饵料结构对河蟹养殖池塘氮、磷收支和污染强度的影响

通过调查走访和实验分析,比较了３种投饵结构下河蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｓｉｓ）养殖池塘在氮、磷收支和实际污染强度方面的差异。１种饵料结构以冰鲜鱼为主,另２种含配合饲料,按照配合饲料使用量不同,分为低于１０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２组和高于１０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２组。结果显示,以冰鲜鱼为主的养殖池塘氮收支方程为：苗种３．０２ｋｇ（１．１０％）＋饵料２７２．１８ｋｇ（９８．９０％）＝渔获物３１．９２ｋｇ（１１．６０％）＋伊乐藻１３６．１８ｋｇ（４９．４８％）＋底泥沉积７９．５３ｋｇ（２８．９０％）＋尾水排放２７．５７ｋｇ（１０．０２％）,磷收支方程为：苗种０．２６ｋｇ（０．４２％）＋饵料６１．０２ｋｇ（９９．５８％）＝渔获物１．４９ｋｇ（２．４３％）＋伊乐藻１５．０１ｋｇ（２４．４９％）＋底泥沉积４１．９４ｋｇ（６８．４４％）＋尾水排放２．８４ｋｇ （４６３％）;配合饲料使用量低于１０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的养殖池塘氮收支方程为：苗种４．４９ｋｇ（２．７４％）＋饵料１５９．０９ｋｇ（９７２６％）＝渔获物４５．５５ｋｇ（２７．８５％）＋伊乐藻１３６．１８ｋｇ（８３．２５％）＋底泥沉积－３９．２６ｋｇ（－２４．００％）＋尾水排放２１．１１ｋｇ（１２．９０％）,磷收支方程为：苗种０．５３ｋｇ（１．５７％）＋饵料３３．３０ｋｇ（９８．４３％）＝渔获物４７５ｋｇ（１４．０４％）＋伊乐藻１５．０１ｋｇ（４４．３７％）＋底泥沉积１１．９０ｋｇ（３５．１８％）＋尾水排放２．１７ｋｇ（６．４１％）;配合饲料使用量高于１０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ 的养殖池塘氮收支方程为：苗种４１３ｋｇ（２．５１％）＋饵料１６０．４２ｋｇ （９７４９％）＝渔获物４３．７３ｋｇ（２６．５８％）＋伊乐藻１３６．１８ｋｇ（８２．７６％）＋底泥沉积－３４．５２ｋｇ（－２０．９８％）＋尾水排放１９１６ｋｇ（１１６４％）,磷收支方程为：苗种０．４０ｋｇ（１．１７％）＋饵料３３．９１ｋｇ（９８．８３％）＝渔获物３．８２ｋｇ（１１１３％）＋伊乐藻１５．０１ｋｇ（４３．７５％）＋底泥沉积１２．５８ｋｇ（３６．６７％）＋尾水排放２．９０ｋｇ（８．４５％）。与投喂冰鲜鱼为主的池塘相比,使用配合饲料可使Ｎ沉积率由１０．６２％上升至２５．８１％,Ｐ沉积率由２．０２％上升至１２６７％,养殖水体总氮、总磷分别由２．３０ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．２３７ｍｇ／Ｌ下降至１．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．１８１ｍｇ／Ｌ,尾水的Ｎ、Ｐ年排 放由２７５７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、２．８４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２下降至１９．１６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、２．１７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。上述结果表明,河蟹养殖污染强度较低,使用配合饲料可以进一步降低其养殖污染。     

