二倍体、三倍体虹鳟的血液指标分析

通过对二倍体和三倍体虹鳟红细胞大小的测量,发现两者之间存在着极其显著的差异.三倍体虹鳟红细胞长径和核长径分别是二倍体的1.34和1.33倍;红细胞面积和核面积分别为二倍体的1.43和1.41倍:核体积为二倍体的1.47倍.用MEK-6318血液自动分析仪检测二倍体和三倍体虹鳟血常规值,结果显示:在红细胞计数(RBC)和红细胞平均容量(MCV)上,二、三倍体之间都有着极其显著的差异.此外,三倍体虹鳟的淋巴细胞、中间细胞和中性粒细胞数量都显著超过了二倍体.     

二倍体与三倍体山女鳟的血液学比较分析

对二倍体和三倍体山女鳟(Oncorhynchus masou)的全血、血浆各种特征及结构进行血液学分析,结果表明,三倍体山女鳟的红细胞(RBC)体积与二倍体的比值为1.48±0.19.三倍体的红细胞数和红细胞压积(Hct)均显著低于二倍体,但其血红蛋白(Hb)浓度与二倍体的无显著性差异(P>0.05).这些血液生理学数据表明,二倍体与三倍体山女鳟可能具有相似的氧运输和有氧代谢能力.血液生化结果显示,二倍体和三倍体山女鳟的生化指标检测值不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);回归分析结果显示,与二倍体和三倍体山女鳟血浆参透压(Osm)相关性最大的生化指标均为Na+浓度、血糖浓度和尿素氮浓度.虽然三倍体与二倍体山女鳟血红蛋白含量之间不存在显著性差异,但由于三倍体的红细胞数远低于二倍体,加之三倍体的全血黏度较二倍体的高,在应激或低溶解氧的情况下,三倍体将无法动员更多的红细胞进行组织有氧代谢,因此,与二倍体相比,三倍体山女鳟的组织缺氧或窒息的风险更大,对溶解氧的要求更高.     

半滑舌鳎血液指标分析

以20尾半滑舌鳎为材料，测定了红细胞教、白细胞总教、血红蛋白值、白细胞分类计数、红细胞脆性与红细胞及其核大小等正常血液指标，并统计了性别与血液指标的关系，结果如下：红细胞数为（207.88±56.25）×10^4个／mm^3；白细胞数为（9.39±5.54）×10^4个／mm^3；红细胞脆性（0.25±0.02）／g％；血红蛋白含量为（12.36±0.10）g／100mL；白细胞分类记教中单核细胞占1.51‰，中性粒细胞占（98.85±2.51）％，而淋巴细胞、嗜碱性白细胞以及嗜酸性白细胞观测到的数目很少；红细胞大小（长径×短径）为：（7.524±0.58）μm×（6.29±0.72）μm，红细胞核大小（长径×短径）为：（3.14±O.68）μm×（2.54±0.59）μm。红细胞长径、红细胞核长径、短径在雌、雄中有极显著差异，红细胞短径在雌、雄性别中有显著差异，其他的血液指标在雌、雄中则无显著差异。     

团头鲂同源四倍体、倍间三倍体与二倍体红细胞的形态特征比较

通过比较同源四倍体、倍间三倍体与二倍体团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）的红细胞、红细胞核的形态大小差异,探讨不同倍性团头鲂的红细胞形态遗传特征。结果表明：（1）团头鲂多倍体（同源4n和倍间3n）的红细胞数量显著低于二倍体（2n）团头鲂（P〈0．05）。其中,倍间三倍体团头鲂每毫升血液的红细胞数为二倍体的78．95％,而同源四倍体的红细胞数量下降幅度较大,仅为2n团头鲂的56．87％。（2）团头鲂同源四倍体、倍间三倍体的红细胞短径和长径、核短径和长径、红细胞表面积、红细胞体积和核体积均依倍性增加而显著增大（P〈0．05）;其中,又以核体积增大最为显著,同源四倍体、倍间三倍体的核体积分别为2n团头鲂的1．97倍和1．39倍。（3）团头鲂同源四倍体每毫升血液红细胞的总体积和总表面积,均明显低于二倍体和倍间三倍体团头鲂（P〈0．05）;倍间三倍体每毫升血液红细胞的总体积要多于二倍体团头鲂（P〈0．05）,但红细胞的总表面积在倍间三倍体与二倍体团头鲂间不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。（4）在团头鲂同源四倍体中还观察到一定比例的异常红细胞现象。     

