全程投喂配合饲料条件下池养中华绒螯蟹的生长性能及其性腺发育

于2012年5月至2013年11月,对池养中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)全程投喂配合饲料,观测扣蟹和成蟹阶段的生长规律、成活率、早熟率、性腺发育速度、产量、规格分布和饲料系数等。结果表明:(1)扣蟹阶段雌雄生长差异不显著(P0.05),增重率(WG)和特定增长率(SGR)为先上升后下降,整个扣蟹培育阶段的平均SGR为1.9%/d左右;平均成活率和早熟率分别为10.0%和4.9%,雌体的早熟率显著高于雄体(P0.05);一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均体重分别为19.8 g和7.5 g左右,一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均产量分别为229 kg/hm~2和2433 kg/hm~2;扣蟹培育阶段饲料投喂主要发生在7—10月,占全部饲料用量的80%以上,饲料投喂量与扣蟹体重及池塘水温具有一定的关系,扣蟹阶段饲料系数(FCR)为2.15。(2)成蟹养殖过程中,自6月份起雄体体重大于雌体,整个养殖阶段雄体的SGR显著高于雌体(P0.05);雌雄成蟹最终平均体重分别为126.1 g和181.1 g,雌、雄及总体成活率分别为61.30%、53.47%和58.4%,产量分别为412.20 kg/hm~2、536.10 kg/hm~2和950 kg/hm~2;成蟹养殖的饲料消耗主要发生在7—10月,其中育肥前期(9—11月)的饲料用量占50%左右,整个成蟹养殖阶段的FCR为2.63。(3)池养成蟹的生殖蜕壳主要发生在8—9月,雌体比雄体早20 d左右;雌体的性腺发育主要发生在生殖蜕壳后的9—10月,雄体的性腺发育时间跨度较长,生殖蜕壳前性腺指数已达0.8%左右;雌雄成蟹性腺发育期间肝胰腺指数均呈下降趋势。综上,全程投喂配合饲料能保证池养中华绒螯蟹的正常生长发育,可大规模推广应用于中华绒螯蟹养殖产业。     

3种投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹性腺发育和生化组成的影响

2015年4—10月在江苏常州金坛市指前镇芦家村省级高效设施渔业示范点6口面积0.667hm~2试验塘(编号1~6#)中,投放中华绒螯蟹和日本沼虾苗种,密度分别为2.25×10~4只/hm~2和150kg/hm~2,分别投喂配合饲料、冰鲜杂鱼和饲料与冰鲜杂鱼混合,每种投喂模式设两个重复,定期测定肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率、总可食率和体成分的生化组成。试验结果显示,在体质量接近的条件下,3种投喂模式对成蟹的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数无显著影响(P0.05),9月杂鱼组雌雄个体的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数略低于配合饲料组和混合投喂组,而混合投喂组的性腺指数略高于其他两组。不同投喂模式对各组织中华绒螯蟹的干质量中生化组成影响较小,仅杂鱼组雌蟹肝胰腺中脂肪含量为71.44%,显著低于饲料组(86.94%)和混合组(87.67%)(P0.05)。不同投喂模式对各组中华绒螯蟹组织湿质量中生化组成无显著影响(P0.05)。综上,用投喂配合饲料替代杂鱼投喂成蟹,可以提高雌蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪含量,而对性腺发育和生化组成无不利影响。     