配合饲料和冰鲜饵料对拟穴青蟹养殖的影响

本试验评估了投喂配合饲料和冰鲜饵料对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)池塘混养模式的影响。经过5个月的养殖试验,结果显示:配合饲料组与冰鲜饵料组抽样青蟹的平均规格、形体学指标、肝胰腺指数和性腺指数均无显著差异(P0.05)。配合饲料组的青蟹肌肉中粗蛋白含量显著高于冰鲜饵料组(P0.05)。配合饲料组青蟹胃蛋白酶、肠蛋白酶的活性显著高于冰鲜饵料组(P0.05),胃淀粉酶活性显著低于冰鲜饵料组(P0.05)。冰鲜饵料组池塘水体的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、磷酸盐和总有机碳指标均高于配合饲料组(P0.05)。在属水平上,冰鲜饵料组水样中的海命菌属等7种微生物菌的平均相对丰度显著高于配合饲料组(P0.05);冰鲜饵料组底泥中的地杆菌属等8种微生物菌的平均相对丰度显著高于配合饲料组(P0.05)。配合饲料组每667 m~2总产量(蟹+虾+贝)和利润分别为374 kg和6 210元,比冰鲜饵料组分别增加5.9%和42.6%。投喂配合饲料可以提高拟穴青蟹围塘养殖效益,具有推广可行性。     

配合饲料和冰鲜鱼对大口黑鲈生长和品质的影响

为探究不同来源饲料对大口黑鲈生长和肌肉品质的影响，选取投喂配合饲料、冰鲜鱼、混合饲料(配合饲料与冰鲜鱼质量比为1∶1)的大口黑鲈，对其生长状况，以及肌肉营养成分、颜色、持水力、质构特性和肌纤维特性进行分析。试验结果显示：冰鲜鱼组大口黑鲈的生长性能显著优于配合饲料组，混合饲料组介于两者之间，但配合饲料组具有更低的饵料系数；与其他组相比，冰鲜鱼组肌肉的粗脂肪含量更高(P<0.05);冰鲜鱼组肌肉的红度值(a*)最高(6.51±1.10),黄度值(b*)最低(4.81±0.69);配合饲料组离心损失率、失水率显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05),且其熟肉率仅73.15%,显著低于混合饲料组(78.04%)和冰鲜鱼组(77.81%)(P<0.05);冰鲜鱼组大口黑鲈肌肉的硬度、咀嚼性均显著高于配合饲料组和混合饲料组(P<0.05);与配合饲料组相比，冰鲜鱼组和混合饲料组大口黑鲈肌纤维直径更小、密度更高。试验结果表明，在本试验条件下，冰鲜鱼更利于大口黑鲈的生长和肌肉品质的提高，但配合饲料组的饵料系数更低，饲料利用率更高。因此，建议从冰鲜鱼的营养组成、大口黑鲈的营养需求和生理特...     

不同饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼生长性能的影响

为筛选出营养利用率高、对环境压力较低、适合于珍珠龙胆石斑(Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀)的饲料,研究了配合饲料、饵料鱼、饵料虾、配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲、配合饲料与饵料虾混饲等几种饲料及组合对珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼摄食生长、消化酶活性、肌肉营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明:投喂饵料鱼的试验组,幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率显著高于其它组,而配合饲料组的蛋白质效率显著优于其它组(P0.05);配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组,幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率均仅次于最优组。饵料鱼组、配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P0.05),饵料鱼组的肠脂肪酶活力显著高于其它组,配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的脂肪酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P0.05)。配合饲料组、配合饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于饵料鱼组(P0.05),饵料鱼组的粗脂肪含量显著高于其它组(P0.05)。饲料与饵料鱼混饲组的试验鱼肌肉中鲜味氨基酸、人体必需氨基酸和氨基酸的总量高于其它组。综合分析认为,采用配合饲料与冰鲜饵料混合饲喂珍珠龙胆石斑鱼效果较好。     

