点带石斑鱼血液指标、血细胞分类与发生的观察

对20尾点带石斑鱼进行了血液指标、血细胞分类和发生的研究。血液指标经测定:红细胞密度为(1.89±0.48)×106个/mm3,白细胞密度为(1.65±0.34)×104个/mm3;血红蛋白含量为(7.11±0.67)g/L;红细胞的渗透脆性为(0.54±0.02)%,红细胞比容为(36.7±0.67)%,红细胞沉降率为(2.50±0.25)mm/h。利用Wright’s-Giemsa混染法对点带石斑鱼外周血液以及肝脏、脾脏、头肾和体肾四种造血组织染色观察发现,在外周血涂片上可区分出红细胞(包括未成熟的红细胞)、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,未发现嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。其中大淋巴细胞、小淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞在白细胞中所占的比例分别为(23.13±6.99)%、(48.97±7.42)%、(21.03±4.42)%和(6.87±2.27)%。点带石斑鱼的头肾、体肾和脾脏可以产生各种类型的血细胞,是主要的造血器官;肝脏未观察到原红细胞。     

日本黄姑鱼血细胞发生的观察

用Wright’sGiemsa混合染料对日本黄姑鱼外周血涂片以及头肾、肾脏、肝脏和脾脏组织印片染色,观察其中各种血细胞的大小、形态特征,研究了日本黄姑鱼血细胞的发生发育模式。观察发现,在外周血涂片中,除红细胞外,还观察到多种白细胞,主要有单核细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜酸性细胞和淋巴细胞,而嗜碱性细胞没有被发现。红细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发生主要在肾脏和头肾,其次是脾脏;粒细胞的发生主要在头肾和脾脏。红细胞的发育经历3个阶段:原红细胞、幼红细胞和成熟红细胞阶段。红细胞在成熟过程中,细胞核的体积逐渐变小,细胞与细胞核的体积比由大变小然后再变大。成熟红细胞除了由幼稚细胞发育而来以外,还可以进行一分为二的方式进行分裂;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段:原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞;淋巴细胞经历了3个阶段:原淋巴细胞、幼淋巴细胞和成熟淋巴细胞;单核细胞的发育和淋巴细胞相似,也经历了3个阶段:原单核细胞、幼单核细胞和成熟单核细胞。     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼血细胞发生的研究

用瑞氏染液对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的头肾、体肾、脾脏等器官组织的涂片、印片进行染色、观察、测定和统计,以研究血细胞发生。试验结果显示,红细胞的发育经历4个阶段,分别是原红细胞、幼红细胞、红细胞和衰老红细胞,细胞体积逐渐变小;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段,分别是原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞,中性粒细胞的体积由大变小再变大,嗜酸性粒细胞体积逐渐变小;单核细胞和淋巴细胞的发育经历3个阶段,分别是原始、幼稚和成熟,细胞体积逐渐变小。珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的各种细胞体积均较其他鱼类的细胞体积大;中性粒细胞的体积与嗜酸性粒细胞的体积差异较大。脾脏中未观察到原红细胞和原粒细胞,仅在体肾中观察到巨噬细胞和网状细胞。头肾是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼最主要的造血器官,体肾次之。头肾和体肾是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼红细胞、粒细胞的主要发生器官;头肾、体肾、脾脏是原单核细胞、原淋巴细胞发生的主要场所。     

紫红笛鲷血细胞发生研究

将体质量510~620 g的紫红笛鲷用间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐麻醉后解剖,取出头肾、体肾、肝脏、脾脏,用干净的刀片居中横切、纵切,印片和涂片用Wright-Giemsa染液染色10 min,观察头肾、体肾、脾脏、肝脏4个组织印片以及外周血涂片。试验结果显示,头肾、体肾、脾脏是其造血器官。头肾能发育生成各类型血细胞,体肾能生成红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞和单核细胞,脾脏能生成淋巴细胞。肝脏中未发现幼稚型血细胞。红细胞发育经过原红细胞、早幼红细胞、中幼红细胞、晚幼红细胞和红细胞5个阶段;原粒细胞发育至早幼粒细胞后,分化为嗜碱性中幼粒细胞、嗜酸性中幼粒细胞和中性中幼粒细胞,最后发育成嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞;淋巴细胞和单核细胞发育经过原始、幼稚和成熟3个阶段。血细胞在发育过程中,胞体逐渐变小,细胞核逐渐变小,染色质由疏松到致密;粒细胞中,颗粒由少到多。     

