虹鳟不同养殖群体杂交F_1及其自繁系生产性能的比较

利用5个不同遗传背景的虹鳟养殖群体(以A、B、C、D、E分别表示虹鳟的渤海、丹麦、道氏、挪威、加州养殖群体)为材料,采用单因子和多因子两种交配策略,于2004年12月14日,建立了虹鳟不同亲本的杂交系和自繁系,由20个正、反交组合与5个自繁群组成,对其生产性能进行了近两年的比较试验。结果表明:从开食到1+龄鱼阶段(2005-03~2006-10),各杂交组合成活率的平均值与渤海、丹麦、道氏、挪威和加州自繁系相比分别提高了25.21%、2.34%、7.18%、4.18%和5.92%;各杂交组合饲料系数的平均值比渤海自繁系降低了19.74%,与其他养殖群体相比差异不显著(P>0.05);A♀×B♂、C♀×A♂和C♀×B♂组合的生长速度相对于五个自繁系分别提高了13.1%、9.2%和1.5%,且差异显著(P<0.05)。而从11月龄到22月龄(同环境饲育阶段),A♀×B♂、C♀×A♂、C♀×B♂和D♀×B♂组合相对于五个自繁系的平均生长速度分别提高了9.3%、17.5%、16.7%和8.9%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。五个群体间存在的遗传差异是它们能够获得杂种优势和性状得到改良的基础。     

[08]利用配合力和微卫星标记预测虹鳟品系间的杂交优势

用10对SSR引物对渤海、丹麦、道氏、挪威、加州5个虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)品系进行遗传距离分析,以这些品系为亲本,用完全双列杂交方法建立50个全同胞家系,对F1个体体质量、体长进行配合力分析,以期预测各品系间配组的杂交优势.结果表明,5个虹鳟品系均具有较高程度的遗传异质性,10个位点的平均杂合度为0.816 3;在道氏品系与加州品系之间,遗传距离最大,达到0.717 3;丹麦品系与渤海品系间最小,仅为0.277 3.一般配合力以渤海品系为最高,依次为美国道氏品系、挪威晶系、丹麦品系、加州品系.而各品系配组中丹麦品系x加州品系、渤海品系×挪威品系、丹麦品系×道氏品系、渤海品系×道氏品系等均是特殊配合力较高的高效组合,对其重复试验显示,有望培育出杂种优势率较高的优势组合.实验证实,结合配合力与SSR标记分析,能有效地指导优势杂交组合的选配.     

罗氏沼虾不同群体杂交效果分析

对罗氏沼虾3个群体:缅甸群体(AA)、浙江养殖群体(BB)和广西养殖群体(CC)及其6个杂交组合子一代5月龄的4个生长性状进行了测定。计算了各项指标的杂种优势率,并对各性状进行了方差分析和多重比较。结果表明,除BB♀×AA♂杂交组合的子一代在腹长和体重上没有表现出杂种优势,CC♀×BB♂杂交组合的子一代在头胸甲长指标上表现出杂种劣势外,5月龄的杂交子一代在4个生长指标中均表现出一定程度的杂种优势(0.11%～10.18%)。不同杂交组合间和不同性状间的杂种优势存在差异,AA♀×CC♂杂交组合子一代4个指标的杂种优势率均高于其他杂交组合子一代,体重的平均杂种优势率均高于其他3个指标的平均杂种优势率。方差分析结果表明,自繁群体后代间在4个生长指标上不存在显著差异;杂种子一代与该组合的自繁后代相比较,只有缅甸群体、广西养殖群体及其杂种子一代的体长指标在群体间存在显著差异;6个杂交子一代的体重指标差异不显著,其他3个指标均存在显著差异。LSD多重比较结果显示,AA♀×CC♂杂交子一代体长与自繁(CC♀×CC♂)后代的体长存在显著差异;在头胸甲长、腹长和体长3个指标中,CC♀×BB♂杂交子一代与AA♀×BB♂杂交子一代和AA♀×CC♂杂交子一代均存在显著差异,并且CC♀×BB♂杂交子一代在3个指标中的平均值均低于这两个杂交组合。     