浙江省池塘养殖大口黑鲈和乌鳢的生长性能和养殖环境分析

2015年7-10月对浙江省杭州市6口养殖生产池塘内大口黑鲈和乌鳢的生长性能、池塘水质和底质状况进行了分析比较。所研究的池塘中,3口(B1、B2和B3)投喂配合饲料养殖大口黑鲈,2口(S1和S2)投喂配合饲料养殖乌鳢,1口(S3)投喂冰鲜鱼养殖乌鳢。试验结果:8月11日—9月4日,池塘B1内大口黑鲈体质量增加62 g/尾,池塘S1内乌鳢体质量增加113 g/尾,池塘S3内乌鳢体质量增加31 g/尾。研究期间,池塘S1和S2水中氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、总氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)和底泥总磷(TP)均高于池塘B1、B2、B3;池塘S3水中TAN、活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)、TN、TP和底泥TN、TP、POC高于池塘S1和S2,但水中NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N、COD_(Mn)和TOC均低于池塘S1和S2。结果表明,采用配合饲料饲喂大口黑鲈和乌鳢可正常生长;投喂配合饲料时,乌鳢池塘水中TN和TOC的积累程度高于大口黑鲈池塘,表明乌鳢养殖池塘中有机质的积累程度高于大口黑鲈池塘。     

粗唇鮠鱼种人工饲料驯化培育

采用投喂人工配合饲料进行粗唇(鱼危)鱼种培育试验。结果表明:在普通养鱼池塘,放养平均规格1.8-2.2 cm/尾的粗唇(鱼危)苗种,放养密度15-45尾/m~2,经驯化投喂饲料粗蛋白42%的人工配合饲料,经120 d养殖期,粗唇觥平均规格为126-213尾/kg。     

赤眼鳟池塘养殖试验

投喂人工配合饲料,进行赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)池塘养殖试验.结果表明,利用普通养鱼池塘,放养平均规格35 g/尾的1冬龄赤眼鳟鱼种,放养密度15 000尾/hm2,混养部分鲢、鳙、黄颡鱼鱼种和青虾,投喂粗蛋白含量30%～32%的人工配合饲料,经240 d养殖,赤眼鳟平均规格达0.41 kg/尾,平均单产5 839 kg/hm2,平均养殖净利润34 586元/hm2.     

不同饵料比对黄鳝生长及生理生化指标的影响

以冰鲜鱼与配合饲料5个不同比例饵料饲养黄鳝（Monopterus albus）14周,设定配合饲料所占比例分别为0%、25%、50%、75%、90%,研究不同饵料比处理对黄鳝生长、体成分及部分血清生理生化指标的影响。结果显示,各处理组黄鳝增重率、成活率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）;粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量随饵料中配合饲料比例增大呈先升高、后降低的趋势,且均以90%配合饲料组最低;而各组体灰分和水分差异不显著（P〉0.05）;各处理组黄鳝的血清谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及血糖有显著差异（P〈0.05）;与完全投喂冰鲜鱼（0%组）相比,其它各处理组血清GOT和GPT显著降低;75%配合饲料组血清GOT、GPT（50%组除外）、总胆固醇均为所有处理组最低;表明黄鳝投喂以25%冰鲜鱼和75%配合饲料的混合饵料为宜。     

配合饲料饲养罗氏沼虾高产试验报告

在0．133hm2池塘中进行配合饲料饲养罗氏沼虾试验，饲养101d，投喂配合饲料471．5kg，共收虾253kg，鲢鳙鱼107．5kg，折合每1000m2产虾190．23kg，虾平均体长828cm，尾重15．22g，日增长率1．55％，成活率41．56％．饵料系数1．86。总收入11585元．支出5027.7元，纯利润6557．3元，折合每1000m2利润4930．3元，投产比1∶2．30。     

斑点叉尾鮰亲鱼池塘培育关键技术的研究

斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)繁育亲鱼筛选可量参数:体长为头长的3.88~4.17倍、体长为体高的4.59~5.26倍、体长为尾柄长的5.73~6.73倍、体长为尾柄高的11.05~11.95倍、尾柄长为尾柄高的1.78~1.94倍。亲鱼培育产卵池塘适宜面积为0.20~0.53hm2,单位面积池塘内亲鱼承载量为2400~2550kg/hm2,3~6龄亲鱼放养密度为375~450组/hm2。投喂亲鱼饵料以含蛋白质36%人工配合饵料与动物性饲料相结合。亲鱼培育池塘水体昼夜变化的溶氧量为4.0mg/L以上、pH值为6.8~7.6、氨氮小于0.3mg/L、亚硝酸盐为0.01mg/L以下,亲鱼产卵率为80%以上。     