配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响

通过分别投喂配合饲料和天然杂鱼,研究配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响。试验池塘设在上海市崇明县水产技术推广站特色水产养殖基地,每种饵料设3个平行。试验时间为2010年4月至11月,养殖结束后统计各试验组的存活率、体质量、产量,并随机取样测定各试验组雌雄蟹的肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率,同时测定肝胰腺、性腺和肌肉中水分、总脂、粗蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成。结果显示,杂鱼组和配合饲料组蟹的存活率、体质量、肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率等指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺及雄蟹肌肉中水分含量极显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺、性腺及雌蟹肌肉中总脂含量均显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺中粗蛋白含量均显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05),但杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中粗蛋白含量极显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01)。配合饲料组雌蟹肝胰腺游离脂肪酸含量显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05),磷脂含量杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹卵巢和肌肉甘油三酯含量均显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05或P<0.01),游离脂肪酸和磷脂含量则杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05或P<0.01);雌蟹肌肉中胆固醇含量配合饲料组极显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.01)。两组饵料雄蟹肝胰腺各脂类组成无显著差异;精巢中甘油三酯及游离脂肪酸含量为杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01),磷脂含量为杂鱼组显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);雄蟹肌肉胆固醇含量配合饲料组显著低于杂鱼组(P<0.05)。杂鱼组雄蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中LOA含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05),而杂鱼组雄蟹肌肉中ARA含量显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中LNA、ARA和DHA的含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。研究结果表明,适宜的配合饲料替代杂鱼全程养殖中华绒螯蟹成蟹对其生长发育无显著负面影响,而对其体成分组成及脂肪酸组成有一定影响。     

饵料结构对池塘河蟹生长性能及营养积累的影响

通过全程投喂冰冻小鱼、全程投喂颗粒饲料及颗粒饲料和冰鱼混合投喂的三种方式,对平均规格达(6.25±0.31)g/只,投喂280 d后,采样测定生长指标、肝胰腺指数、性腺指数。经单因素方差分析结果显示饲料组及混合组的平均规格、成活率、显著大于冰鱼组(P0.05),特定生长率在组间差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05),冰鱼组的肥满度及饵料系数远大于其他两组,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组投喂下的雌、雄蟹肝胰腺指数最高,冰鱼组的雌、雄蟹性腺指数最高,由此可见,颗粒饲料组仍有生长的空间。从成本核算来看,混合组效益最高,颗粒饲料组其次,冰鱼组最小,从投入产出比来看,颗粒组最高。综上所述,全程投喂颗粒饲料对河蟹生长及营养积累有促进作用,具有更广阔的应用前景。     

两种投饲模式下中华绒螯蟹扣蟹池塘养殖效果比较

为探究扣蟹阶段投喂全价配合饲料和豆粕、麸皮等传统饲料对中华绒螯蟹(简称河蟹)蟹种生长速度和养殖效果的影响,自2016年5月中旬开始,分别用配合饲料和豆粕、麸皮等传统饲料饲喂淡化后的河蟹大眼幼体,比较两种投饲模式下蟹种的生长情况和养殖效益。试验结果:(1)在整个养殖期间配合饲料组的蟹种平均规格高于传统饲料组,体质量增长率也普遍高于传统饲料组;(2)配合饲料组1龄性早熟个体的亩产(15亩=1 hm~2,下同)及其占总产量的比例均显著低于传统饲料组(P0.05),而两个饲料组中1龄性早熟个体的平均规格差异较小,均为21 g左右;(3)配合饲料组蟹种的产量以及大规格蟹种所占比例均显著高于传统饲料组(P0.05),而成活率稍低于传统饲料组;(4)配合饲料组蟹种的最终规格主要集中于3~6 g(42.61%)和6~9 g(24.57%)这两个体质量范围内,而传统饲料组蟹种的规格主要集中于3 g(33.00%)和3~6 g(44.81%)这两个体质量范围内;(5)由于在平均规格、最终产量和销售价格上的优势,配合饲料组的最终净利润和投入产出比均明显高于传统饲料组。结果表明,相对于传统饲料,配合饲料可以提高蟹种的生长速度和养殖效益,故在扣蟹养殖中应得到大规模的推广使用。     