虹鳟生长性状的随机回归分析

生长和抗逆是水产动物遗传育种工作中最重要的农艺性状,虹鳟的生长性状关乎虹鳟规模化养殖的生产经济效益,为了从遗传上精细解析虹鳟的生长性状,我们从渤海、丹麦、挪威、唐纳森和加利福尼亚5个虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)种系间的双列杂交开始,进行了连续4代的继代选育。本研究测量了第4代总共4368个实验个体在516日龄、608日龄、668日龄、883日龄和1036日龄5个时间点的生长数据。采用随机回归测定日模型,对虹鳟生长性状进行了动态遗传分析。根据贝叶斯信息准则,确定3阶勒让德多项式为拟合体重和体长的加性遗传效应和永久环境效应变化的最优子模型。利用双变量随机回归模型同时分析体重和体长两个生长性状。它们的遗传力在400～1000日龄之间呈现递减趋势,分别从0.288下降到0.164和从0.469下降到0.186,并且在该生长区间内体长的遗传力始终高于体重的遗传力。无论体重还是体长性状,在不同日龄之间的遗传相关都随着生长间隔的增大而降低,但是两个性状在生长初期和后期之间的遗传相关较高(遗传相关系数0.75以上),尤其是体重(遗传相关系数0.85以上),该研究结果为虹鳟早期的遗传选育提供了理论支撑。两个性状之间在相同日龄之间的遗传相关均在0.75以上,在不同日龄之间的遗传相关随着生长间隔的增大由0.83下降到0.63。以上的研究结论为虹鳟生长性状(主要是体长和体重)的遗传选育提供了理论基础,同时也为虹鳟的体长和体重两个性状的联合选育提供了精确的遗传分析结果,由于两性状在前期有较高的遗传相关,因此建议在虹鳟生长前期(400日龄)进行联合选择。     

团头鲂三个选育群体二龄阶段生长性状的配合力和遗传相关分析

为了解团头鲂不同选育群体的育种潜力和用途,对团头鲂3个选育群体(A、B、C)进行了双列杂交,对其产生的9个配套组合在二龄阶段体质量、体长和体高的配合力和遗传相关进行了分析。结果发现:(1)3个选育群体均存在极显著的一般配合力(P0.01),选育群体A的一般配合力(GCA)最高,选育群体C次之,选育群体B则为负向一般配合力,表明选育群体A和C有进一步直接选育潜力。(2)3个选育群体相互间均存在极显著的特殊配合力(P0.01),表明通过杂交可获得较好的利用效果。(3)体质量、体长和体高两两之间均存在极显著的表型相关和遗传相关(r0.899,P0.01),并存在极显著的加性和显性相关(r0.966,P0.01),有利于这些性状的共同选育。     

鳙30日龄生长性状的遗传参数

为了研究鳙早期生长性状的遗传改良潜力,利用2个亲本群体进行群体繁殖(组1)和人工授精(组2)实验,并分别采集672尾30日龄鱼苗,用于开展对早期生长性状的遗传分析。通过微卫星标记分别鉴定了其中628和660尾个体的亲本来源,并依此获取群体双列杂交的信息;亲本对应子代贡献率存在极显著差异。在2个繁殖组中,体质量和体长在家系间均存在极显著差异;在组2中,体质量和体长在交配设计间均存在显著差异。此外,杂交组合的2个生长性状均呈现出中亲杂种优势(0.39%~7.64%),其特殊配合力也均为正值(0.01~0.02)。基于动物模型和限制性最大似然法,鳙30日龄体质量和体长的遗传力估值分别为0.47和0.49,且均达到极显著水平。体质量和体长间存在极显著的遗传相关和表型相关,分别为0.89和0.83。研究表明,通过家系构建和群体杂交,可以获得具有生长优势的鳙鱼苗;鳙30日龄生长性状具有较高选育潜力,而亲本对子代贡献的不平衡现象在选育过程中需要引起重视。     

