DAD1和AIF-1细胞因子在鱼类中的研究进展

细胞因子是一类由多种细胞合成或分泌的可溶性蛋白与多肽物质,具有调节多种细胞生理功能的作用.抗细胞凋亡因子(DAD1)是一种内源性细胞凋亡抑制基因.同种移植炎症因子(AIF-1)是一种由干扰素r诱导的钙离子结合蛋白.本文概述了DAD1和AIF-1的结构特点、功能表达、生物学作用及在水产动物中的最新研究进展,旨在为水产动物细胞因子的研究和有效应用提供参考资料.     

2005年东海及黄海部分海域表面水温状况分析

东、黄海表面水温分布状况对中国沿海的生态系统有很大的影响,因为研究表面水温的年变化对了解生态系统的变化很有意义。本文分析了2005年东海及黄海部分海域的表面水温状况。研究表明不同的水团具有不同的水温年变化特点。2005年暖流区域的表面水温总体上与多年平均状况相比差别不大。虽然显示出上半年较冷,年末较热的现象,但只是在秋初一段时间内暖流区的表面水温比多年平均值高一些,而显示出较强的势力,年中的其余时间与多年平均的差别不大。沿岸海域的水温变化比较复杂,福建沿岸表面水温与多年平均状况差别不大;浙江沿岸及长江口邻近海域除春季的一段时间外,年中大部分时间的水温比多年平均值偏高,特别是在夏秋季节,偏高持续的时间既长,且幅度也较大;江苏北部沿岸及山东沿岸的表面水温与多年平均值相比差别不大,除在夏季一段时间内有偏高现象外,其余时间都呈略微偏低状态。中间水体的表面水温与多年平均值相比,在2005年的前3季的状况比较一致,都呈现了初冬偏暖,春季偏冷,夏季略微偏热的变化特征;秋季则南部的区域偏暖,北部区域与多年平均状况差不多。     

枸杞岛海藻场夏、秋季的渔业资源变化

基于2005年夏、秋两季对枸杞岛海藻场渔业资源的调查数据,对海藻场内外渔业资源的组成、优势种变化、主要资源种类生物学特征以及多样性和相似性进行了研究。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场内的渔业生物组成的季节变化比藻场外明显,但岩礁性鱼类除外;藻场内优势种夏季多于秋季,而藻场外两季相同,褐菖鲉在夏、秋季的藻场内皆为优势种;各种类生物学特征也存在着明显的季节差异,夏季的性比差别大,秋季接近平衡,平均年龄秋季大于夏季,平均摄食强度夏季高于秋季;多样性值在夏、秋两季海藻场外皆大于海藻场内。藻场内外,夏季的多样性指数都大于秋季;同一季节藻场内外的相似性很低,不同季节,藻场内的相似性同样很低。通过现场调查及生物学实验,夏季海藻场作为幼小鱼类的索饵场所的生态功能得到了确认。     

中国北方野生雄绒螯蟹成蟹可食率和生化成分分析

比较了2017年10月由我国绥芬河、图们江和辽河采集的质量为80~160 g的野生雄绒螯蟹成蟹的组织系数、总可食率、可食组织中一般化学组成及脂肪酸组成。试验结果显示:(1)3个种群雄体性腺指数、肝胰腺指数和出肉率差异显著,但3个种群总可食率无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)就性腺而言,图们江种群水分含量最高,绥芬河种群脂肪含量最高,辽河种群蛋白质和灰分含量最高(P<0.05);辽河种群肝胰腺水分含量显著高于其他2个种群,但灰分含量显著低于其他2个种群,绥芬河种群肝胰腺中的脂肪含量最高(P<0.05);绥芬河种群肌肉的水分最低,蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量最高,图们江种群肌肉中的脂肪含量最低,辽河种群肌肉的蛋白质和灰分含量最低。(3)绥芬河种群雄体性腺总长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,图们江种群绒螯蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中总长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量最低(P<0.05);辽河种群的可食组织中n-3/n-6的值最低,图们江种群可食组织n-3/n-6的值最高。综上,绥芬河、图们江和辽河3个种群绒螯蟹野生雄体的总可食率无显著差异,但是可食部位的常规生化和脂肪酸含量存在显著差异。     