2种饵料模式对稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹养殖性能和生理代谢的影响

为优化稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹的饵料模式,本研究分别采用配合饲料和传统饵料(豆粕、麸皮、玉米和小麦)投喂稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹152 d,每种投喂组各3个重复,比较2种饵料模式对幼蟹养殖性能、蛋白质代谢、消化酶、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响。结果显示,配合饲料组的雌蟹和雄蟹体质量均高于传统饵料组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);就养殖性能而言,2种饵料模式下,配合饲料组正常幼蟹的平均体质量及产量、1龄早熟蟹平均体质量及其产量、总产量和成活率均略高于传统饵料组,饵料系数显著低于传统饵料组(P<0.05);就蛋白质代谢而言,配合饲料组雌蟹和雄蟹血淋巴中的总蛋白含量显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05),而传统饵料组雄蟹血淋巴中的尿素氮含量和肝胰腺中的谷草转氨酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹和雄蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪酶均显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05),而雄蟹的α-淀粉酶活力显著低于传统饵料组;配合饲料组的雌蟹血淋巴中总抗氧化能力、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活力和肝胰腺中酸性磷酸酶活力均显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05)。综上所述,投喂配合饲料可以提高稻田扣蟹的养殖性能、促进蛋白质沉积和脂类吸收、增强幼蟹抗氧化和免疫能力、提高蟹种质量。     

不同脂肪源饲料对中华绒螯蟹卵巢发育与繁殖性能的影响

在基础饲料(CP 40%)中分别添加6%的鱼油、花生油、卵磷脂和猪油,投喂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,简称河蟹)28周,以投喂冰鲜小杂鱼的河蟹为对照组,研究投喂不同脂肪源饲料对河蟹卵巢发育和繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,饲料脂肪源对河蟹的卵巢发育和繁殖性能影响显著,鱼油组雌蟹的产卵力[2.787×103cell/g(Wt)]显著高于其他实验组,卵磷脂组[2.216×103cell/g(Wt)]和对照组[2.041×103cell/g(Wt)]次之;而鱼油、卵磷脂和对照组间雌蟹的受精率与孵化率无显著差异,但均显著高于猪油和花生油组;猪油组雌蟹的繁殖性能最差,其产卵力与孵化率分别仅为鱼油组的56.9%和32.57%,受精率也较鱼油组显著降低;随着饲养时间的延续,对照组河蟹肝体指数(HSI)逐渐下降,而性腺指数(GSI)持续上升,Ⅲ1～Ⅲ2期增幅最大,Ⅲ2期雌蟹GSI值高达9.15,显著高于同期其他实验组,且同期血淋巴中卵黄蛋白原(Vg)的含量显著升高。与对照组不同,各饲料组卵巢发育期的物质积累峰值主要发生在Ⅲ2～Ⅳ期,GSI峰值均出现在性腺发育的第Ⅳ期,磷脂组与鱼油组Ⅳ期的GSI最高,分别为11.50和11.25,花生油组次之(8.85),猪油组最低(7.30);猪油能明显提高河蟹性腺发育早期血淋巴中Vg的含量,但当性腺成熟至Ⅳ期时,除卵磷脂组外,其他饲料组血淋巴Vg含量较Ⅲ2期显著降低,且猪油组和对照组血淋巴中Vg含量显著低于其他饲料组。结果表明,Ⅲ1～Ⅲ2期是河蟹雌体肝胰腺营养物质向卵巢转移,卵巢营养物质快速积累的时期,且饲料脂肪源可通过影响卵巢中卵黄蛋白源等营养物质的合成和积累,进而影响到河蟹卵巢发育和繁殖性能。综合比较,卵磷脂也可以作为河蟹雌性亲体的优质饲料脂肪源。     

河蟹养殖中饲料投喂增效新技术

当前成蟹养殖风险加大、比较效益下降,有产量不一定赚到钱,有规格也未必能赚到钱。科学投喂饲料降低生产成本已成为河蟹养殖降本增效的关键。目前的河蟹养殖中,以成蟹养殖为主套养青虾、鳜鱼及少量滤食性鱼类为最普遍的一种养殖模式。在这种养殖模式中投喂的饲料以小杂鱼为主,辅以颗粒饲料、农家饲料和螺     