军曹鱼稚鱼外周血细胞及其形态学观察

以出膜后第60天的军曹鱼外周血液为材料,利用光镜显微技术研究了其血细胞的种类和形态。外周血液包括5种类型的血细胞,红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和血栓细胞。血细胞计数测得红细胞密度为(2.97±0.82)×109ind.mL-1,白细胞密度为(1.39±0.94)×106ind.mL-1,淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和血栓细胞在白细胞中所占的比例分别为(53.00±8.51)%、(17.59±4.28)%、(4.78±1.37)%和(24.63±4.08)%。未见到嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。血细胞计数结果表明,红细胞数量远远大于白细胞,白细胞中淋巴细胞数量最多,单核细胞数量最少。实验还观察到处于分裂状态的红细胞、细胞表面有伪足样胞突的小淋巴细胞和细胞表面有许多微绒毛突起的大淋巴细胞、核呈多种形态的单核细胞和中性粒细胞及不同形态的血栓细胞等。     

青石爬(鱼兆)血浆生化指标、血细胞分类与发生

对40尾野生青石爬(鱼兆)进行了血液生化指标、血细胞分类与发生研究.测得血浆的总蛋白为(48.35±3.60)g/L,白蛋白为(8.73±0.54)g/L,球蛋白为(39.63±3.10)g/L,血浆白蛋白与球蛋白比为(0.22±0.01),甘油三酯为(5.05±2.14)mmol/L,总胆固醇为(16.66±3.64)mmol/L,极低密度脂蛋白为(1.01±0.43)mmol/L,葡萄糖为(5.27±2.43)mmol/L.血液生化指标检测结果表明,青石爬(鱼兆)血浆中总蛋白与球蛋白、甘油三酯与胆固醇较高,葡萄糖较低,具有活动量较大和冷水性鱼类的特点,主要利用脂肪和蛋白质作为能量.细胞学显示出其外周血液包含红细胞,核影,淋巴细胞,血栓细胞,嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞.血涂片计数为红细胞96.58%,其中成熟红细胞占65.92%,幼稚红细胞占30.66%.白细胞为3.42%,其中嗜中性粒细胞0.14%、单核细胞0.07%、淋巴细胞2.37%、血栓细胞0.85%.白细胞中淋巴细胞和血栓细胞数量较多.原始血细胞主要在中肾和头肾中,在脾脏中也有部分原始白细胞,而肝脏和外周血液中未见原始血细胞.中肾和头肾是青石爬(鱼兆)的主要造血器官,其中红细胞主要由头肾产生,白细胞主要由中肾产生.脾脏亦产生少量白细胞.     

二倍体、三倍体虹鳟的血液指标分析

通过对二倍体和三倍体虹鳟红细胞大小的测量,发现两者之间存在着极其显著的差异.三倍体虹鳟红细胞长径和核长径分别是二倍体的1.34和1.33倍;红细胞面积和核面积分别为二倍体的1.43和1.41倍:核体积为二倍体的1.47倍.用MEK-6318血液自动分析仪检测二倍体和三倍体虹鳟血常规值,结果显示:在红细胞计数(RBC)和红细胞平均容量(MCV)上,二、三倍体之间都有着极其显著的差异.此外,三倍体虹鳟的淋巴细胞、中间细胞和中性粒细胞数量都显著超过了二倍体.     

团头鲂血细胞发生的研究

本文研究了团头鲂造血器官的血液细胞学和组织学。脾脏的脾髓,肾脏的管间组织、肝脏的窦状隙和小肠的粘膜下层是团头鲂的造血区。在一年中各个造血器官产生各种血细胞的数目变化很大,而且母细胞从造血器官释放入外周血有一成熟过程。对红细胞的发育有一较清晰的了解。嗜中性粒细胞的早期形态和成熟形态也能区别,但有关单核细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞的发育过程还有待于进一步探讨。     

犬牙缰虾虎鱼外周血细胞的显微结构

采用Wright氏染色,对犬牙缰虾虎鱼外周血液进行观察,并进行各细胞测定,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,以及幼稚、正在分裂、分解和解体状态的红细胞,未发现嗜酸性粒细胞。红细胞数量多,椭圆形,具椭圆核;血栓细胞体积最小,成3~5个聚集分布,大淋巴细胞体积最大。淋巴细胞可分为大、中、小淋巴细胞。在数量上,血栓细胞最多,淋巴细胞次之,单核细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜中性粒细胞则较少。     

