罗氏沼虾生长性状的遗传参数及其相关性

对106个罗氏沼虾家系(包括32个半同胞家系)5月龄的5个生长性状进行测量。采用动物模型,把性别、雌虾出池时是否抱卵作为固定效应,并以日龄为协变量,借助DFREML方法估计头胸甲长、腹长、最后腹节长、体长和体重等性状的方差组分,进行遗传参数的估算。结果表明,5个生长性状的变异系数中体重的变异系数最大,为36.80;罗氏沼虾5月龄头胸甲长、腹长、最后腹节长、体长和体重的遗传力分别为0.06、0.07、0.02、0.07和0.07,生长性状的遗传力属低遗传力;5个生长性状的表型相关系数在0.398～0.910之间,遗传相关系数在0.35～1.0之间,其中头胸甲长与体长的遗传相关程度最高,遗传相关系数为1.0,体长与体重的遗传相关程度次之,遗传相关系数为0.98。本研究可为罗氏沼虾的进一步选育提高和杂交利用提供科学依据和理论参数。     

俄罗斯鲟早期生长性状遗传参数的估计

采用人工授精技术和家系标准化培育技术构建了30个俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)父系全同胞家系(包含6个母系半同胞组),培育至150日龄和410日龄时,分别从每个家系中随机测量50尾个体的体长和体重。利用ASReml软件进行方差组分的估计,应用多性状动物模型进行俄罗斯鲟生长性状遗传参数的估计。结果表明,150日龄俄罗斯鲟体长和体重的遗传力分别为0.16±0.055、0.18±0.058,410日龄俄罗斯鲟体长和体重的遗传力分别为0.18±0.070、0.094±0.049,不同日龄生长性状的遗传力均为低遗传力,表明俄罗斯鲟更适合大规模家系的育种方法;150日龄和410日龄俄罗斯鲟体长和体重2个生长性状的表型相关和遗传相关均为高度正相关,其中表型相关系数分别为0.91、0.85,遗传相关系数分别为0.62、0.57,说明对体重或体长进行选育,均能实现改良生长性状的目标;不同日龄俄罗斯鲟家系平均体重的平均变异系数高于平均体长,前者为29.09%、29.46%,后者为10.16%、8.43%,表明俄罗斯鲟体重性状更具选育潜力。本研究估测了俄罗斯鲟不同时期生长性状的遗传参数,旨在为下一步合理制定该物种育种方案提供参考依据。     

鳜鱼生长性状遗传参数的估计

为深入了解选育过程中鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)生长性状的遗传变化规律,本研究以来自湖南、江苏、广东的翘嘴鳜为基础群体,构建了21个同胞半同胞家系,利用动物模型对不同家系进行了遗传分析:鳜鱼210日龄体重、体长的遗传力为0.40、0.45,属于高遗传力;体高的遗传力为0.29,属于中遗传力。相关分析表明,鳜鱼体重?体长间的遗传相关为0.96;体长?体高间的遗传相关为0.92,体重?体高间的遗传相关为0.94,因此进一步选育采用个体选育或者个体选育与家系选择法相结合的方法都能获得较好的结果;对某一生长性状进行选育时,其他两个相关性状也会得到间接选育。经过选育鳜鱼F2群体平均体重遗传进展为7.5 g,较第一代增加7.5%,F3群体平均体重的遗传进展为9.75 g,较第二代增加9.0%。F3群体平均体长与F1比较无显著提高。F3群体平均体高的遗传进展为0.22 cm,较第一代增加9.9%。本研究旨在为提高鳜鱼育种效率提供重要参数,加速育种进程。     

2个大黄鱼群体选育世代F2生长性状研究

对2个选育群体(XY2012-JC-F2和XY2012-XP-F2)和未选育群体(YS2012-F1)的大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)子代养殖过程中的生长性状进行测量,比较其选育效果。结果显示,拟合4-13月龄选育群体F2代和未经选育F1代体重与体长的关系表明,3个群体间存在差异;2个选育群体在后期生长高于未选育群体;分析其体长和体重参数,10-13月龄XY2012-JC-F2体长现实遗传力为0.228~0.364、体重现实遗传力为0.131~0.243,XY2012-XP-F2体长现实遗传力为0.193~0.265、体重现实遗传力为0.126~0.134;体长和体重的相关系数在0.857~0.981,13月龄的相关系数最大达0.997,说明选育作用明显,应结合家系选择和家系内选择进行。     

