不同蛋白质、脂肪水平对三疣梭子蟹生长和卵巢色素沉积的影响

以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,鱼油和大豆油为脂肪源,配制蛋白质水平分别为35％、40％、45％和脂肪水平分别为7％、9％、11％的二因子三水平的实验饲料,并以鲜杂鱼饲料为对照,对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)(体质量36.5～42.9 g)进行为期20周的养殖实验,研究三疣梭子蟹对蛋白质、脂肪的需要量,以及对卵巢色素沉积的影响.养殖实验采用海区串笼吊养方式,每个吊笼放养1只雌蟹.实验共10个处理,每个处理18个蟹,3个重复.结果表明,不同蛋白质、脂肪水平饲料对三疣梭子蟹增重率(269.2％～404.90％)、饲料系数(2.01～2.55)、蛋白质效率(1.02％～1.29％)和肥满度(16.26％～23.97％)均有显著影响（P＜0.05）；增加饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平,可显著提高三疣梭子蟹生长,降低饲料系数（P＜0.05）.对照饲料组的三疣梭子蟹获得了最高的增重率(461.69％),但饲料系数也是最高(6.35),而且肥满度(21.15％)低于P40Lll组（蛋白质40％、脂肪11％组）.三疣梭子蟹水分、肌肉蛋白、脂肪、灰份和卵巢灰份不受饲料蛋白质、脂肪水平变化的影响(P＞0.05),但卵巢蛋白质、脂肪影响显著(P＜0.05),而且高蛋白饲料组的卵巢脂肪含量总是显著低于其他各组.在同一饲料蛋白质水平下,9％脂肪饲料组的三疣梭子蟹卵巢类胡萝卜素总量、虾青素含量和成色比色值都显著高于其他各饲料组（P＜0.05）.与对照饲料组比较,实验饲料组的三疣梭子蟹卵巢类胡萝卜素总量和虾青素含量呈显著优势.综合考虑生长、饲料系数和色素沉积,三疣梭子蟹饲料的适宜蛋白质水平和脂肪水平分别为40％～45％和9％.本研究旨在为制定三疣梭子蟹饲料配方和改善其品质提供理论依据.     

不同配合饲料与冰鲜鱼的投喂对三疣梭子蟹生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

探讨了不同配合饲料和冰鲜鱼对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)生长性能、体组成及血清生理生化指标的影响。试验共分三个处理组:以红鱼粉为主要蛋白源的红鱼粉组,以白鱼粉为主要蛋白源的白鱼粉组以及冰鲜鱼组。每组20只幼蟹(初始平均体重:16.38±5.33g),单体饲养于塑料养殖筐中56d。结果表明:红鱼粉组与白鱼粉组幼蟹成活率比较高,增重率、特定生长率均显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P0.05),而饵料系数显著低于冰鲜鱼组(P0.05),红鱼粉组与白鱼粉组之间各生长指标无显著差异(P0.05);各组幼蟹体成分中的水分,粗蛋白,粗灰分含量均无显著差异(P0.05),但红鱼粉组与白鱼粉组幼蟹粗脂肪含量显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P0.05),且红鱼粉组显著高于白鱼粉组(P0.05);投喂配合饲料和冰鲜鱼对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及葡萄糖、甘油三酯含量无显著影响,但配合饲料组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于冰鲜鱼组,红鱼粉组的总蛋白含量显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P0.05)。综合实验结果,投喂配合饲料显著提高了三疣梭子蟹的生长性能、体粗脂肪含量与血清碱性磷酸酶活性,投喂配合饲料效果显著好于冰鲜鱼,而三疣梭子蟹对红鱼粉与白鱼粉的利用没有显著差异。     