泥鳅几项正常血液指标及其与性别的关系

以60尾泥鳅为材料,测定了红细胞数、白细胞总数、血红蛋白值、白细胞分类记数、红细胞脆性与红细胞大小等正常血液指标,并统计了性别对其血液指标的影响。结果如下:红细胞数为(227 28±43 96)×104个 mm3;白细胞数为(2 56±0 86)×104个 mm3;血红蛋白含量为(12 26±1 89)g 100ml;白细胞分类计数中淋巴细胞占(28 67±8 27)%,血栓细胞占(26 46±5 33)%,中性粒细胞占(43 83±8 37)%;而单核细胞、嗜碱性白细胞以及嗜酸性白细胞观测到的数目很少;红细胞最大抵抗强度为(0 31±0 04)g 100ml;红细胞大小(长径×短径)为:(11 50±1 55)μm×(8 66±1 29)μm;红细胞核大小(长径×短径)为:(5 59±1 04)μm×(3 90±0 89)μm。性别对红细胞数量及红细胞核大小均有显著影响,对其它的血液常数指标则无显著影响。     

二、三倍体虹鳟肌肉组织结构及营养成分的比较

选取相同养殖条件下3个不同体质量组的二倍体虹鳟和三倍体虹鳟,其中每组二倍体和三倍体虹鳟各10尾,分析其肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和肌纤维密度及直径,以比较二倍体和三倍体虹鳟的肌肉品质特性差异。试验结果表明,随着体质量的增加,二倍体、三倍体虹鳟肌纤维密度均降低,而肌纤维直径增大;二倍体虹鳟肌纤维直径小于三倍体,密度大于三倍体(P0.05)。随着体质量的增加,二倍体和三倍体虹鳟肌肉水分含量和粗灰分含量减少,而粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量显著增加;三倍体虹鳟粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于同组二倍体(P0.05),水分和粗灰分含量略低于二倍体,均差异不显著(P0.05)。二倍体和三倍体虹鳟肌肉中谷氨酸含量均最高,三倍体虹鳟总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量以及鲜味氨基酸含量高于二倍体;根据营养价值评价结果,二倍体和三倍体虹鳟均为蛋氨酸和胱氨酸总量最高,第一限制性氨基酸均为苯丙氨酸。整体上来说,二倍体虹鳟和三倍体虹鳟均为优质蛋白源,二倍体虹鳟嫩度优于三倍体,但随着体质量的增加,三倍体虹鳟肌肉在营养成分上较均衡,且鲜美度要优于二倍体,有更好的食用价值及营养价值。     

三倍体与二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学比较

为探明三倍体和二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学差异,运用血液涂片及组织切片方法,对三倍体、二倍体泥鳅的红细胞及其细胞核的长轴和短轴,血液中血细胞的组成及仔鱼眼部构造等进行了比较.结果表明,三倍体泥鳅红细胞及其核的长轴均比二倍体的要大,其中前者红细胞核的长轴约为后者的1.12倍,红细胞体积、核体积分别约为后者的1.62和1.44倍.三倍体泥鳅红细胞的相对数量明显少于二倍体泥鳅,而嗜中性细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞则多于后者.此外,三倍体泥鳅眼部色素层细胞数量少于二倍体.     

三倍体与二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学比较

为探明三倍体和二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学差异，运用血液涂片及组织切片方法，对三倍体、二倍体泥鳅的红细胞及其细胞核的长轴和短轴，血液中血细胞的组成及仔鱼眼部构造等进行了比较。结果表明，三倍体泥鳅红细胞及其核的长轴均比二倍体的要大，其中前者红细胞核的长轴约为后者的1．12倍，红细胞体积、核体积分别约为后者的1．62和1．44倍。三倍体泥鳅红细胞的相对数量明显少于二倍体泥鳅，而嗜中性细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞则多于后者。此外，三倍体泥鳅眼部色素层细胞数量少于二倍体。     