Brain steroid contents in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: sex and gonad stage-specific changes

Neurosteroids are those which are synthesized in the central nervous system independently of supply by peripheral endocrine glands. In the present study, brain contents of the steroid hormones, estradiol-17β (E(2)), testosterone (T), corticosteroids, and progestins were investigated in both male and female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in prespawning (vitellogenic) and spawning (post-vitellogenic) phases using ELISA or HPLC. The data show that the measured steroid hormones showed both stage-specific and sex-related variations. Brain E(2) was significantly higher in males in the prespawning phase and in females in the spawning phase. Testosterone was significantly higher in males in comparison with females in the prespawning phase. Cortisol was significantly higher in the prespawning and spawning phases in males than in females. Corticosterone level was low in the brain. 21-deoxycortisol and deoxycorticosterone were significantly higher in the prespawning phase than in the spawning phase. Male brain recorded the highest concentration of deoxycorticosterone. Progesterone (P(4)) was high in the prespawning phase and low in the spawning phase in both sexes. Levels of 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-DP) and the metabolites of P(4) were the highest in females in the prespawning phase. The stage-specific and sexual differences in the content of the steroids suggest their biosynthesis in the brain, which may have implications in brain functions, in addition to reproductive regulation.     

饲料中添加谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响

为了研究谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响,分别用谷氨酰胺(Gln)、谷氨酸(Glu)、α-酮戊二酸(AKG)、L-鸟氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(OKG)、L-精氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(AAKG)、α-酮戊二酸钠(2Na-AKG)替代基础饲料中的葡萄糖(添加量为1.5%),配制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照,分别投喂松浦镜鲤(平均体重(40.27±3.96)g),饲养8周后测定镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性。结果显示:Glu组前肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组;Gln组、Glu组、OKG组和AAKG组中肠蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组。2Na-AKG组前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和OKG组;2Na-AKG组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和Gln组。2Na-AKG组前肠淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组和Gln组。Gln组和Glu组前肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组;不同处理组中肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著低于对照组;Glu组、AKG组和OKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组,Gln组、AAKG组和2NaAKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性则均显著低于对照组。研究表明,饲料中添加Gln、Glu、OKG和AAKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的蛋白酶活性,添加2Na-AKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性。     

山泉流水与池塘养殖草鱼营养成分比较

为比较山泉流水和池塘养殖草鱼的品质区别,测定了体质量为1500~1750 g的两种方式养殖草鱼的基本营养、矿物元素、胶原蛋白、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量及肌肉抗氧化能力。测定结果表明,山泉流水养殖草鱼水分、粗脂肪、K和Na含量显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),粗蛋白、灰分、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Se含量显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05);山泉流水养殖草鱼肌肉不可溶性胶原蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),丙二醛含量则显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05);山泉流水养殖草鱼的总必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸分别为15.76%、5.60%,显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),氨基酸评分、化学评分和必需氨基酸指数均高于池塘养殖草鱼;山泉流水养殖草鱼饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05)。综上可知,山泉流水养殖草鱼在蛋白与脂肪含量、肌肉抗氧化能力、氨基酸平衡性及脂肪酸质量等方面优于普通池塘养殖草鱼。     

渤海中部COD的时空分布特征及其对富营养化的贡献分析

以2013年春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对渤海中部海区的调查数据为依据,对调查海域表、中、底层水体的化学耗氧量(Chemical oxygen demand, COD)的时空分布、来源及其对富营养化的贡献等进行了分析。结果显示,调查海域COD平均含量以夏季最高,秋季次之,春季最低。垂直分布差异表现为春季表层最高,中层最低;夏季表层最高,底层最低;秋季和冬季均为中层最高,底层最低。各站位 COD 平均浓度水平分布在春季无明显的高值出现,含量分布较均匀,夏季 COD从西向东呈降低趋势,高值主要分布于西部海域;秋季和冬季COD从北向南呈递减趋势,高值分布于调查海域北部。调查海域各站位营养指数E值变化范围为0.088–2.995,平均值为0.337±0.403,大于1的站位有25个,其中,秋季20个,冬季5个,表明大部分调查海域水质未达到富营养化状态,处于较低营养水平。COD 对调查海域富营养化的贡献率为46.15%–141.41%,平均值为(71.36±14.98)%,表明COD在渤海海区富营养化中占据了主要地位。     