Differences in fatty acid composition of egg capsules from broodstock spotted babylon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Babylonia areolata</Emphasis>, fed a local trash fish and formulated diet under hatchery conditions

This study is the first attempt to condition broodstock Babylonia areolata using formulated diets under hatchery conditions. Samples of spotted babylon egg capsules from broodstock fed either a formulated diet or a local trash fish, carangid fish (Seleroides leptolepis) for 120 days were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid composition. The formulated diet contained significantly higher levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n − 6; ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n − 3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3; DHA) than those of the local trash fish. The formulated diet also had significantly higher ratios of DHA/EPA and (n − 3)/(n − 6) PUFA than those of local trash fish but not for the ARA/EPA ratio. The compositions of egg capsules produced from broodstock fed formulated diet contained significantly more ARA, EPA and DHA compared to broodstock fed the local trash fish. The ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios in egg capsules were significantly higher in the trash fish—fed group compared to those fed the formulated diet. However, (n − 3)/(n − 6) PUFA ratios in egg capsules produced from broodstock fed the formulated diet did not differ significantly compared to those from broodstock fed the local trash fish. The relatively low DHA/EPA, ARA/EPA and (n − 3)/(n − 6) ratios in the egg capsules produced from the formulated diet—fed broodstock B. areolata suggested that this diet is inferior, when compared to the traditional food of trash fish.     

Replacement of Fishmeal with a Blend of Poultry Byproduct Meal and Soybean Meal in Diets for Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.     

三种脂肪源和两种降脂因子对鲈生长、体营养成分组和血清生化指标的影响

在人工配合饲料中加入3种脂肪源(鱼油、鱼油+玉米油1.34∶1、鱼油+豆油1.34∶1)和两种降脂因子(胆碱10g·kg-1、肉碱350mg·kg-1)饲喂鲈,并用冰鲜杂鱼饵料作为配合饲料的对照。经过8周的饲养,对鲈的生长情况、体营养成分组成和血清生化指标进行测定和分析。结果表明,鲈对脂肪肝的耐受性较差,长期大量投喂冰鲜杂鱼易诱发病变,肝脏对病变的敏感性高于肌肉;在满足必需脂肪酸需要量的情况下,不同脂肪源对鲈生长差异影响不大,但对体脂沉积有一定影响;胆碱和肉碱具有一定的降体脂作用。     

饲料中蛋白质含量及养殖密度对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼生长性能、氮排泄及相关生化指标的影响

本实验以平均初始体重为15.60 g的红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼为研究对象,研究饲料中蛋白含量及养殖密度对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼生长性能、氮排泄及相关生理生化指标的影响。设计两因素三水平(2×3)实验,配制3种不同蛋白梯度(38.87%、45.55%和51.00%,干重)的等脂实验饲料,设置3个密度梯度为1.53 kg/m^3(0.196 m3体积的实验桶,每桶20尾鱼)、2.30 kg/m^3(每桶30尾鱼)和3.06 kg/m^3(每桶40尾鱼)。每组饲料设3个重复,养殖实验为期56 d,在室内流水系统内进行。结果显示,增重率在高、中蛋白组显著高于低蛋白组(P<0.05),但当饲料蛋白含量一定时,养殖密度对增重率没有显著性影响。饲料蛋白含量和养殖密度对鱼体常规成分没有显著性影响。当饲料蛋白一定时,高密度组的血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量显著高于中密度组(P<0.05)。血清总蛋白含量在低蛋白组显著高于中蛋白组(P<0.05)。血清碱性磷酸酶含量在低蛋白组显著高于高蛋白组(P<0.05)。饲料蛋白含量和养殖密度对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的生长、氨氮排泄没有显著性交互作用。静水投喂3 h后,氨氮排泄率在高密度组显著高于低密度组(P<0.05)。研究表明,45.55%饲料蛋白质含量已经能够满足红鳍东方鲀幼鱼正常生长的需求。饲料蛋白含量和养殖密度对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的生长性能和氨氮排泄没有显著性交互作用。     