华鲮外周血细胞显微结构观察

应用常规血涂片Giemsa和Wright染液联合染色,在Nikon-DXM1200数码显微摄影系统下观察华鲮的外周血细胞形态特征。结果表明:(1)红细胞数量最多;未成熟者核较圆,染色相对较浅;有直接分裂现象。(2)嗜中性粒细胞一般呈球形,核形态多变;亦发现有衰老解体者。(3)单核细胞卵圆形或近圆形,核较大,一般占整个细胞的1/3强,较大者可达1/2强。(4)淋巴细胞呈不规则圆形,核质比可达4/5强,细胞表面有伪足状突起。(5)血栓细胞有四种形态,核质比很大,边界不明了;有直接分裂现象。(6)未发现嗜碱性粒细胞。据此可推断:(1)鱼类红细胞比白细胞大的论断并不准确,血细胞的形态和物种的系统发育可能相关;(2)所谓的"大""小"两类淋巴细胞,可能为同种细胞的不同功能或发育状态;(2)鱼类外周血嗜碱性粒细胞存在与否,有待进一步探讨;(3)血栓细胞"形态不同显示了发育时期或者功能状态的不同"的推测。     

二倍体与三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)红细胞及部分血液指标的比较

对三倍体和二倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的红细胞大小(长、短径值和体积)、形态及部分血液指标(红细胞数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、红细胞脆性和白细胞数)进行了比较。结果表明:三倍体虹鳟红细胞体积与二倍体比值为1.51∶1,细胞核大小与二倍体比值为1.49∶1,与理论值(1.5∶1)比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。二倍体红细胞短径/长径比值为0.63,呈现出椭圆形;三倍体红细胞短径/长径比值为0.60,呈现出明显的长椭圆形,并有19%的红细胞有哑铃形或分裂的细胞核,这可作为区别二倍体鱼类的一个重要鉴定标志。三倍体虹鳟的红细胞数、红细胞压积和红细胞脆性明显小于二倍体(P<0.05),而血红蛋白与白细胞数与二倍体比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

Haemopoiesis in the head kidney of tilapia, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis> (Teleostei: Cichlidae): a morphological (optical and ultrastructural) study

The present work focused on the histological and ultrastructural studies on haemopoiesis in the kidney of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Haemopoietic tissue was found mainly in the head kidney and a small amount occurred in the mesonephros. The haemopoiesis of tilapia had the following series: erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, monopoiesis and lymphoplasmopoiesis. Erythropoiesis includes proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatic erythroblasts, acidophilic erythroblasts and young and mature erythrocytes. The proerythroblasts were the largest cells in the erythropoietic series. During the maturation process both the nuclear and cellular size decreased gradually due to the chromatin condensation and the progressive substitution of cytoplasmic matrix with a large amount of haemoglobin. Granulopoietic series consisted of cells with variable shape and size at different stages of maturity from myeloblasts to mature granulocytes. The promyelocytes were the largest cells in the series and were characterised by the appearance of primary (azoruphilic) granules. The maturation process involved the appearance of specific granules in the heterophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic series. It is important to mention that eosinophilic granulocytes were the dominant granulopoietic series in the haemopoietic tissue (Ht) of tilapia. Lymphopoietic series consisted of lymphoblasts, large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes and active and inactive plasma cells. Thrombopoietic series consisted of thromboblasts, prothromboblasts and thrombocytes. Thrombocytes of tilapia were nucleated and possessed a spindle shape. Melanomacrophage centres were dominant among the Ht of the head kidney. Also, monocytes were detected and shown to be large cells with an indented nucleus and cytoplasm containing numerous vesicles of different sizes and a few lysosomes.     

Histopathological changes in Trypanosoma danilewskyi Laveran & Mesnil, 1904 and Trypanoplasma borelli Laveran & Mesnil, 1902 infections of goldfish, Carassiw auratus (L.)

Abstract. Syringe passaged stocks of Trypanosoma danilewskyi and Trypanoplasma borelli derived from carp were used for experimental infections of goldfish. Infections of T. danilewskyi and T . borelli produced a heavy parasitaemia in the peripheral blood of goldfish and extensive tissue damage, mainly in haemopoietic organs. There was no inflammatory reaction or haemorrhage in trypanosome infected goldfish. Infection with trypanoplasms provoked more varied changes including vascular lesions and inflammatory changes. The extent of pathological changes occurring at rising and peak levels of parasitaemia could account for the high mortality (up to 100%) of the infected fish.     