日本囊对虾早期生长性状遗传参数估计

基于68个日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)全同胞家系,采用混合线性模型和约束极大似然法对日本囊对虾生长性状进行遗传参数的估计。结果表明:1)45日龄、75日龄体长性状的遗传力估计值分别为0.1545±0.0505、0.1933±0.0475,腹节长性状的遗传力估计值分别为0.1672±0.0473、0.1937±0.0468,体重性状的遗传力估计值分别为0.1934±0.0439、0.1992±0.037,均为中等遗传力;2)不同日龄下日本囊对虾生长性状间的表型相关与遗传相关均为高度正相关,45日龄体长–腹节长、体长–体重、腹节长–体重的表型相关为0.7121±0.0188、0.5147±0.0277、0.5052±0.0280,遗传相关为0.9896±0.00340、0.9304±0.0321、0.9429±0.0301,75日龄体长–腹节长、体长–体重、腹节长–体重的表型相关为0.6710±0.0236、0.6555±0.0181、0.6534±0.0160,遗传相关为0.7637±0.0161,0.7479±0.0148,0.7177±0.0131。本研究表明对日本囊对虾生长性状进行选择是有效的,以体长、腹节长、体重任一性状作为指标进行选育均可达到生长改良的目的,本研究结果可为日本囊对虾的早期选择育种和多性状选择提供数据参考。     

虹鳟体质量和主要体尺性状异速生长的遗传分析

采用联合异速生长遗传模型,对中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所渤海冷水性鱼类试验站培育的F1杂交虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和F2杂交虹鳟的体质量和体尺性状异速生长进行了遗传分析,旨在为虹鳟及其他水产动物异速生长的遗传参数估计和实现体质量与体型的同步选育奠定理论基础。首先采用逐步回归分析法选择体尺性状对体质量的异速生长显著的性状,建立最优表型联合静态、动态异速生长指数模型,随后构建了两个用于遗传分析多个静态、动态异速生长的随机回归模型。虹鳟多个体尺性状相对体质量的异速生长遗传分析结果表明,体长与体质量具有较大的异速生长指数,为1.633 8,且为正异速生长,而其他体尺性状相对体质量呈现负异速生长;遗传方差大小顺序和表型的偏异速生长指数一致,体宽和背鳍基长的异速生长的遗传相关最大,为-0.867 5,其次为体长和体高,为-0.619 4,最小的是-0.021 7,为体高和体宽。体长与体质量的动态异速生长的加性遗传方差估计值为0.292 9。结果表明,虹鳟体质量和主要体尺性状的异速生长是由遗传机制决定的,遗传方差及遗传相关的估计能够用来筛选优良亲本,这为进一步利用异速生长理论指导虹鳟及其他水产动物体质量与体型的同步选育提供了理论基础。     

草鱼生长性状的遗传参数和育种值估计

利用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长性状选育核心群亲本,采用人工授精方式构建21个全同胞家系,并选用动物模型对16月龄草鱼生长性状进行遗传参数和育种值估计。结果显示,草鱼选育种群的生长性状存在丰富变异。采用约束极大似然法估计方差组分,发现草鱼体重、体长和体高性状的遗传力分别为0.39,0.47,0.21,属于中高遗传力;肥满度性状遗传力为0.11,属于低遗传力;4个性状的共同环境效应值相近且较小,范围为0.07~0.17。采用两性状动物模型分析相关性,发现体重、体长和体高性状间表型和遗传相关系数均达到高度正相关(r=0.88~0.97),而肥满度性状与三者间相关系数接近零,只与体高性状存在一定遗传正相关(r=0.43)。结合各性状遗传变异系数和相对遗传进度,分析表明,以体重为目标性状可便捷有效地改良草鱼生长性能。采用最佳线性无偏估计法预测个体育种值,发现4个性状育种值与表型值的相关系数范围为0.77~0.93。基于单性状育种值和表型值分别进行个体选择,按10%留种率,各性状选留个体相同率为68.75%~81.82%,秩相关系数范围为0.19~0.81,两种选择方式显示出较大差异,且差异大小与性状遗传力成反比例。本研究为草鱼生长性状选择育种提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