三种投喂模式对河蟹二龄成蟹养殖性能的影响

比较了池塘养殖条件下,全程投喂配合饲料、杂鱼和传统饵料(以黄豆、小麦和玉米为主,辅以少量饲料和杂鱼)对河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)二龄成蟹生长、性腺发育、规格分布、成活率、单产、饵料系数和饵料成本的影响。结果显示:(1)无论雌雄,传统饵料组早期(5-8月份)的增重率和特定生长率方面最低,杂鱼组最高;(2)杂鱼组雌体8月份性腺发育速度最快,传统饵料组性腺发育速度最慢,其余月份雌体和雄体的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数均无显著差异;(3)无论雌雄,最终杂鱼组的大规格成蟹(雄体175 g,雌体100 g)比例最高,而传统饵料组的小规格成蟹(雄体100 g,雌体75 g)比例最高,且体重差异较大,配合饲料组的中等规格成蟹较为集中,最终三组投喂模式下雌雄蟹的平均体重并无显著差异,杂鱼组略大于传统饵料组;(4)三种投喂模式下,三者的成活率和平均产量并无显著差异;杂鱼组的饵料系数和饵料成本最高,配合饲料组饵料系数最低,但饵料成本居中;传统饵料组饵料系数居中,饵料成本最低。结果表明,全程投喂配合饲料对河蟹二龄成蟹的养殖性能和性腺发育无显著影响。     

大口黑鲈投喂两种不同饲料对水质指标的影响

为了研究投喂两种不同饲料(冰鲜下杂鱼与配合饲料)对大口黑鲈养殖水质指标的影响,在室内水泥池进行了28d的饲养试验.对水体中的COD、PO4--P、TP、TN、NH3-N、NO3--N、NO2-N等指标进行了测定.结果表明,投喂两种饲料各指标均有不同程度的增加,但养殖一个月后冰鲜组比饲料组要高许多:杂鱼组COD、PO4--P、TP、TN、NH3-N、NO3--N、NO2--N分别为25.3mg/L、2.4mg/L、2.28mg/L、3.44mg/L、2.91mg/L、0.52mg/L、0.075mg/L,而配合饲料组分别为10.2mg/L、0.58mg/L、0.855mg/L、2.17mg/L、0.29mg/L、0.048mg/L、0.03mg/L.特别是PO4--P、TP,冰鲜组分别为饲料组的4.2倍和2.7倍.这说明投喂人工饲料可以减轻有机污染程度,特别是在控制PO4--P、TP的增加方面效果显著.试验结果对于控制水体的富营养化具有重要的指导意义.     

Food ration requirements of 0 yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea (Storer) juveniles

Several studies have shown that food ration can affect the growth of cultured fish. Determining the optimal food ration would help to achieve better growth and also provide direct economic benefits due to reduced food wastage, which would lead to commercial success. Therefore, we studied the effects of ration levels on growth performance of 0⁺ juvenile yellowtail flounder to determine the optimal food ration. Two experiments were conducted; the first experiment as a preliminary using ration levels of 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% body weight per day (% bw day⁻¹) held at 7.0 °C with a stocking density of 0.95 kg m⁻² (45% bottom coverage). Results of this preliminary experiment indicated that fish fed with 1% bw day⁻¹ had significantly lower growth (weight, length, body depth and specific growth rates (SGR)) than those fed with 2%, 4% and 6% ration. However, fish fed with rations of 1% and 2% showed significantly lower gross food conversion ratios (GFCR) than fish fed with 4% and 6% rations. Survival was not significantly affected by different ration levels. Based on these preliminary results, we used ration levels of 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 3% for the main experiment. Fish were held at 10 °C with a stocking density of 1.45 kg m⁻² (34% bottom coverage). Results indicated that fish fed with 1%, 1.5% and 2% bw day⁻¹ had significantly lower growth than fish fed with 3% bw day⁻¹. GFCR was significantly different for all four rations. It was lower for 1% than 1.5%, 2% and 3% rations. Survival was not significantly different between any treatments. We discuss our results with emphasis on growth and economics (i.e., feed wastage) and stress the need to balance both components in a commercial operation.     