Effect of infestation with the isopod, Alitropus typus M. Edwards (Crustacea: Flabellifera: Aegidae) on the haematological parameters of the host fish, Channa striatus (Bloch)

Detailed accounts supported by experimental data are furnished regarding the haematological parameters of the host fish, Channa striatus infested by the isopod, Alitropus typus. Results demonstrate that the infested fish become anaemic through loss of blood as shown by a reduction in the total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit. Considering the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and volume index, the anaemia can be designated as macrocytic and hypochromic. The total and differential counts of white blood corpuscles of the infested fish indicate leucopenia coupled with lymphocytosis. The percentages of monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, which were 0.65%, 0.39% and 1.04%, respectively, after 24 h of infestation, had increased to 2.31%, 4.91% and 2.02%, respectively, after 96 h of infestation and declined thereafter.     

成年似鲇高原鳅外周血细胞及血细胞发生的观察

通过对成年似鲇高原鳅(Triplophysa siluroides)外周血细胞涂片及中肾、肝脏和脾脏组织的印片进行瑞氏(Wright’s)、过碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)和苏丹黑B(SBB)染色,观察各类血细胞形态、大小、分布及细胞化学特征。结果表明:似鲇高原鳅血细胞可分为红细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞,各类血细胞的发生(除血栓细胞)均可分为原始、幼稚和成熟三个阶段。外周血中红细胞比例最多,为97.56%,白细胞中血栓细胞数量最多占52.86%,居白细胞的首位;三种粒细胞中嗜中性粒细胞数量最多占30.25%。粒细胞的主要发生场所在中肾占45.18%,红细胞的主要发生场所在脾脏,占71.62%,肝脏中未见原始血细胞。在中肾中同时可见嗜酸性、嗜碱性和嗜中性三种粒细胞的发生。各阶段的白细胞PAS染色均显示阳性,但只有各阶段的粒细胞SBB染色显示阳性。     

卵形鲳够免疫器官的早期发育

研究了卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus）仔、稚鱼期间3种免疫器官的发生和发育过程。结果表明,3种免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序是头肾、脾脏和胸腺,出现时间分别为2日龄、3日龄和3日龄。其中,头肾的早期发育过程可分为原基形成期、造血功能发展期和泌尿功能退化期。进入稚鱼期后头肾的肾小管分布相对减少,表明头肾已不是主要的泌尿功能区。6-8日龄仔鱼脾脏中造血干细胞向红血细胞分化并产生大量未成熟红细胞。22日龄时脾脏组织体积进一步增大,内部血细胞参与血液循环。胸腺原基出现后胸腺细胞增多、体积增大,细胞嗜碱性不强。10-13日龄时胸腺细胞的嗜碱性增强,淋巴细胞开始增多,此时胸腺开始分区。20-22日龄稚鱼期结束时胸腺的内区和外区进一步分化,分区更为明显,表明胸腺进一步成熟。未发现胸腺和头肾之间淋巴细胞迁移的现象。     

淡水石斑鱼血细胞发生的观察

通过对淡水石斑鱼血涂片及头肾、肾、脾和肝脏器印片的光镜观察,发现血细胞的发育大致经过3个阶段,即原始阶段、幼稚阶段、成熟阶段。试验对脏器中不同发育阶段的红血细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞进行了观察和测量,并进行了分类统计。试验结果表明头肾、肾和脾是淡水石斑的主要造血器官,肝组织印片上未观察到原始阶段血细胞,提示肝脏不是淡水石斑鱼的造血器官。     

孵化至12月龄大黄鱼免疫器官的发育变化

研究孵化至12月龄大黄鱼的淋巴器官如头肾、胸腺、脾的生长发育和免疫细胞数量的变化,首先应用显微与超微技术研究大黄鱼初孵仔鱼至12月龄免疫器官——头肾、胸腺与脾脏的发育。3日龄仔鱼出现头肾原基,原始造血干细胞最早被发现于头肾,很快分化成不同类型的细胞。4日龄仔鱼出现脾脏原基和胸腺原基。脾脏靠近内脏,含大量窦状隙,有丰富的毛细血管、血细胞与血小板。胸腺是最迟出现的淋巴器官,但发育较快。胸腺位于鳃腔背上角,主要由胸腺细胞(淋巴细胞)和上皮细胞组成,分为外区和内区,二者虽没有明显界限,但容易区分。研究结果还表明,随着年龄和鱼体重量的增长,胸腺、头肾和脾脏的重量均有增长的趋势,脾脏重量与体重的关系要比与年龄的关系更为密切,头肾、胸腺重量与年龄的关系要比与体重的关系更为密切。胸腺、头肾和脾脏的白细胞总数随着年龄的增长不断增加。但每毫克胸腺、头肾和脾脏内白细胞数量与年龄间线性关系不明显。头肾比脾脏淋巴化程度高。在研究中发现,血液内各细胞组成与大黄鱼月龄及季节的变化没有明显的改变。     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.