繁殖季节大鳍鳠血液学的初步研究

对嘉陵江繁殖季节内的大鳍鳠(Mystus macropterus)11项血液指标值进行了测定。其结果是:红细胞(RBC)的平均值为(1.246±0.208)×1012个/L;白细胞(WBC)的平均值为(2.643±0.696)×1010个/L;血红蛋白(Hb)的平均值为5.905±1.035 mg/100 mL;血球沉降率(ESR)的平均值为2.493±0.718 mm/h;红细胞比积(H t)的平均值为20.567%±4.974%;红细胞的脆性(Eof)在0.362%±0.035%氯化钠溶液中开始溶解,在0.211%±0.028%氯化钠溶液中完全溶解;红细胞的长径(CL)的平均值为12.356±1.579μm、短径(CS)的平均值为8.895±1.155μm;红细胞核的长径(NL)的平均值为4.523±0.607μm、短径(NS)的平均值为3.810±0.485μm;红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)的平均值为15.429%±5.154%;红细胞平均体积(MCV)的平均值为(1.671±0.453)×10-4μm3;红细胞的平均血红蛋白量(MCH)的平均值为(4.842±1.060)×10-8mg,且雌雄之间血液指标无显著性差异。此外,还将繁殖季节内大鳍鳠的血液指标与其它养殖鱼类进行了比较。     

大黄鱼二倍体和三倍体血液生理指标的比较研究

本文对人工诱导的大黄鱼三倍体与正常数大黄鱼二倍体的血液血细胞常值测定,并对血液生理指标进行比较研究。结果表明:体长25.2～29.2cm,体重180.0～331.0g的二倍体大黄鱼,红细胞平均值为2.33±0.12(×1012个/L);白细胞平均值为23.65±2.45(×109个/L);血栓细胞平均值为42.50±7.14(×109个/L)。体长25.2～27.5cm,体重224.0～281.0g的三倍体大黄鱼,红细胞平均值为1.22±0.18(×1012个/L);白细胞平均值为31.19±3.52(×109个/L);血栓细胞平均值为29.25±5.91(×109个/L)。分析比较大黄鱼二倍体、三倍体各项血液生理指标,除血红蛋白无显著性差异外,其余各项血液生理指标有显著性差异。     

三倍体雌性虹鳟性腺发育阶段细胞色素相关基因的表达

Cyp19a1b、Cyp11a1、Cyp11b2、Cyp17a1、Hsd3b1等细胞色素相关基因能够调节硬骨鱼类性类固醇的合成,对性腺发育和性别决定产生影响。本研究以全雌三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)为研究对象,正常雌性二倍体虹鳟为对照,选取31~68 dpf(days post fertilization)时间段的虹鳟仔鱼脑组织,采用q RT-PCR和酶联免疫的方法研究以上几种基因的表达状况和脑芳香化酶的活性变化,以期探明导致三倍体雌性虹鳟性腺发育异常的关键原因。q RTPCR结果显示,二倍体中Cyp19a1b在30~50 dpf时表达量上调并且维持在较稳定水平,但50~56 dpf时表达量逐渐下调,之后56~68 dpf表达量持续上调;三倍体中Cyp19a1b表达量在30~35 dpf开始上调,35~47 dpf逐渐下调,47~55 dpf开始第二次上调,之后维持在较稳定水平直至68 dpf,但三倍体Cyp19a1b的表达量显著(P0.05)低于同期二倍体的。二倍体Cyp11a1表达量在34 dpf出现峰值,三倍体Cyp11a1在38 dpf时出现峰值。二倍体Hsd3b1表达量在33~42 dpf时维持在较高水平,在38 dpf时出现高峰;三倍体Hsd3b1表达量在47~59 dpf时较高,在49 dpf出现高峰。二倍体中Cyp11b2在37 dpf出现峰值,之后开始下调;三倍体在40 dpf出现峰值,之后逐渐下调,但三倍体Cyp11b2表达量显著低于同期二倍体。二倍体Cyp17a1的表达量在35~46 dpf时逐渐上升,在45 dpf时达到高峰之后直至69 dpf逐渐下降,并且维持在较为平稳的水平上;但是在相同的实验条件下未检测到同一时期三倍体Cyp17a1的表达量。酶联免疫结果显示,在40 dpf时二者的脑芳香化酶活性到达高峰,但在40~60 dpf时期,二倍体虹鳟脑芳香化酶活性显著(P0.05)高于三倍体虹鳟,尤其在45~50 dpf时,该酶活性分别较三倍体的高1.15倍和1.12倍。以上结果表明三倍体虹鳟早期性腺发育迟缓的原因之一是Cyp19a1b、Cyp11a1、Cyp11b2、Cyp17a1、Hsd3b1等基因的表达晚于二倍体,且表达量低于二倍体,造成雌二醇不能正常合成,最终导致性腺发育迟缓。     