三疣梭子蟹幼蟹对大豆卵磷脂的需要量

为确定三疣梭子蟹幼蟹对大豆卵磷脂(SL)最适需要量,进行了为期8周的生长实验。实验以鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,红鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,添加不同含量的SL(0、10、20、40、60、80 g/kg),配制成6种等氮等脂饲料。每个处理60只蟹,设3个重复,每个重复放养平均体质量为(3.68±0.02)g的三疣梭子蟹20只,养殖于长方形塑料筐中。结果发现,当SL添加量为0~40 g/kg时,增重率(WGR)、蜕壳率(MR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)显著升高,而WGR、FCR显著而降低;当饲料中SL添加水平为40~80g/kg时,三疣梭子蟹的WR、MR和SGR无显著性变化,而FCR显著升高,PER显著减低。饲料中适宜水平的SL可以提高三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的生长性能和饲料利用率。血清中总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)不受SL添加量的影响;当SL添加量为0~40g/kg时,血清中胆固醇(CHO)、葡萄糖(GLU)的含量显著升高,而随着SL添加量继续增加时,血清中CHO、GLU的含量无显著性变化;SL添加量为0~20 g/kg时,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量显著性升高,但随着SL添加量的增加,LDL含量显著性降低。饲料中添加不同含量的SL对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹中肝胰腺的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)及溶菌酶活性无显著性影响,但当SL添加量为0~60 g/kg时,肝胰腺中过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高;当SL添加水平为0~40 g/kg时,谷胱甘肽过氧化物(GPX)的含量显著性上升。饲料中添加不同的SL对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹肌肉中C20:5(EPA),C22:6(DHA),n-3PUFA和C18:2脂肪酸含量无显著性影响。但当SL添加量为0~40 g/kg时,肝胰腺中C18:2的含量极显著降低,DHA和EPA含量显著上升,而肝胰腺中n-3PUFA的含量虽然无显著性差异,但当SL的含量为40 g/kg时,n-3PUFA的含量高于其他组;随着SL添加量的继续增加,C18:2显著性升高,而n-3PUFA极显著性降低,DHA和EPA含量显著降低。研究表明,当大豆卵磷脂添加量在一定范围内可以提高三疣梭子蟹肝胰腺中不饱和脂肪酸的含量,特别是n-3PUFA、DHA和EPA。以SGR为指标,通过折线模型得出三疣梭子蟹幼蟹饲料中大豆卵磷脂的适宜需要量为41.96 g/kg。     

盐度骤变和渐变对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹发育和摄食的影响

为探讨三疣梭子蟹幼蟹对盐度的适应性,设置盐度骤变和渐变2组试验.骤变试验以27为基础盐度,幼蟹直接转入7、11、15、19、23、31、35、39、43、47、51盐度水体中;渐变试验盐度从27开始,以4/d的日变幅逐渐升至51和降至7,分析不同处理下幼蟹存活率、变态率及摄食量的变化.试验结果表明,I期幼蟹盐度从27骤变为11～23后,120 h存活率≥50%,骤变为35～47,72 h存活率均降至10%,96 h内幼蟹全部死亡.Ⅱ期幼蟹盐度骤变为7、47、51后,96 h存活率分别为40%、20%、0%,其他处理存活率≥50%.I期幼蟹盐度骤变为11～31时,变态率≥40%,其他处理均为0%;Ⅱ期幼蟹盐度骤变为11～39时,变态率≥40%,其他变态率为10%～30%(51处理组除外,为0%).盐度骤变试验组存活幼蟹平均摄食卤虫成体1～3.17个.盐度突降＜16或突升＜8时,幼蟹的摄食量高于其他盐度骤变组.盐度渐变对幼蟹存活率、变态率和摄食量的影响均小于相应盐度下的骤变组.幼蟹适应盐度渐变的能力强于骤变;在盐度的降低或升高变化中,幼蟹能较好的适应盐度降低;幼蟹的盐度适应能力随发育呈增强趋势.15～31为三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长发育的适宜盐度.     