斑节对虾3个种质群体体质量性状配合力及杂种优势分析

该研究利用斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)“南海1号”群体(S)、非洲品系选育群体(A)和泰国群体(T),采用完全双列杂交交配设计,建立9个自繁和杂交组合F1代。利用混合线性模型估计不同组合体质量性状的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果显示,“南海1号”群体的一般配合力最高,其次是非洲品系选育群体,泰国群体的最低,其效应值分别为0.4373、?0.0624和?0.3749。9个交配组合的体质量性状的特殊配合力效应值介于?0.7798~0.613,其中非洲品系选育群体(♂)ד南海1号”群体(♀)组合(AS)体质量性状的特殊配合力最高,效应值为0.613。杂种优势分析表明,6个杂交交配组合的体质量性状中亲和超亲优势范围分别是8.41%~13.80%和2.66%~7.97%,其中非洲品系选育群体(♂)ד南海1号”群体(♀)组合(AS)的中亲杂种优势(HM)和超亲杂种优势(HB)最大,分别为13.80%和7.97%。研究表明,“南海1号”群体为母本,非洲品系选育群体为父本的杂交组合特殊配合力和杂种优势最好,可以考虑加强该组合在体质量性状方面的选育。     

虹鳟不同养殖群体形态性状变异的初步研究

本文采用鱼类形态度量学和框架度量学相结合的方法，对五个不同虹鳟养殖群体（1．渤海群体2．丹麦群体3．道氏群体4．挪威群体5．加州群体）20个比例性状进行了主成分分析，结果表明：虹鳟的形态指标大致可归纳为“大小因子”、“摄食因子”、“游泳因子”、“形态因子”和“头型因子”能较完整（82．66％）地描写虹鳟的外形特征；道氏以外的4个虹鳟群体的形态学特征存在较大的相似性，道氏群体与其他4个虹鳟群体的形态差异较大；通过比较其形态性状以便评估其种内的变异以及各个性状伴随着生长而产生的变化，为今后虹鳟的选育方案设计及选择应答的预测提供参考。     

应用不同模型估计虹鳟生长性状的遗传参数

利用黑龙江水产研究所渤海冷水性鱼类试验站2001至2006年5个品系虹鳟生长性状(体重、体长和肥满度)的测定数据,应用单性状和两性状动物模型估计遗传参数并对方差组分的差异比较分析.结果如下:体重的遗传力为0.20±0.05～0.45±0.03、体长为0.27±0.04～0.60±001、肥满度为0.32±0.06～0.47±0.03.虹鳟12月龄的生长性状间存在着较强的表型相关和遗传相关,其中表型相关为0.92、0.84、0.88,遗传相关为0.92±0.03、0.90±0.05、0.92±0.02;18月龄生长性状的遗传和表型相关分别为0.53±0.01、0.51±0.05～0.43±0.02、0.22、0.06～0.22;24月龄生长性状的遗传和表型相关分别为0.31±0.04、-0.91±0.14、-0.90±0.11、0.36、-0.03、-0.13;从不同模型的比较结果来看,体长和肥满度性状均以用两性状动物模型检测效果较好,体重则表现为单性状动物模型强于两性状动物模型.     

合浦珠母贝完全双列杂交组合生长性状比较

对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)三亚(SY)、越南(VN)、深圳(SZ)3个不同地区的养殖群体进行完全双列杂交,构建了6个杂交组合和3个自交组合,分别在135日龄、205日龄和260日龄从每个组合随机抽取100 ind个体,测量其壳长、壳高、壳宽和体重4个生长性状,分析杂交子代和自交子代的生长情况和杂交优势率,为群组选育提供科学依据。结果表明,在135日龄SYSY的4个性状生长速度最快,VNSY的生长速度最慢,显著性分析表明,SYSZ、SZSZ和VNSZ三个组合在壳高、壳宽和体重3个性状上差异不显著(P0.05),正反交组合差异极显著(P0.01);在205日龄SYVN的各性状生长速度最快,其次是SZVN;在260日龄SZSY的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体重增长最快,分别为39.32 mm、38.36 mm、14.19 mm、9.85 g,其次为VNSY和SZVN。合浦珠母贝早期主要集中在贝壳的形态性状上的生长,随着时间推移其生长速度下降,而体重生长上升。由杂种优势可知,不同阶段杂交组均表现出一定程度的杂种优势率,并随着日龄的增长,杂交组合SZSY和VNSY的杂种优势率随之增加。其中以SZSY在各性状的杂种优势率最大,分别为26.71%、22.87%、18.56%、49.12%,SZVN次之。杂交组合SZSY、SZVN、VNSY具有明显的生长优势,可作为进一步定向培育生长快速、个体大的合浦珠母贝的基础材料。     