Inter‐specific hybridization between Black Sea trout (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792)

Thermal shock‐induced triploid and unshocked control hybrids between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Black Sea trout (Salmo labrax) and their parental species were produced under hatchery condition by using heat shocks. Triploidization reduced eyed egg rate and alevin yield in all groups. Low survival rate was observed in both shock‐induced triploid hybrid and non‐shock‐induced control hybrids. Although hybrids demonstrated low body weight during the first feeding stage, they reached higher body weight by day 200 when compared with Black Sea trout and rainbow trout. A higher specific growth rate was calculated as 3.60 in the triploid hybrid groups, 1.41 in the triploid Black Sea trout groups and 2.27 in the triploid rainbow trout groups between days 110 and 200. A lower condition factor was determined in the hybrid than in the diploid parental species. A negative value of mid‐parent heterosis (MPH) performance was deected for condition factor, and a favourable MPH was detected for specific growth rate and weight in hybrids.     

二倍体和三倍体虹鳟精液低温保存寿命的研究

与二倍体（2n组）精原液做比较,以不同密度为组别,研究了4℃下两组（3n-HD和3n-LD）三倍体虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）精原液的保存时限。结果发现,随着保存时间的延长,精液中精子的活力和寿命逐渐降低。2n组、3n-HD组和3n-LD组虹鳟精原液中精子分别在保存5d、4.5d和12.5d后失去活力;在7d、15d和14.5 d后死亡,即三倍体虹鳟精原液4℃保存时间约为二倍体的2倍,说明低温短期保存三倍体虹鳟精原液可以取得较好效果。     

虹鳟杂交胚胎(2n♀×3n♂)的发育状况及其DNA倍性分析

雄性三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhyncus mykiss)可以发育至生理成熟并表现出较强的雄性副性征,性腺发育基本正常；雌性三倍体虹鳟性腺几乎不发育,并且存在着类雄性化的发育趋势.本研究拟通过对虹鳟杂交胚胎(2n♀×3n♂)发育状况及其DNA倍性的分析,进而确认三倍体虹鳟是否具有与二倍体虹鳟类似的生育能力并分析其原因.选取经两个世代家系选育的虹鳟优良品系二倍体雌性虹鳟作为母本,以热休克方法人工诱导的优质雄性三倍体虹鳟为父本,常规人工采集精卵授精,获得三倍体雄性与二倍体雌性杂交胚胎,观察杂交胚胎的发育进程,通过流式细胞仪检测杂交胚胎的DNA含量,进而与二倍体雌雄交配获得的胚胎对照确定杂交胚胎的倍性.结果表明,杂交胚胎的受精率、发眼率和孵化率均显著地低于对照组,杂交胚胎多数在发眼期之前死亡,破膜的胚胎在仔鱼期上浮前全部死亡.杂交胚胎的DNA含量分布范围较大,大致可以分为两个水平,接近84％的胚胎的DNA含量介于二倍体与三倍体之间,约为对照组DNA含量的2.5倍；约有16％的胚胎的DNA含量在三倍体和四倍体之间.本研究认为,染色体非整倍体化可能会引起杂交胚胎细胞核质不相容,进而导致基因表达调控紊乱,从而使杂交胚胎不能正常发育,无法完成由母体卵黄供给的内源营养向外源营养的转换,成为导致杂交胚胎发育过程中大量死亡,以及杂交仔鱼在破膜之后开始进食之前全部死亡的一个重要原因.     