温度对三疣梭子蟹呼吸代谢及其相关酶活力的影响

为研究温度对三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus呼吸代谢的影响,以三疣梭子蟹幼蟹(1.17±0.03)g和成蟹(57.57±1.16)g为实验材料,设5个实验温度水平(15、18、21、24、27℃),测定其在不同温度下的耗氧率和排氨率以及成蟹肝胰脏和肌肉组织中的丙酮酸激酶(PK)、己糖激酶(HK)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活力。实验结果显示,三疣梭子蟹耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高。幼蟹耗氧率在各个温度水平下差异显著(P0.05),成蟹耗氧率仅在15-18℃与21-27℃之间差异显著(P0.05);幼蟹和成蟹排氨率在15-18℃与21-27℃之间差异显著(P0.05)。幼蟹和成蟹的氧氮比随温度的升高总体呈下降趋势,其氧氮比范围为1.38-3.02,表明三疣梭子蟹以蛋白质为主要代谢能源物质。随实验温度升高,成蟹肝胰脏中的PK活力呈上升趋势,而成蟹肌肉组织中的PK和HK的活力则随温度升高总体呈下降趋势。温度对三疣梭子蟹肝胰脏组织中SDH的活力影响显著(P0.05),SDH的活力随温度的升高呈上升趋势,在27℃时达到最大值。综上所述,无氧代谢方面,随实验温度的升高,三疣梭子蟹成蟹肝胰脏组织的糖酵解速率增大,肌肉组织对葡萄糖的利用能力下降;有氧代谢方面,成蟹肝胰脏SDH活力随实验温度的升高而升高,一定程度上反应了三疣梭子蟹在高温环境下有氧代谢加强。     

饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为31.45%,36.37%,41.55%,46.13%,51.72%和56.86%的6种等能饲料,对初始体重为(11.86?0.11)mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹进行为期3周的养殖实验,考察饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分以及消化酶活性的影响,以期获得拟穴青蟹幼蟹饲料蛋白质的适宜添加量。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的成活率影响不显著(P0.05);幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率随饲料蛋白质水平的提高先显著升高(P0.05)后稍有下降,最大值出现在蛋白质水平为51.72%的实验组;随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05)后趋于稳定,粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),灰分含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),水分含量则没有显著变化(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性显著降低(P0.05),各组脂肪酶活性也有显著差异(P0.05),但没有明显的变化规律。本研究条件下,饲料蛋白质水平在41.55%~56.86%,拟穴青蟹幼蟹均表现出较好的生长率,增重率和蛋白质水平的回归分析表明,幼蟹饲料蛋白质适宜水平为49.03%。     

饲料不同钙磷比对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能、矿物质沉积和能量代谢的影响

为研究饲料中不同钙磷比对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能、血清生化、矿物质沉积和能量代谢的影响,配制5种等氮等脂(46%粗蛋白和7%粗脂肪)钙磷比分别为1.00∶2.00、1.00∶1.50、1.00∶1.00、1.00∶0.75和1.00∶0.50的实验饲料。选择初始体质量为(12.82±0.37) g的梭子蟹150只,随机分成5组(每组3个重复,每个重复10只),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,钙磷比为1.00∶1.00和1.00∶0.75的饲料,其特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)显著高于其他组。钙磷比为1.00∶0.50饲料组幼蟹血淋巴的谷草转氨酶(GOT)显著高于其他组,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随着饲料钙磷比的增加呈上升的趋势。幼蟹肝胰腺、肌肉和甲壳中的磷含量随着钙磷比的升高呈下降的趋势,且钙磷比1.00∶2.00组幼蟹磷含量显著高于1.00∶0.50组。钙磷比1.00∶1.50和1.00∶1.00组幼蟹肝胰腺ATP含量显著高于其他饲料组。幼蟹肝胰腺己糖激酶(HK)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活性随饲料钙磷比的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势,当钙磷比为1时,梭子蟹肝胰腺的HK和SDH酶活性最高。此外,钙磷比1.00∶1.00组显著上调了梭子蟹肝胰腺电子传递链相关基因(nd1、sdhc、cytb和coxⅡ)的表达水平,当钙磷比为1.00∶0.75时,显著上调了幼蟹肝胰腺线粒体能量代谢相关基因(ATPase6、sirt3和nrf1)的表达量。研究表明,本实验条件下,以增重率为评价指标,通过回归模型得到梭子蟹最适钙磷比为1.06～1.26,在此范围内能促进三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的生长、维持组织的最适磷沉积以及很好地促进能量的产生。     