河蟹养殖夏秋季饲养管理

俗话说：“七、八月长壳，九、十月长膘”，夏秋季水温高，河蟹活动频繁，摄食旺盛，是生长的最好时机。因而此阶段河蟹养殖应加强饲料投喂，水质管理、病害防治和日常管理等方面工作。１加强投喂７月－１０月水温较高，河蟹活动加强，食欲增加，生长迅速，应增加饲料投喂量。养殖蟹种的塘口，在增加投饲量同时，应控制饵料投喂的质量和数量，以麸皮、菜饼、稻谷等植物性饵料为主，在保证基础代谢的情况下少喂动物性饵料，以防止幼蟹性早熟；养殖成蟹的塘口，要多投喂小杂鱼、螺、蚌等动物性饲料，辅以植物性饵料，确保河蟹肥育聚黄，当年上…     

三种育肥饲料对中华绒螯蟹雄体成活率、性腺发育和色泽的影响

为研究育肥饲料对中华绒螯蟹(简称河蟹)养殖效果和品质的影响,选用3种常用饲料(硬颗粒饲料、膨化饲料和冰鲜鱼)在室内循环水养殖槽内,开展了为期60 d的生殖蜕壳河蟹雄体的育肥试验,对比了不同饲料组间雄蟹的成活率、性腺发育和色泽等指标。结果显示:(1)3个饲料组间雄蟹的成活率无显著差异(P0.05),其中硬颗粒饲料组成活率最低(43%),其余两组成活率在60%~70%;(2)3个饲料组间的性腺指数(GSI)和肝胰腺指数(HSI)均无显著性差异(P0.05),GSI均为约3%,HSI均为5%~6%;(3)3个饲料组间的头胸甲色泽指标L值(亮度)、a值(红度)和b值(黄度)均无显著差异(P0.05),冰鲜鱼组肝胰腺色泽指标L值和b值显著高于其它两组(P0.05),膨化饲料组肝胰腺的a值最高(P0.05)。试验证明:采用硬颗粒饲料、膨化饲料和冰鲜鱼对生殖蜕壳后的雄蟹进行育肥,对其成活率和性腺发育无显著影响,投喂膨化饲料可显著提高肝胰腺的红度,投喂冰鲜鱼可提高肝胰腺的亮度和黄度。     

饲料中添加生物素对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响

在纯化饲料中分别添加生物素0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.60 mg/kg投喂初始质量为(5.92±0.25)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼8周,研究了不同生物素添加量对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养成分、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果显示:与对照组相比,添加生物素提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率,降低了饲料系数。添加量为0.40 mg/kg时草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);添加不同水平生物素对草鱼幼鱼全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响,但添加量为0.40 mg/kg时粗蛋白含量最大。0.10 mg/kg组和0.20 mg/kg组的全鱼灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加生物素对血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和总胆固醇(TC)无显著影响,但显著提高了血清甘油三酯(TG)含量,各添加组TG含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1.60 mg/kg添加组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合本试验结果,草鱼幼鱼饲料中生物素适宜添加量为0.40 mg/kg。     

Comparison of culture performance and gonadal development of wild-caught Chinese mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis</Emphasis> juveniles from three major river populations

The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture species in China, the main culture locations of which are the river basins of the Liaohe, Huanghe and Yangtze Rivers. This study was conducted to compare culture performance and gonadal development of wild E. sinensis populations from the three rivers cultured in identical ponds. In both females and males, the Yangtze population (YP) had a significantly (P?<?0.05) higher mean body weight, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) than the Liaohe population (LP) from March to May and July–September, and the LP had the highest WGR and SGR from May to July. The onset of molting during puberty and gonad development were earliest in the LP; the gonadosomatic index of the Huanghe population (HP) was between that of the YP and LP. In terms of size distribution, YP and LP had the most large-sized and small-sized individuals, respectively. YP had the highest yield and lowest feed conversion rate (FCR), and HP had the lowest survival and highest FCR. In conclusion, the YP showed the best culture performance of the three populations. Each population completed puberty molting and gonadal development at a different time, therefore selective breeding could extend the time to market of this crab.     