应用不同模型估计虹鳟生长性状的遗传参数

利用黑龙江水产研究所渤海冷水性鱼类试验站2001至2006年5个品系虹鳟生长性状(体重、体长和肥满度)的测定数据,应用单性状和两性状动物模型估计遗传参数并对方差组分的差异比较分析.结果如下:体重的遗传力为0.20±0.05～0.45±0.03、体长为0.27±0.04～0.60±001、肥满度为0.32±0.06～0.47±0.03.虹鳟12月龄的生长性状间存在着较强的表型相关和遗传相关,其中表型相关为0.92、0.84、0.88,遗传相关为0.92±0.03、0.90±0.05、0.92±0.02;18月龄生长性状的遗传和表型相关分别为0.53±0.01、0.51±0.05～0.43±0.02、0.22、0.06～0.22;24月龄生长性状的遗传和表型相关分别为0.31±0.04、-0.91±0.14、-0.90±0.11、0.36、-0.03、-0.13;从不同模型的比较结果来看,体长和肥满度性状均以用两性状动物模型检测效果较好,体重则表现为单性状动物模型强于两性状动物模型.     

脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状遗传力和遗传相关的估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计50日龄脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)耐盐碱性状的遗传力和遗传相关。采用定向交尾方式构建脊尾白虾50个全同胞家系(包括42个半同胞家系)，利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM)对各家系盐碱胁迫的存活时间进行方差分析，估计脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状的遗传力和遗传相关。结果显示，脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状的遗传力为0.18~0.60，其估计值未达到显著水平，属于中等遗传力；50日龄脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状与体长的遗传相关和表型相关分别为–0.401和0.127，耐盐碱性状和体重的遗传相关和表型相关分别为–0.196和0.033，耐盐碱性状与体长、体重的相关程度较低。本研究表明，选择育种对于脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状的改良具有较大潜力，且以耐盐碱性状为选育指标，不会对脊尾白虾体长和体重产生显著影响。     

低温胁迫条件下中国明对虾生长性状和耐低温性状的遗传参数评估

本研究采用室内人工降温的方式,对69个中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)家系共1327尾成虾进行了耐低温实验,测定其生长和耐低温性状;并利用混合模型方程,通过平均信息约束极大似然法进行遗传力和遗传相关估计。采用2种动物模型对中国明对虾成虾低温下体重、体长的遗传力进行评估,模型1加入了共同环境效应,模型2没有加入共同环境效应。由模型1获得的体重、体长的遗传力分别为(0.206±0.177)、(0.187±0.179),由模型2获得的体重、体长的遗传力分别为(0.317±0.065)、(0.298±0.063),均为中低等遗传力。经似然比检验体重、体长在模型1和模型2间的似然比值均无显著差异(P0.05),表明模型1和模型2之间无显著差异,模型2为较优遗传模型。以半致死时的存活状态作为耐低温性状指标,遗传力为(0.169±0.078),为低等遗传力。低温下体重、体长之间的表型和遗传相关分别为(0.823±0.010)和(0.969±0.018),为高度正相关;低温下体重、体长与半致死时的存活状态的表型相关分别为(0.187±0.030)和(0.218±0.030),为低度正相关;而遗传相关分别为(0.517±0.205)和(0.538±0.203),为中度正相关。本研究表明,对生长性状进行的选育不会降低其耐低温能力,中国明对虾耐低温性状可与生长性状进行共同复合选育。     

Genetic analysis of the main growth traits using random regression models in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