饲料中蛋白水平对三疣梭子蟹雌体生长、卵巢发育和生化组成的影响

本研究配制蛋白水平分别为32.16%、36.13%、39.59%和41.24%的等脂等能配合饲料(分别记为饲料1~4),对初始体重为(10.98±0.28) g的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)雌体进行池塘养殖120 d,以探究饲料蛋白水平对三疣梭子蟹雌体生长、卵巢发育和生化组成的影响。结果显示,饲料蛋白水平对池塘养殖条件下雌体的生长无显著影响。饲料3组雌体的卵巢指数和总可食率均最高(P<0.05)。饲料4组卵巢中粗蛋白含量最高(P<0.05),3组和4组的肝胰腺粗蛋白含量显著高于1组和2组(P<0.05),而肌肉中的粗蛋白含量则在1组和3组中较高(P<0.05)。卵巢中的总脂含量随着饲料蛋白水平的增加呈上升趋势(P<0.05),肝胰腺和肌肉中总脂含量均在饲料1组中最高,而饲料2组中最低(P<0.05)。饲料1组和3组肌肉中的总必需氨基酸(∑EAA)和总非必需氨基酸(∑NEAA)均显著高于另外两组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,三疣梭子蟹雌体育肥饲料中适宜的蛋白水平约为40.16%。研究表明,适宜的饲料蛋白水平可以提高三疣梭子蟹的卵巢发育和肌肉的营养品质。     

中华绒螯蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素的适宜含量↑（*）

试验采用正交L18(37)表,用酪蛋白、结晶纤维素、鱼油分别作为蛋白源、纤维素源和脂肪源,制成含蛋白质36%、40%、44%,脂肪4%、6%、8%,纤维素3%、5%、7%的试验饲料,在水族箱中对体重19～25g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素的适宜含量进行研究。结果表明,配合饲料中含40%～44%蛋白质、4%～6%脂肪、3%纤维素具有显著的促增重效果,高的生长比率,良好的饲料系数和蛋白质效率(P<0.01),交互作用极显著(P<0.01);5%和7%纤维素都显著地降低了生长比率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质表观消化率,使饲料系数极显著升高(P<0.01)。     

三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食和碳收支

20 0 2年 6～ 9月 ,在自然水温 (2 4 0、2 4 9和 2 6 3℃ )和投喂鹰爪虾虾仁的条件下测定了 3个体重组 (0 73± 0 15 g、1 5 5± 35 g和 3 75± 0 5 2g)三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食和碳收支。结果表明 ,温度和体重对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食量均有明显影响 ,其中体重的影响更为显著。以湿重和干重(比能值 )计算得到三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的特定生长率 (SGR)和生态转换效率 (Eg)分别为 2 5± 1 33～3 0± 0 95和 19 4± 4 8～ 5 9 4± 2 2 9,2 8± 0 73～ 4 3± 2 2 8和 10 1± 2 3～ 2 9 1± 12 4。在三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的C收支模式中 ,代谢C所占的比例最大 ,占总摄食C的 5 0 %以上 ,其次是生长C ,约占总摄食C的 2 8% ,蜕壳和排粪消耗的C的比例较小 ,一般少于 5 %。三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的个体大小和水温是影响C收支的重要因素 ,其中温度是主要因子。随个体的增大和试验水温的升高 ,三疣梭子蟹生长C占总摄食C的比例减少 ,代谢C的比例增加 ,蜕壳C和排粪C所占的波动较小。     

Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary arginine requirement for juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded arginine levels which ranged from 15.9 to 33.0 g kg^?1. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile swimming crabs (4.72 ± 0.12 g). The results indicated that dietary arginine had significant effects on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein productive value, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Weight gain and SGR significantly increased with the dietary arginine increasing from 15.9 to 27.4 g kg^?1, while with the further increasing from 27.4 to 33.0 g kg^?1, WG and SGR did not increase significantly. Maximum arginine, proline and total essential amino acid contents in muscle were observed in 27.4 g kg^?1 group diet. The swimming crab fed the diet with lower dietary arginine level showed higher AST and lower ALT in the serum. Crab fed with the lower dietary arginine level had significantly lower ALT in the serum than the other groups. Haemolymph indexes were significantly affected by the dietary arginine level except for the cholesterol concentration, and the highest values were all found in 27.4 g kg^?1 group diet. The two slope broken‐line model using SGR showed that the optimal dietary arginine requirement was 27.7 g kg^?1 of the dry matter (56.0 g kg^?1 dietary protein) for juvenile swimming crab.     