乳山湾底质中硫化物和氧化-还原电位的分布与变化

2004年6、8和10月分别对乳山湾东流区共进行了3个航次的调查。调查结果表明,乳山湾东流区属于弱还原环境,表层沉积物中硫化物的含量基本呈北侧高、南侧低的趋势,而氧化-还原电位则呈北侧低、南侧高变化趋势。硫化物的垂直分布基本表现为随深度的增加而增加,氧化-还原电位的垂直分布基本表现为随深度的增加而降低。但是,由于受到贝类养殖的影响,出现了较多的例外情况。硫化物含量和氧化-还原电位随季节的变动较明显,硫化物含量8月最高,6月次之,10月最低;而氧化-还原电位则10月最高,6月次之,8月最低。贝类养殖对沉积环境中硫化物与氧化-还原电位有明显影响,养殖区硫化物的含量高于非养殖区,而氧化-还原电位则低于非养殖区。     

汕头南澳白沙湾浮游植物群落结构及水体营养盐分布特征

2010年5月(夏季)和9月(秋季)分别对南澳白沙湾鱼类养殖区、贝藻混养区、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneifor-mis)栽培区和对照区的水体浮游植物及营养盐进行了调查。结果表明,浮游植物共5门、71属、152种;其中,硅藻门97种,甲藻门34种,绿藻门9种,蓝藻门2种;硅藻是该海域浮游植物群落优势类群。浮游植物密度在时间上表现为秋季高于夏季,夏季和秋季最高值分别为57.05×104个/L和808.70×104个/L,均值为11.44×104个/L和119.22×104个/L。浮游植物密度在空间分布规律为非养殖区大于养殖区、湾外高于湾内;最高值均出现在对照区表层,最低值出现在贝藻混养区微表层。按水层分布为:表层>底层>微表层,按功能区分布为:对照区>鱼类养殖区>龙须菜栽培区>贝藻混养区。浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度表现出较好的一致性。微表层对浮游植物、总氮、总磷的富集系数,夏季分别为0.85、1.68、1.87,秋季为0.48、1.74、1.51;表明微表层对浮游植物无富集作用,对总氮、总磷有明显的富集作用。按照浮游植物群落结构指数评价,贝藻混养区为贫营养,其他各功能区均为中营养。夏季水质好于秋季,龙须菜栽培对养殖水体起到了很好的生态修复作用。     

鱼源芽孢杆菌在石斑鱼稚鱼育苗中的应用研究

利用芽孢杆菌SE5和DE5单独及联合强化桡足类,研究SE5和DE5对斜带石斑鱼稚鱼生长、存活率、水质及水体和稚鱼体内细菌总数和弧菌数量的影响。试验结果表明,饲养14d时,SE5组和DE5组体长显著高于对照组,混合组体长和体质量显著高于对照组。饲养28d时,SE5组和DE5组体长和体质量均高于对照组,混合组体长和体质量显著高于对照组。饲养28d时,SE5组和DE5组存活率显著高于对照组。14d时SE5组和混合组水体NH3-N显著低于对照组,28d时各组NH3-N均低于对照组。14d时,混合组水体NO2-N显著高于对照组,28d时各试验组NO2-N均显著高于对照组。试验结束时(28d),各试验组水体细菌总数均高于对照组,SE5组和DE5组水体弧菌数量高于对照组;DE5组和混合组活饵细菌总数高于对照组,各试验组活饵弧菌数量高于对照组,其中混合组显著高于对照组;各试验组稚鱼体内细菌总数高于对照组,其中DE5组显著高于对照组。DE5组稚鱼体内弧菌数量显著高于对照组,SE5组高于对照组。     