For body weight (BW) and morphological traits measured repeatedly during growth in Japanese flounder, random regression models (RRMs) were constructed to genetically analyse growth curves and relative growth of morphological traits to BW or body length (BL). In the RRM of growth curves, genetic effects were optimally modelled using Legendre polynomials of two orders for six growth traits. Family and permanent environmental effects remained constant for morphological traits, whereas family effects changed linearly for BWs. During the measuring periods, the heritabilities of the traits increased with age and ranged from 0.256 to 0.843 for BW, 0.379 to 0.806 for body height, 0.338 to 0.773 for BL, 0.286 to 0.665 for head length, 0.159 to 0.708 for length of caudal fin and 0.335 to 0.774 for width of caudal peduncle. Genetic correlations for each trait decreased with increased lag in days of age. In the RRM of relative growth, all morphological traits analysed were significantly associated with BW and BL. The heritabilities for the allometries of morphological traits to BWs ranged from 0.251 to 0.755, whereas those to BLs ranged from 0.412 to 0.871. The majority of genetic correlations among these allometry scalings were negative. These estimated parameters can be utilized to not only guide the efficient selection of traits, but also to genetically regulate synchronous growth of body shape with BW in Japanese flounder.     

凡纳滨对虾生长性状遗传参数的估计

采用平衡巢式设计方法和人工授精技术,每个雄体配3个雌体,构建了18个父系半同胞家系和54个母系全同胞家系.分别测定了每个母系生长到5月龄60个全同胞个体的体质量、全长、体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲宽、头胸甲高、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高和第一腹节背宽9个生长性状,应用数量遗传学原理,采用方差和协方差分析的方法,估算了5月龄凡纳滨对虾生长性状的遗传力及各性状间的遗传相关及表型相关.结果表明,利用父系半同胞组内相关法估计的遗传力是凡纳滨对虾各生长性状遗传力的无偏估计值.其中,体质量、全长、体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲宽、头胸甲高、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高和第一腹节背宽狭义遗传力的估计值分别为0.460、0.392、0.303、0.234、0.251、0.330、0.282、0.321和0.356,属于中高等遗传力范围,显示出较高的选择育种潜力.基于父系半同胞遗传协方差组分及表型协方差分别估计的各性状间的遗传相关及表型相关表明,各个性状间均表现出高的正相关,其中遗传相关在0.750 ～0.976,体质量—全长的遗传相关为最大(0.976),全长—第三腹节背高的遗传相关为最小(0.750),表型相关为0.507～0.947,体质量—全长为最大(0.947),第一腹节背高—头胸甲高为最小(0.507).经t检验,各性状间遗传相关及表型相关均达到极显著水平,表明以任意一个生长性状为参数进行选育,均可达到改良凡纳滨对虾生长情况的效果.     

Maternal and cage effects on genetic parameter estimation for Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone

Three sets of full-sib families of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone, produced from females in different reproductive condition (15, 45 and 75 days after ablation and start of production), were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations of growth traits for several larval and grow-out stages of development. Heritabilities for early larval length (nauplii) were larger when estimated from families produced 45 and 75 days after ablation than when estimated from families produced 15 days after ablation, indicating a maternal effect caused by lower reproductive quality of the females used to produce the second and third sets. However, the better reproductive quality of females used to produce the first set resulted in significant density effects on larval length, presumably caused by different mortalities occurring among families during larval culture, which also resulted in an increase in the heritability values estimated for late post-larvae stages. After transfer to grow-out cages in a pond, all estimated heritabilities decreased initially, then increased again. The increase in heritabilities was associated with a negative correlation between growth and density in the cages at 58 days. Lowering densities at this age resulted in a decrease in heritability values at 97 days, but an increase again thereafter. The largest genetic correlation with abdominal weight, the trait of most interest for improvement in shrimp, was total weight. That was followed by cephalothorax weight, width of first abdominal segment, abdominal length and total length. Among these, the trait with a consistently large heritability at 58 and 97 days, and with a large genetic correlation with abdominal weight, was width of first abdominal segment. This trait might provide a secondary or indirect trait to improve abdominal weight when combined with total weight for a selection programme.     