Effect of dietary leucine on growth performance,hemolymph and hepatopancreas enzyme activities of swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary leucine requirement for juvenile swimming crabs reared in cement pools. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets (430 g/kg crude protein and 70 g/kg crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded leucine levels which ranged from 16.7 to 26.7 g/kg (dry weight). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile swimming crabs (initial average weight 3.75 ± 0.12 g) that were stocked in rectangle plastic baskets. The results of the present study indicated that dietary leucine levels significantly influenced weight gain (WG) and specific growth ratio (SGR) (p < .05), crab fed the diet containing 22.7 g/kg leucine had significantly higher WG and SGR than those fed the other diets. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary leucine levels (p > .05). Total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose in serum were significantly affected by the dietary leucine levels. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase activities in hemolymph, AST and superoxide dismutase activities in hepatopancreas were significantly affected by dietary leucine levels; moreover, crab fed the 16.7 g/kg leucine diet had higher malondialdehyde in hemolymph and hepatopancreas than those fed the other diets. Crab fed the diet containing 24.9 g/kg leucine had higher phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph than those fed the other diets. Based on two‐slope broken‐line model of SGR against dietary leucine levels, the optimal dietary leucine requirement for growth was estimated to be 22.1 g/kg of the dry diet (corresponding to 51.4 g/kg of dietary protein on a dry weight basis). In summary, findings of this study indicated that dietary leucine could improve growth performance and antioxidant status.     

The effects of swimming exercise on growth and whole-body protein and fat contents of fed and unfed fingerling yellowtail

SUMMARY: Fingerling yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (initial mean body weight 4.3 g), an active pelagic fish, were reared under fed (4 weeks) and unfed (1 week) conditions to investigate the effects of swimming exercise on growth performance and whole body composition. The fish were raised in three water velocities: < 0.3 body length/s (bl/s), 1.0 bl/s, and 2.25 bl/s and fed diets containing two fat levels (13.2 and 20.3%). The exercised fish had significantly higher weight gains and feed efficiencies than the unexercised fish in both dietary fat levels. A second-order polynomial suggested that the optimum water velocity for the growth occurred at about 1.6 bl/s. The whole-body crude protein and fat contents were higher in the exercised fish than in the unexercised fish, and consequently apparent body protein and fat retentions were improved in both dietary fat levels by swimming. However, during 1 week starvation, body fat loss/g body weight loss was higher in the exercised fish than in the unexercised fish. The results of the present study clearly show that swimming condition improves growth performance of fingerling yellowtail, and suggest that swimming exercise stimulates both anabolism and catabolism of protein and fat; however, under fed conditions anabolism appears superior to catabolism.     

Effects of dietary protein level on growth,feed utilization and digestive enzyme activity of the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

A feeding trial was conducted using isoenergetic practical diets to evaluate the effects of the dietary protein level on growth performance, feed utilization and digestive enzyme activity of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Four experimental diets were formulated containing 250, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 protein and 16 kJ g^?1 gross energy. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of juvenile crab with mean initial body weight 3.56 ± 0.16 g and mean shell width 15.31 ± 0.06 mm. Juvenile crab were reared in indoor flow‐through system consisting of 12 plastic tanks (1.0 m × 0.6 m × 0.5 m) and fed diets twice daily at 6–8% of body weight for 12 weeks. Performance was judged on the basis of growth (specific growth rate of weight, SGR_G; specific growth rate of shell width, SGR_SW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). A decreased FCR was observed with increasing dietary protein levels. Both SGR_G and SGR_SW significantly increased with increasing dietary protein levels up to 350 g kg^?1, whereas there were no significant differences for protein levels from 350–400 g kg^?1. Application of broken line regression analysis to SGR_G provided an estimate of 347.8 g kg^?1 dietary protein for maximal growth. The highest PER was observed in crab fed the diet containing 350 g kg^?1 protein (P < 0.05). The percent survival was not affected (P > 0.05) by the different dietary treatments. No significant differences were observed in the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude lipid and dry matter among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and energy in crab fed different protein levels significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level (P < 0.05). Both amylase and protease activities in the intestine of E. sinensis were studied. The amylase activity decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased dietary protein level and protease activity increased. Regression analysis showed a negative effect of inclusion of dietary protein level on amylase activity (P < 0.05). However, protease activities were found to be positively correlated (P < 0.05) with dietary protein level. The protein content of the crab significantly increased with dietary protein levels up to 350 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were founded with protein levels higher than 350 g kg^?1.     

