硅浓度对纤细角毛藻和三角褐指藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在温度为23±1℃,盐度为31,光照强度为100μmol/m2.s的条件下,用含有不同硅浓度(0、12、24、48、96和384μmol/L)的培养基对中国海洋大学微藻种质库保存的纤细角毛藻(Chaetoc-eros gracilis)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylumtricornutum)进行培养,研究两种硅藻一次性培养过程中,不同硅浓度对其细胞密度、叶绿素含量以及PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,硅浓度对两种硅藻的生长及光合作用均有显著影响(P<0.05)。纤细角毛藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm比值均随着起始硅浓度的增加而增加,在96μmol/L处达到最大值,其后随着起始硅浓度的增加,上述指标反而下降。三角褐指藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm比值均随着起始硅浓度的增加而增加,在384μmol/L处达到最大值。多重比较结果表明,纤细角毛藻和三角褐指藻生长和进行光合作用的最适硅浓度分别为96和384μmol/L。     

磷浓度对盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

在温度(23±1)℃,盐度31,光照度5000 lx的条件下,用含有不同磷浓度(0、2.27、18.15、36.3、72.6、290.4μmol/L)的培养基对盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻进行培养,研究2种微藻在一次性培养过程中,不同磷浓度对其PSII最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,磷浓度对两种微藻的光合作用及生长均有显著影响(P<0.05)。盐生杜氏藻的PSII最大光能转化效率、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度均随着起始磷浓度的增加而增加,在290.4μmol/L处达到最大值;纤细角毛藻的PSII最大光能转化效率、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度在18.15μmol/L处达到最大值,而后随着磷浓度的继续升高,其上述指标反而降低。所以盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻进行光合作用和生长的最适磷浓度分别为290.4μmol/L和18.15μmol/L。     

不同浓度的Cd~(2+)、氮及其交互作用对小球藻和微绿球藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了不同的Cd2+浓度与氮浓度交互作用对小球藻和微绿球藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,Cd2+浓度、氮浓度、胁迫时间及三者的交互作用对小球藻和微绿球藻的生长及光合作用均具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Cd2+浓度对2株微藻的Fv/Fm(光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产量)和Yield(光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率)影响最显著,氮浓度对2株微藻的NPQ(非光化学淬灭)和微绿球藻的qP(光化学淬灭)影响最显著。相关性分析结果表明,2株微藻的细胞密度、叶绿素相对含量及部分荧光参数(Fv/Fm和Yield)均与Cd2+浓度呈显著的负相关关系。在低氮(55μmol/L)条件下,小球藻和微绿球藻的荧光参数Fv/Fm、Yield和NPQ均有明显下降,细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量也均有不同程度的降低。小球藻的Fv/Fm和Yield在高氮(7040μmol/L)和低浓度Cd2+条件下,下降幅度小,表现为拮抗作用。试验还发现,在低氮和高氮条件下,高浓度Cd2+对小球藻的胁迫作用加强,表现为协同作用。微绿球藻在高氮条件下,其处理组间荧光参数差别不明显,表现为拮抗作用。     

氮磷浓度对雨生红球藻叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在一次性培养过程中,利用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了2个单因子(不同氮浓度、不同磷浓度)对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ的最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm、光合电子传递效率ETR)、叶绿素相对含量及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,氮磷浓度对雨生红球藻的叶绿素荧光参数及生长均有显著的影响(P<0.05)。多重比较结果表明,雨生红球藻进行光合作用和生长最适氮浓度为1760μmol/L;最适磷浓度为18.16μmol/L。相关性分析结果表明:在整个培养周期中,叶绿素相对含量均与细胞密度呈显著的正相关关系。     

氮浓度对海绿球藻生长及总脂含量的影响

用叶绿素荧光分析技术和生物化学方法,研究了不同氮浓度[0.22、0.44、0.66、0.88mmol/L(对照组)]对海绿球藻叶绿素荧光特性、细胞密度、叶绿素含量、相对生长率、干质量、总脂含量及总脂产率的影响。试验结果表明,第4～7d,0.22mmol/L处理组的主要荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率Fv/Fm,光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性Fv/Fo,相对电子传递效率rETR,光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ)显著低于其他处理组。该藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a、b含量、相对生长率及干质量随起始氮浓度的增加而增加,0.22mmol/L处理组上述各项值最低,0.88mmol/L对照组上述各项值最高,其细胞密度、相对生长率和干质量分别为16.37×106个/ml,0.56、0.48g/L。0.22mmol/L处理组总脂含量(占干质量的41.84%)显著高于其他处理组,而对照组总脂含量仅为35.16%。总脂产率与起始氮浓度成正相关,0.22mmol/L处理组最低,仅为0.0095g/(L.d),而0.88mmol/L对照组总脂产率最高,为0.0189g/(L.d)。研究结果表明,氮浓度为0.22mmol/L最适合海绿球藻油脂的积累;氮浓度为0.88mmol/L最适合海绿球藻的生长。     