Genetic parameters for growth‐related traits and survival with age in the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Genetic parameters were estimated for growth‐related traits and survival of the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus based on 66 families, including 30 paternal half‐sib families, which were obtained using artificial insemination of two females by each male. The variance components for growth‐related trait and survival were estimated using a single‐trait animal model and a sir‐dam model, respectively, and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The coefficients of variation for growth‐related traits such as body length (BL), abdominal length (AL), and body weight (BW) were 9.36%–22.44%, 10.61%–21.92%, and 26.47%–58.33%, respectively, at different ages (45, 75, 105, 135, and 165 days). The corresponding heritability estimates for each growth trait were 0.1545–0.1951, 0.1672–0.1905, and 0.1596–0.1934, respectively, all of which were found to be at moderate levels and increased with age. The heritability of survival on day 165 was low (0.003). The genetic correlations among growth traits were positive and high (0.7316–0.9896) at the different ages, suggesting that selection to improve any single growth trait will cause positive responses in other growth traits examined in M. japonicus. The genetic correlations between growth traits and survival were also positive but low (0.005–0.087), which indicated that only selecting for growth traits may not cause a positive correlated response in the survival of the core population. According to the above results, we suggested that growth and survival traits should be taken as improving targets of breeding in M. japonicus. These results provided reference data for selective breeding and multitrait selection of M. japonicus.     

Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlations Among Body Weight and Measurement Traits of Large‐size Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in China

The variance components of additive effects and genetic correlations of body weight (BW) and body measurement traits were estimated in a freshwater strain selected for large size in a breeding program for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in China. Phenotypic data were collected for BW and measurement traits from 2362 individuals with a two‐generation pedigree, and the average information‐restricted maximum likelihood method was used for the genetic analysis. The genetic parameters of BW were estimated at three time points (550, 850, and 1000 days post‐fertilization [dpf]), showing high heritability in a range from 0.33 to 0.98. However, the heritability estimates of total length (TL) showed lower values ranging from 0.05 to 0.51, with high standard errors. Genetic correlation between TL and BW was almost equal to unity at 550 dpf, and the genetic correlations between TL at 550 dpf and BW at two other time points were all positive and very high (ca. 0.95–0.99). These results indicate that BW and TL selected at 550 dpf had a direct positive effect on BW performance at 1000 dpf, which was 450 d before the date of the target trait observed.     

Estimation of genetic parameters for growth traits of Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> using an animal model

To estimate genetic parameters of growth traits in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, full-sib and half-sib families were produced in three consecutive years at the Beidaihe Central Experiment Station in China. Each year 8–28 families were produced. The body weight, body length and body depth at 180, 240, and 360 days of age were measured for 5,224 individuals. Four animal models were used to examine the phenotypic variation of growth traits and were compared using the likelihood ratio test. The results showed that estimates for additive genetic effect heritabilities varied greatly depending on the model, trait and age. The maternal effect had a significant impact on phenotypic variation only for body depth at 180 days of age, which explained 49% of the phenotypic variance. The ratio of full-sib effect to phenotypic variation ranged from 0.09 to 0.22. Growth traits all exhibited low heritability (0.13–0.39), indicating that there is the potential for family selection breeding for these traits in Japanese flounder. Using the full model with the fixed, full-sib family, additive and maternal genetic effects, genetic correlations among the three traits for fish of the same age were estimated to be more than 0.80. Generally, the genetic correlations gradually increased as age increased.     

Estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for growth‐related traits in the tiger prawn Penaeus monodon

Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for body weight (BW), body length (BL), carapace length (CL), carapace width (CW) and carapace height (CH) of the Penaeus monodon from measurements on progeny at 6 months of age resulting from a nested mating design. Estimation was made on data from 41 full‐sib and 10 half‐sib families. The estimated heritabilities for these traits were 0.13–0.24, and the significantly phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.81–0.94 and 0.88–1.00, respectively. The present results indicate that genetic improvement through selective breeding conducted on P. monodon might be feasible and would be an efficient method to obtain a positive response to selection.