with a broad diet, but at the individual level, both species had specialized on a single or a few prey categories. Juvenile charr were segregated from salmon and trout in both habitat and food utilization; they had a narrow diet consisting of chironomids and zooplankton, possibly reflecting their confinement to the profundal habitat which have a low diversity of potential prey. Larger charr also took zoobenthos and sticklebacks in the littoral zone. ^Note