不同氮磷浓度梯度对礁膜配子体生长的影响

为探索礁膜(Monostroma nitidium)配子体生长的适宜氮、磷浓度需求,以NaNO_3为氮源、KH_2PO_4为磷源,在不同氮(0、10、20、40、60、80μmol/L)、磷(0.5、1、2μmol/L)浓度梯度下,室内培养礁膜配子体7d,测定各处理组藻体的生长率、光合色素(叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素)和可溶性糖。结果表明,藻体生长最适氮、磷浓度比值为20∶1;且氮浓度为20μmol/L、磷浓度为1μmol/L时,礁膜配子体生长率取得最大值(13.80%/d);氮浓度为20μmol/L、磷浓度为2μmol/L时,藻体光合色素含量最高(分别为0.320 7mg/g、0.170 8mg/g和0.103 6mg/g);氮浓度为0μmol/L、磷浓度为2μmol/L时,藻体可溶性糖含量最高(19.03mg/mL)。     

温度对小新月菱形藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

以小新月菱形藻为试验材料,研究了其在一次性培养过程中,不同温度(5~30℃)对其叶绿素荧光参数[光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)]、叶绿素相对含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,温度对小新月菱形藻各叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。多重比较结果表明,接种后1~2 d,20℃处理组的主要荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、rETR、ΦPSⅡ)显著高于其他处理组。30℃的处理组的上述荧光参数从第1 d开始均显著低于其他处理组。20℃处理组的细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均显著高于其他处理组。在本试验条件下,适宜小新月菱形藻生长的温度为10~25℃,最适温度为20℃。相关性分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,小新月菱形藻的叶绿素相对含量和细胞密度之间存在显著的正相关。     

GeO2对海带幼孢子体培育过程中硅藻污染的抑制效应

采用叶绿素荧光技术,以光系统Ⅱ最大荧光产量(Fv/Fm)为指标,结合形态显微观察,研究了GeO2在海带幼孢子体培育过程中菱形藻污染的抑制效应。结果表明,1)对于菱形藻,当GeO2浓度在5mg/L以上时,对其Fv/Fm值有显著影响,达到或超过15mg/L时菱形藻趋于死亡。2)对于海带幼孢子体,GeO2浓度在20mg/L以上时,对其Fv/Fm值有显著影响,达到或超过30mg/L时其趋于死亡。3)对于受到菱形藻污染的海带幼孢子体,GeO2浓度在15mg/L以上时对其Fv/Fm值有显著影响,达到或超过20mg/L时其趋于死亡。综合来看,当GeO2浓度为5～15mg/L时,菱形藻光合作用受到较强的抑制,而对海带幼孢子体影响不大。     

高温胁迫对球等鞭金藻3011和8701叶绿素荧光特性的影响

摘要：本文以球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）3011和8701为实验材料，研究了高温胁迫(35-50℃)对其叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明，与对照组相比，高温胁迫下2株金藻的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm（PSⅡ的最大光能转化效率）、Fv/Fo（PSⅡ的潜在活性）、ΦPSⅡ（PSⅡ的实际光能转化效率）、rETR（相对光合电子传递效率）和qP（光化学淬灭）均明显降低，并且随着胁迫温度的升高，胁迫时间的延长，下降幅度也逐步增大。NPQ（非光化学淬灭）的变化趋势则与其他荧光参数不同，3011的NPQ随着胁迫温度的升高和胁迫时间的延长先上升后下降；8701的NPQ变化则与胁迫温度有关，35℃和40℃处理下NPQ随着胁迫时间的延长而逐渐上升，45℃处理下NPQ则先上升后下降。3011与8701的耐热性存在一定差异。3011在40℃下处理10min后，经过一定的时间后各荧光参数基本恢复，而在45℃和50℃下处理10min后，各参数均不能恢复。8701在35℃和40℃处理10min后，经过一定时间后，荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo基本恢复到对照水平，而在45℃下处理10min后，各参数均不能恢复。本文还对高温胁迫下2株金藻的响应机制以及叶绿素荧光技术在筛选耐高温微藻品系中的应用进行了初步探讨。     

波吉卵囊藻对重金属铬的耐受性研究

为了研究波吉卵囊藻对重金属铬的耐受性,向波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)培养液中加入不同质量浓度的重铬酸钾,铬(Ⅵ)浓度依次为:0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0 mg/L。每天定时测定波吉卵囊藻藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量以及藻蛋白含量。结果表明波吉卵囊藻在铬浓度≤5.0 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量和蛋白含量均增加,且高于空白对照组指标;波吉卵囊藻在铬离子浓度5.0~7.5 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度增多,叶绿素a含量增加;铬离子浓度≤7.5 mg/L时,蛋白含量随着铬离子浓度的增加;也相应增加;波吉卵囊藻在铬离子浓度10.0 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度不变,叶绿素a含量与蛋白含量增加显著小于空白组。实验得出低浓度铬(Ⅵ)(≤5.0 mg/L)能够促进波吉卵囊藻生长,提高藻胆蛋白和叶绿素a含量,当铬(Ⅵ)浓度超过7.5 mg/L时,藻胆蛋白含量降低,波吉卵囊藻生长受到抑制,并且随着铬离子浓度的增加,抑制作用增大;总体而言,铬离子对波吉卵囊藻生长表现为双重作用,波吉卵囊藻对铬有一定的耐受性。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.