三疣梭子蟹幼蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维适宜含量研究

以初始平均体重为7.1 g的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹为试验对象,以粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维为试验因素,各设3个水平,采用正交试验设计L9(34),配制成9种饲料,在室内水族箱进行为期4周的饲养试验,以探讨三疣梭子蟹幼蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和粗纤维的适宜含量.结果表明,三疣梭子蟹幼蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和粗纤维的适宜含量分别为40%、6%～8%和≤5%时,三疣梭子蟹幼蟹增重率和蜕壳率高,饲料系数低和蛋白质效率较高.     

Meat Quality of Chinese Mitten Crabs Fattened with Natural and Formulated Diets

After 42 days feeding on either a Huayi formulated diet (HY) or trash fish (TF), the meat quality of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, was compared. The meat yield of males (25 vs. 22%) was higher, but the total edible yield was lower than that of the females (p < 0.05). The proximate composition of both genders fed two diets was similar (p > 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the total collagen content of the meat (0.2–0.30%) between both dietary treatments and genders (p > 0.05). The diets had no significant effects on free amino acid content of the meat, while gender significantly affected the contents of some amino acids, such as taurine and glycine. Crabs fed TF had significantly lower contents of 20:5n-3 as well as higher arachidonic acid (ARA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) value compared with those of same sex crabs fed HY (p < 0.05). There were no significant dietary effects on a range of sensory traits evaluated by panelists, neither in female nor in male crabs. These results suggested no negative effects of formulated diet HY on the meat quality compared to trash fish. Therefore, diet HY could be used to replace the trash fish for fattening mitten crabs.     

Growth performance and feeding utilization of alternative feed for adult horseshoe crabs Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda kept in captivity

The aquafeed development has been initiated for horseshoe crabs in captivity. However, much of the attentions were to the juveniles for their widely used in research. Until recently, the research had incorporated the adult horseshoe crabs. This study aims to 1) determine the best alternative feeds for adult males of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, 2) measure the acceptance rate of feed, and 3) feeding utilization. Three semi‐moist pellets were either developed or purchased: fish (Decapterus russeli) and cockle (Anadara granosa) pellets (A), fish pellets (B) and keropok pellets (C). Natural feeds act as control: cockle, Anadara granosa (D) and fish, D. russeli (E). The horseshoe crabs were fed daily for 5 weeks and were analysed on their feed percentage consumption, body weight changes, feeding rate (FR), absorption efficiency (AE), feeding conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). Feed A was consumed the most (56.21%) with the highest FR (1.88%). It was influenced by the pellet's hardness, where horseshoe crabs favoured softer pellets. Body weight changes, FCR and SGR also showed a similar trend of favouring alternative feed over natural feed. Alternative feeds served a better feed than the natural feed and can be an option for future natural feed replacement for adult horseshoe crabs in captivity. Alternative feed served a better diet than the natural feed and Feed B served the best feed among the three alternative feeds with good C. rotundicauda growth performance and the feed itself is cost‐wise.     

胆汁酸对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的生长性能、肌肉营养成分及消化酶活性的影响

为研究胆汁酸对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长性能、肌肉营养成分及消化酶活性的影响,选取初始体重为(13.11±0.58)g的草鱼540尾,随机分成6个实验组,分别饲喂胆汁酸添加量为0、75、150、225、300、375 mg/kg的等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白含量34.56％,总能13.54 kJ/g),养殖时间为60 d.结果显示,随着胆汁酸浓度的增加,草鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,且均在胆汁酸添加量为300 mg/kg时达到最大值(分别为281.18％和2.23％/d);饲料系数(FCR)则呈先下降后上升的趋势,且在胆汁酸添加水平为225 mg/kg时达最低值(1.26).由二次回归方程可知,WGR、SGR、FCR等生产性能最优时,胆汁酸添加水平分别为222.15、265.00、242.86 mg/kg.实验鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量随胆汁酸添加量的增加而呈先下降后趋于稳定的变化趋势,粗蛋白质含量则呈先上升后降低的变化趋势.肠道各段及肝胰脏的消化酶活性均随胆汁酸添加量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势.由此说明,适量的胆汁酸能提高草鱼生长性能,促进其脂肪代谢,降低机体脂肪沉积,改善其肌肉品质.本研究考虑到草鱼消化酶活性、肌肉品质及生长性能等因素,其饲料中胆汁酸适宜的添加量为222.15-265.00 mg/kg.     