Multivariate Diallel Cross‐Analyses for Body Weight of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in China

Crossbreeding is a common technical approach for the development of new commercial fish strains characterized by high performance and a short generation time, for the Chinese market. Here, five strains – Bohai, Denmark, Donaldson, Norway, and California – of rainbow trout were used in a complete diallel cross, along with self‐breeding within each strain, to estimate general combining ability; specific combining ability (SCA); and linebred, maternal, and reciprocal effects. These strains were defined based on their location of origin; the Bohai strain was domesticated and has been maintained since 1959 by the Bohai cold‐water fish experimental station in China. Applying univariate and multivariate genetic analyses for body weight using the data set from this complete diallel cross experiment, we found that the cross combination with the Donaldson strain exhibited the most positive growth performance, whereas the Bohai ♀ × Donaldson ♂ cross was the highest performing cross combination in the experiment. Multiple significance tests showed that 40% (4 of 10) of the significant SCA based on univariate analyses (P < 0.05) were not significant based on multivariate analyses (P > 0.05). These results suggested that multivariate genetic analyses may provide more reliable reference guidelines for decision making by managers of breeding programs.     

Growth Rate, Maturation Level and Flesh Quality of Three Strains of Large Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Reared in Estonia

Three all-female strains of large rainbow trout imported to Estonia (Danish, Finnish and Donaldson strain) were evaluated in a communal rearing experiment in tanks. The fish had been reared on different fish farms before the experiment started and they had an initial weight of 400–500 g. There were no significant genetic differences between the investigated strains on the basis of three allozyme loci. The total weight gain of the strains during the trial was similar but differences were revealed between seasons. The growth rate of the Finnish trout was high during the first autumn but decreased during the second summer of the trial, probably due to infestation by eye fluke Diplostomum sp. The strains differed in the percentage of immature fish and in the level of gonad development at the age of 2.5–3 years. The Donaldson strain had the highest number of immature fish of the studied strains. Mature females of the Finnish strain had the smallest gonads but also the lowest percentage of immature fish. The level of maturation was the main factor determining the quality – slaughter yield and flesh color.     

应用重复力模型估计虹鳟生长性状的遗传力和育种值

采用单性状重复观测值动物模型（重复力模型）对中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所渤海冷水性鱼类试验站5个品系后代的4026尾虹鳟 (Onchorynchus mykiss) 的生长性状（体重、体长和肥满度）进行了遗传参数和育种值的估计，并对各个性状的表型和遗传趋势进行预测。在此模型中考虑了年份-季节固定效应、父本固定效应和母本固定效应；随机效应有个体的加性效应和个体永久环境效应。结果表明：该5个品系虹鳟及后代体重的遗传力为0.35，体长为0.10、肥满度为0.34。个体间的育种值差异较大，仅排名前20位相差近10倍；从不同评定方法的秩相关来看，用综合育种值法与单个性状方法之间存在极显著的相关，其相关度分别为0.998, 0.877, 0.85. -0.071, -0.064和-0.13。用综合育种值对虹鳟个体的选择价值的评定和名次排列, 以及与单个性状的评定名次有着一定程度上的差别。体重、体长和肥满度性状，其表型趋势与遗传趋势基本一致的品系，均可通过表型值进行选择。     

虹鳟养殖品系个体繁殖力遗传进展的初步研究

自2004年至2009年历经两个世代研究了5个虹鳟(Oncorhynchous mykiss Walbaum)品系的相对繁殖力、绝对繁殖力与形态学指标的关系及其遗传进展。结果显示:美国加州、美国道氏、挪威品系的繁殖力指标好于丹麦和渤海品系。各品系绝对繁殖力与体长呈幂函数关系,即F=7.2071L1.6099(R2=0.6479,P<0.01),绝对繁殖力与体重呈线性关系,F=2243.1+1235.3W(R2=0.7371,P<0.01)。绝对繁殖力随着卵径的增加而呈增加趋势,但卵径达到(0.4±0.1)cm时这一规律不明显。5个品系子一代优势选育系(G1优势选育系)与基础种群相比较,绝对繁殖力的平均遗传进度为24.06%。     