Changes in plasma somatolactin levels during spawning migration of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

Plasma somatolactin (SL) concentrations were examined in chum salmon in relation to gonadal maturation; immature salmon in the Bering Sea at various stages of maturation, and mature salmon during upstream migration caught at the ocean, bay and river. Plasma SL concentrations as well as plasma prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) levels in the immature fish caught in the Bering Sea were maintained essentially at similar levels. Plasma SL in mature salmon increased significantly from the fish in the ocean to the fish in the river in both sexes. Although all the fish had fully developed gonads, females completed ovulation while still in the bay, whereas final spermeation in males was achieved after entry into the river. Thus, no clear correlation was seen between plasma SL levels and final gonadal maturation. On the other hand, plasma PRL concentrations in both male and female fish were higher in the fish in the river than those in the ocean and bay, and plasma GH levels were higher in both sexes in the fish in the bay and river than those in the ocean. Plasma levels of triglycerides, glucose, free fatty acids and ionized sodium and calcium were also examined. Significant-negative correlations were seen between plasma SL and plasma ionized calcium in mature male salmon, and between plasma SL and plasma triglycerides in mature female salmon. Although our findings do not rule out the possibility of the involvement of SL in final maturation, the results indicate that SL seems to be involved at least in energy and/or calcium metabolism during the spawning migration.     

渤海小黄鱼生长特征的变化

根据1960年、1982年、1993年和2003年各年春季对渤海进行的底拖网调查获得的小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker）生物学数据，对4个不同年代间渤海小黄鱼的群体组成、生长状况等生物学特征的年代间变化进行分析，结果表明，渤海小黄鱼的生物学特征在这4个年代间发生了明显变化。自1982年以来，渤海小黄鱼群体结构呈现个体小型化、低龄化、生长加快、渐近体长和渐近体质量减小、体质量生长拐点提前等现象。小黄鱼生物学特征因子的年代间变化，可能与渔业资源不断衰退以及小黄鱼自身对外界环境因素变化的适应有关。     

近年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征

渤海封闭性强,水动力条件和自净能力较弱,其生态系统较为敏感和脆弱。2011年位于渤海中部的蓬莱19-3油田发生重大溢油事故,对渔业生态环境和渔业资源造成了严重影响。为了解和掌握该起溢油污染事故发生后渔业生态环境的变化状况,分别于2012?2014年在渤海中部海域进行了9个航次的生态环境跟踪调查。利用其中部分调查资料,作者对渤海中部活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果显示,(1)2012?2014年春季和夏季渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,秋、冬季部分海域已受到活性磷酸盐的污染。(2)不同季节渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的平面分布趋势各异,垂直分布也存在季节差异。春季和夏季活性磷酸盐呈现由表层至底层递减的趋势,秋季和冬季接近呈垂直分布均匀状态。(3)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐平均含量季节变化明显,其含量顺序由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季,冬季明显高于夏季。2014年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量低于2013年,呈逐年降低趋势。(4)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐时空变化受到诸多因素的影响,营养盐的外源补充、内源再生和生物消耗是影响活性磷酸盐时空变化的最重要因素。     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的变化

对月鳢稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究，结果如下：①随着鱼体发育和生长，月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性不断地增强，尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的发育更为明显。②月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大，肝胰脏次之，胃组织最小，且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织；胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大，胃组织和肠组织均表现较小；淀粉酶活性和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大，且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。③月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高，前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之，胃粘膜最低；胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高，胃粘膜组织次之，肝胰脏小于胃粘膜，后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小；淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大，肝胰脏次之，胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小；脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大，其他器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

Revealing trends in densities of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the subarctic River Teno using cluster analysis on long-term sampling data

The density of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was monitored at 57 sites representing different habitats in the River Teno and two of its major tributaries from 1979 to 1995. Cluster analyses were used to combine sites with similar densities and to study trends in densities within clusters. It was found that management measures have played an important role in maintaining salmon stocks and there was some evidence of increasing juvenile salmon densities. Parr densities decreased significantly in one cluster containing 45% of the sites studied in the River Utsjoki, whereas densities increased significantly in one cluster in the River Teno and in one cluster in the River Inarijoki containing 38% of the sites in these rivers. Fry densities increased significantly in two clusters containing 16% of all the sites studied in the three rivers. In general, the mean densities in successive years in the clusters were independent. The results demonstrate the value of long-term monitoring in ecological investigations.     