饲料磷脂对已交配和未交配雌性三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育、组织学和卵黄蛋白原表达的影响

为探讨饲料磷脂对已交配和未交配雌性三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育、组织学结构和卵黄蛋白原基因表达的影响,本研究采用2×2双因子随机区组设计(日粮类型:0%和4%大豆卵磷脂;三疣梭子蟹交配处理:已交配和未交配),共4个处理组,以大豆卵磷脂0%和4%两种人工配合饲料分别投喂交配和未交配两组三疣梭子蟹雌蟹,进行了为期12周的饲养实验。结果显示,无论三疣梭子蟹是否交配,饲料中添加4%大豆卵磷脂可显著增加三疣梭子蟹的卵巢指数,提高血清中卵黄蛋白原、孕酮和雌二醇的浓度,增大卵母细胞直径;同时上调肝胰腺卵黄蛋白原m RNA相对表达量,但无显著性差异,肝胰腺指数呈现出和卵巢指数相反的趋势;交配后的三疣梭子蟹卵巢指数、肝胰腺卵黄蛋白原m RNA表达量显著高于未交配组。组织学观察显示,交配使得三疣梭子蟹卵母细胞沉积更丰富的卵黄颗粒,促进卵母细胞成熟,交配处理对肝胰腺指数和血清中卵黄蛋白原及孕酮的水平无显著性影响。此外,饲料磷脂水平和交配处理的交互作用显著影响了三疣梭子蟹血清中类固醇激素孕酮和雌二醇的浓度。本实验结果显示,饲料中大豆磷脂和交配处理均能促进雌性三疣梭子蟹的卵巢发育,交配处理对卵母细胞成熟的促进作用更为明显。     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中有效磷需要量的研究

为研究杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)幼鱼对饲料中有效磷的需要量,实验以磷酸二氢钙为磷源,配制了有效磷水平分别为0.37%(对照组)、0.65%、0.96%、1.22%和1.48%的5组等氮等能饲料。每组饲料设置3个重复,每个重复22尾鱼,饲喂初重(10.06±0.39)g杂交鲟幼鱼8周。结果显示:(1)饲料中不同有效磷水平对实验鱼的成活率、肝体比、脏体比和肥满度均无显著影响。随饲料有效磷水平增加,实验鱼的增重率和特定生长率呈先升高后趋于平稳的趋势,0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组增重率和特定生长率均显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组;全鱼粗脂肪含量呈降低趋势;饲料效率和蛋白质效率均呈先升高后降低的趋势。(2)不同有效磷水平饲料对全鱼水分、粗蛋白和肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、磷含量均无显著影响。0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组全鱼粗灰分、磷含量和脊椎粗灰分、磷含量均显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组。(3)随饲料有效磷水平增加,实验鱼血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先升高后趋于平稳的趋势。0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组血清磷含量显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组,对照组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于其他组。(4)分别利用折线模型拟合分析实验鱼的增重率、全鱼磷含量和脊椎磷含量与饲料有效磷水平的相关性,得到饲料中适宜有效磷需要量分别为0.93%、1.02%和0.95%。综上所述,建议杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中有效磷添加水平为0.93%~1.02%为最佳。     

Assessment of dietary lecithin and cholesterol requirements of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa using semi-purified microbound diets

The effects of varying dietary lecithin and cholesterol levels on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa were evaluated using six semi‐purified, microbound diets formulated to be iso‐energetic and containing three levels of supplemental lecithin (0, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight) and two levels of supplemental cholesterol (0 and 7 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight). Fifteen megalopa were reared individually in each treatment and the nutritional value of diets was assessed on basis of mean dry weight and mean carapace width of newly settled first crab stage, as well as development time to the first crab stage and overall survival. A significant interaction between supplemental dietary lecithin and supplemental dietary cholesterol was found for final mean dry weight of newly settled crabs, and highest survival (60%) was recorded for megalopa fed diets containing the highest levels of dietary lecithin (39.7–44.1 g kg⁻¹) (diet 5 and 6) regardless of whether diets were supplemented with cholesterol; this rate of survival was identical to that of megalopa fed live Artemia nauplii. The results indicate that supplemental dietary cholesterol may not be essential for mud crab megalopa when fed diets containing sufficient levels of supplemental dietary phospholipids.