淡水池塘主养鲈试验

报道了首次利用淡水鱼塘,主养鲈兼养鲢,鲤,草鱼等试验,每亩放苗５１５尾,鲈占放养总重的７１．７％;主喂冷冻青鳞鱼,约占７７．７％,辅喂人工配饵;前期只充渗漏水,中后期透明度小于３０ｃｍ时,大量换水。结果：共产商品鱼８８０２ｋｇ,其中鲈３７４０ｋｇ,折合亩产１２４．７ｋｇ,成活率８９％。总产值１２８０４６．８地,纯利７６９６９．８地,平均亩纯利２５６５元,投入产出比１：２．５。     

Feeding of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum: Evaluation of practical feeds,comparison of commercial fishmeal replacers,and estimation of essential amino acid requirements

Three studies were conducted with juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum: (Study 1) a 10‐week feeding trial within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes (trash‐fish control diet, a semimoist diet, an in‐house dry formulated diet, and a commercial cobia feed); (Study 2) a 10‐week feeding trial within an indoor water‐recirculating tank‐based system to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers (poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate, feather meal), a diet without taurine supplementation, and a commercial cobia feed; and (Study 3) estimation of the essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of cobia based on EAA whole‐body composition in fast‐growing cobia fed a trash‐fish‐based diet. Fish performance in terms of growth and feed efficiency was the greatest within the outdoor net‐cage feeding trial, with fish fed the control trash‐fish‐based diet exhibiting the best performance. Although fish growth was poorer within the indoor feeding trials, fish performance was similar for most diets, with apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of over 75% being obtained in all experimental diets in both feeding trials. The estimated EAA requirements of cobia obtained during this study were similar to those reported for other similar marine carnivorous fish species.     

The effect of dietary protein replacement by crystalline amino acid on growth and nitrogen utilization of turbot Scophthalmus maximus juveniles

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal by crystalline amino acids on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and nitrogen utilization of turbot juveniles.

Four diets were formulated to be isolipidic (12% DM) and isonitrogenous (8% DM). A fish meal based diet was used as control. In the experimental diets, a crystalline amino acid (AA) mixture was used to partially replace fish meal, corresponding to a non-protein nitrogen content of 19, 37 and 56%, respectively (diets 19AA, 37AA and 56AA, respectively). The overall amino acid profile of the experimental diets resembled that of the whole-body protein of turbot. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial body weight of 31.8 g) twice daily to apparent satiation for 42 days. During the trial water temperature averaged 18 °C.

Final body weight, weight gain (g kg ABW^− 1 day^− 1) and specific growth rate were not different between the control and 19AA diet but significantly decreased with the increase of crystalline-AA inclusion from 19 to 56%. Feed intake and feed efficiency of fish fed the control and diet 19AA were similar and significantly higher than those of fish fed the 56AA diet. At the end of the growth trial, there were no significant differences in whole-body composition among groups. Hepatosomatic index was also unaffected by dietary treatments.

Nitrogen retention (g kg ABW^− 1 day^− 1) of fish fed the control and the 19AA diets were similar and significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen intake, N retention was significantly higher with the control than with the 37AA and 56AA diets.

Daily ammonia excretion (mg kg ABW^− 1 day^− 1) of fish fed the control diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the 37AA and 56AA diets, while daily urea excretion (mg kg ABW^− 1 day^− 1) did not significantly differ among treatments. Non-fecal nitrogen (ammonia + urea) excretion (mg kg ABW^− 1 day^− 1) was significantly higher for fish fed the control diet than in those fed the 37AA and 56AA diets. However, as percent of N intake, ammonia excretion and non-fecal N excretion were significantly higher in fish fed the 56AA diet than in those fed the control and 19AA diets.

Specific activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases did not significantly differ among experimental groups.

In conclusion, in diets with an overall amino acid profile resembling that of the whole-body protein of turbot, crystalline-AA may replace 19% of dietary protein without negatively affecting growth performances or feed utilization efficiency. However, higher protein replacement levels of protein-bound-AA by crystalline-AA severely depressed growth performance.