Observations on the abundance of the exotic cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) in relation to fluctuations in the water-level in a man-made lake in Sri Lanka

Abstract. The fishery of Parakrama Samudra, an ancient man-made lake of 2662 ha in Sri Lanka (8°-10°N; 80°-82°E), as in most other man-made reservoirs in the island, is dominated by the exotic cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters), introduced in 1952. The fluctuations in catch per unit/fisherman over the period 1960 to 1982 are shown to be dependent on the yearly fluctuations in the water-level, the changes in the water-level effects being manifested in the fishery after a period of 3 years. The above results were arrived at by auto-correlation analysis of yearly catch per unit effort against the fluctuation of the water level at the main sluice. The changes in yield in a particular year are correlated to the changes in the water level and are described by the equation;
where Y = yield in kg fisherman^-1 month^-1 in year t and X = fluctuations in the water-level in year t - 3. The available growth rates in natural and semi-natural impoundments also indicate that the size at which S. mossambicus enter the fishery in Parakrama Samudra corresponds to their size in the third year of life (age 2+). The significance of the above observations is discussed on the basis of available knowledge on the reproductive cycle and the nesting requirements of S. mossambicus which are achieved when significant fluctuations in the reservoir level take place by making available optimal water depths in areas with a suitable substratum. The possible use of the above criteria as a management measure is also briefly discussed in the light of possible irrigational and fisheries conflicts in the utilization of the reservoir resources.     

Changes in levels of GnRH in the brain and pituitary and GTH in the pituitary in male masu salmon,Oncorhynchus masou,from hatching to maturation

Levels of two types of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II) in the brain and pituitary, and content of gonadotropin (GTHIβ and IIβ) in the pituitary were measured in male masu salmon from hatching to gonadal maturation for three years in order to clarify the involvement of GnRHs in precocious maturation. Underyearling precocious males were distinguishable in summer of year 1 and were marked by an increased GSI. Spermiation was observed among these individuals thereafter every autumn. Pituitary GTHIβ content in both precocious and immature males, and GTHIIβ content in precocious males showed seasonal fluctuations — high in autumn and low in winter. Pituitary GTHIIβ content was low in immature males. Pituitary sGnRH content in precocious males increased from spring to autumn during the three-year period. sGnRH concentrations in discrete brain areas showed seasonal changes — high during autumn to winter and low in summer. Concentrations in the olfactory bulbs and hypothalamus increased significantly in association with testicular maturation during year 3. sGnRH concentrations in the hypothalamus were significantly higher in precocious males than in immature males; this was possibly due to positive feedback of steroid hormones. cGnRH-II was undetectable in the pituitary and no distinct changes were observed in its concentration in the brain in relation to maturation. The phenomenon of underyearling precocious maturation is considered to be triggered before the onset of early summer. It is suggested that males which mature precociously are larger in size and contain much sGnRH in the pituitary before the outward signs of precocity appear; sGnRH may stimulate GTH II synthesis and induce precocious maturation.     

网箱与微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼肌肉营养成分的比较与分析

本研究比较和分析网箱与微流水两种养殖模式下体质量(76.5±17.8)g和(67.2±8.1)g的齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti肌肉常规营养成分。结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中一般营养成分含量不存在显著性差异,均含有18种氨基酸;除色氨酸(Trp)和组氨酸(His)外,网箱组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中其余氨基酸、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量均显著低于微流水组。氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中必需氨基酸构成合理,色氨酸均为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸在必需氨基酸中评分最高。两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中均含有21种脂肪酸,网箱组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于微流水组,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于微流水组,且n-3/n-6比值要高于网箱组。综上所述,微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼营养价值更高。