配合饲料和冰鲜鲢对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力和组织学的影响

为探讨不同来源饲料对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力以及肝脏和肠道组织学的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(12.45±0.07)g的大口黑鲈180尾,随机分成2个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂配合饲料和冰鲜鲢,养殖84 d。结果显示,配合饲料组大口黑鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)显著低于冰鲜鲢组,而蛋白质效率(PER)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)显著高于冰鲜鲢组。大口黑鲈摄食配合饲料后,肝糖原含量显著高于冰鲜鲢组,肝脏蛋白酶活性显著低于冰鲜鲢组,而肌糖原和肠淀粉酶活性无显著差异。饲喂配合饲料组大口黑鲈血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、血糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及Ca/P比值显著高于冰鲜鲢组,而血浆碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素、钙和磷含量显著低于冰鲜鲢组。各实验组血浆谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性以及胆固醇(TC)和胰岛素含量均无显著差异。配合饲料明显影响大口黑鲈肝脏和肠道的组织结构,饲喂配合饲料组实验鱼的肝脏空泡化现象严重,小肠绒毛受到严重机械性损伤。研究表明,在本实验条件下,冰鲜鲢更适合饲喂大口黑鲈,配合饲料不仅影响大口黑鲈的生长,而且损伤肝脏和肠道的健康。因此,可以借鉴冰鲜鲢的营养组成和大口黑鲈的代谢特性,深入研发大口黑鲈的饲料配制技术。     

Interactive effects of salinity and complete fishmeal replacement on growth,food consumption,and gene expression of hepatic IGF‐I,IGF‐II and growth hormone receptors in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted using Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) to evaluate the interactive effects of fishmeal replacement and salinity on growth, feed utilization efficiencies and relative expression of growth related genes. Two iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets were prepared (32% protein). The control diet included 15% fishmeal (FM diet) and fishmeal component in non‐fishmeal diet (NFM) was eliminated by a mixture of poultry by‐product meal, high protein distillers dried grains and distillers dried grains with soluble. The NFM diet was supplemented with DL‐methionine and L‐lysine. Duplicated group of fish with initial mean weight of 6 g, reared in four salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 g/L) were fed one of the two diets twice a day to near satiety. At the end of the experiment, growth, feed utilization efficiency and expression of growth related genes were compared. The specific growth rate (SGR), mean feed intake (MFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the diets while salinity effects were significant. The fish in the 4 g/L salinity showed the highest SGR and MFI while fish in the 0 g/L treatment showed the lowest FCR. Relative expression of hepatic IGF‐I and IGF‐II was regulated by salinity but not by the diet. Expression of growth hormone receptor gene was not affected by either diet or salinity. The present findings provide evidence for the possibility of total fishmeal replacement in saline waters (0–12 g/L) without compromising growth, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia.     

Feeding of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum: Evaluation of practical feeds,comparison of commercial fishmeal replacers,and estimation of essential amino acid requirements

Three studies were conducted with juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum: (Study 1) a 10‐week feeding trial within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes (trash‐fish control diet, a semimoist diet, an in‐house dry formulated diet, and a commercial cobia feed); (Study 2) a 10‐week feeding trial within an indoor water‐recirculating tank‐based system to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers (poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate, feather meal), a diet without taurine supplementation, and a commercial cobia feed; and (Study 3) estimation of the essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of cobia based on EAA whole‐body composition in fast‐growing cobia fed a trash‐fish‐based diet. Fish performance in terms of growth and feed efficiency was the greatest within the outdoor net‐cage feeding trial, with fish fed the control trash‐fish‐based diet exhibiting the best performance. Although fish growth was poorer within the indoor feeding trials, fish performance was similar for most diets, with apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of over 75% being obtained in all experimental diets in both feeding trials. The estimated EAA requirements of cobia obtained during this study were similar to those reported for other similar marine carnivorous fish species.