Thermal tolerance of a thermally selected strain of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> and the pedigrees of its F1 and F2 generations indicated by their critical thermal maxima

A thermally selected strain of rainbow trout has been established by selective breeding since 1966 in Miyazaki, Japan. In the present study, we compared the critical thermal maxima (CTMs), the temperatures at which organisms reach a predefined sublethal endpoint and lose their equilibrium, between a thermally selected and two normal (Donaldson) strains of rainbow trout. The CTM of one normal strain from Nikko (Nikko strain) acclimated to 20 °C (29.7 °C) was significantly lower than those of the thermally selected strain (30.0 °C) and the other Donaldson strain from Aomori (29.9 °C) (P?<?0.05). The F1 generations, F1T and F1N, were produced by crossing thermally selected strain females with Nikko strain males and Nikko strain females with thermally selected strain males, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the CTM between F1T [30.1?±?0.15 °C (n?=?30)] and F1N [30.1?±?0.16 °C (n?=?30)] (P?>?0.05) for fish acclimated to 20 °C, suggesting that the F1 offspring inherited the thermal tolerance trait from one thermally selected strain parent irrespective of whether it was the male or female. F2 offspring of F1T or F1N also showed the thermal tolerance trait. The coefficients of variation for CTM were also compared among all the datasets obtained in the present study and their values for F1 hybrids were lower than those of the parental generation of the Nikko strain (P?<?0.05). In contrast, the coefficients of variation of F2s were the same as those of their parental generation. Furthermore, the thermally selected strain and Nikko strain as a reference family provide a F2 generation for segregating phenotypes, which is required for in-depth genetic analysis of the thermally selected rainbow trout strain.     

QTL for IHNV resistance and growth identified in a rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) × Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) trout cross

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a major constraint to rainbow trout culture. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) have greater resistance to this virus than do rainbow trout (O. mykiss), but the genetic mechanism of this resistance is not understood. We conducted a genome scan using a backcross of cutthroat trout into a rainbow trout background to estimate the number and locations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with IHNV resistance and growth in trout. IHNV resistance was considered in terms of both survival (binary trait) and days to death (quantitative trait). The genetic map was scanned using interval mapping via two different approaches: one model considered survival alone and a second two-part model combined both survival and days to death. Three QTL were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with virus resistance genome-wide, explaining 32.5% of the phenotypic variation. Cutthroat alleles at two of these QTL resulted in increased resistance to the pathogen, as expected. No growth QTL were detected in this cross. We suggest that these traits are genetically independent.     

Growth and Survival of Intrastrain and Interstrain Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Triploids1

Triploid rainbow trout exhibit improved survival and extended growth during sexual maturation, compared to their diploid counterparts. However, there have been few benefits demonstrated prior to sexual maturation. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of improving growth and survival parameters in triploids through interstrain crosses. Triploids were induced by heat shocking fertilized eggs from intra- and interstrain crosses of two rainbow trout strains. The four triploid groups and their diploid counterpart groups were reared to 233 days post-hatching and analyzed for growth and survival characteristics. Compared with diploids, triploids had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortalities during the first 100 days post-fertilization, primarily just prior to and after hatching. However, during the remainder of the study triploids exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower mortalities than diploids. During the first 50 days of rearing all four triploid groups were significantly shorter and lighter than their diploid counterparts. The growth of the triploid groups later in the study varied considerably. At the conclusion of the rearing phase, one interstrain triploid group was significantly (P < 0.05) longer than its diploid counterpart, although not significantly heavier. The other triploid groups were either significantly smaller than, or equal to the diploids. Analysis of variance indicated that the growth of triploid rainbow trout was significantly affected by maternal strain effects. These results suggest that the use of specific strains and crosses may improve the growth of triploid rainbow trout.