Maternal variation in juvenile survival and growth of triploid hybrids between female rainbow trout and male brown trout and brook charr

Related sib‐groups of rainbow trout × brown trout and rainbow trout × brook charr triploid hybrids and monospecific diploid and triploid rainbow trout controls were obtained from a common set of rainbow trout dams. On the basis of hybrid juvenile performances, 10 sib‐groups were selected and the corresponding diploid rainbow trouts were raised up to adult stage. Females from each group of rainbow trout were used to produce a second generation of hybrid progeny, the performances of which were analysed for grandmaternal variation and relation with first‐generation relatives. Results showed that hybrid traits (alevin yield and weight, survival and growth of fingerlings) were strongly influenced by maternal origin, and could be correlated to those of rainbow trout controls, but that maternal abilities had a low rate of inheritance. It was concluded that little improvement can be expected through selective breeding within parental populations.     

Growth and Survival of Intrastrain and Interstrain Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Triploids1

Triploid rainbow trout exhibit improved survival and extended growth during sexual maturation, compared to their diploid counterparts. However, there have been few benefits demonstrated prior to sexual maturation. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of improving growth and survival parameters in triploids through interstrain crosses. Triploids were induced by heat shocking fertilized eggs from intra- and interstrain crosses of two rainbow trout strains. The four triploid groups and their diploid counterpart groups were reared to 233 days post-hatching and analyzed for growth and survival characteristics. Compared with diploids, triploids had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortalities during the first 100 days post-fertilization, primarily just prior to and after hatching. However, during the remainder of the study triploids exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower mortalities than diploids. During the first 50 days of rearing all four triploid groups were significantly shorter and lighter than their diploid counterparts. The growth of the triploid groups later in the study varied considerably. At the conclusion of the rearing phase, one interstrain triploid group was significantly (P < 0.05) longer than its diploid counterpart, although not significantly heavier. The other triploid groups were either significantly smaller than, or equal to the diploids. Analysis of variance indicated that the growth of triploid rainbow trout was significantly affected by maternal strain effects. These results suggest that the use of specific strains and crosses may improve the growth of triploid rainbow trout.     

饥饿对泥鳅某些血液指标的影响

对体长9·7~12·0cm、平均体重8·3g的泥鳅(Misgurnusanguillicaudatus)在正常摄食和饥饿4~16d状态下的血液指标进行了测定。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,红细胞数量呈下降趋势,在饥饿的第4d、8d、12d和16d,红细胞数量分别是正常摄食时数量的67·5%,63·0%、61·3%和60·5%,差异极显著(P<0·01);红细胞的体积变大,饥饿到第16d时,红细胞的长径和短径分别比正常摄食时增加了2·8%和13·0%;白细胞数量呈上升趋势,在饥饿的第4d、8d、12d和16d,白细胞数量分别是正常摄食时数量的114·3%、121·7%、137·1%和139·4%;白细胞的体积逐渐变小,饥饿到第16d时,其长径和短径分别是正常摄食时的88·2%和89·4%,差异显著(P<0·05);血红蛋白含量在前8d的饥饿中是下降的,之后出现上升;红细胞的脆性在饥饿前期有所下降,后期则维持在一定水平;红细胞的沉降率随着饥饿时间的延长而有所加快,差异不显著。     

Control of Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Spotted Snakehead, Channa punctatus, by Solanum nigrum L., a Medicinal Plant

The present study describes the potential of black nightshade, Solanum nigrum , to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in spotted snakehead, Channa punctatus . Similar sizes of Ch.   punctatus were grouped into three categories as follows: control (injected with sterilized water), Ae.   hydrophila infected   +   untreated, and Ae.   hydrophila infected   +   treated with S.   nigrum leaf extract. Hematological parameters (white blood cell [WBC], red blood cell [RBC], hemoglobin [Hb], and packed cell volume [PCV]) were analyzed in these fishes once every 5   d from Days 5 to 30 postexposure. Preliminary antibacterial assay reported that leaf extracted with ethyl acetate had the maximum inhibition compared to other parts of the plant (i.e., berries and whole plant) or when extracted with other solvent extracts (chloroform and ethanol). Except for WBC count, all other parameters showed a declining trend from Day 5 onward and reaching to a minimum on Day 30 in Ae.   hydrophila -infected fish, whereas the WBC count increased. The infected fish treated with S.   nigrum leaf extract reported a significant reversion to normal RBC, WBC, Hb, and PCV levels and the skin ulceration recovered within a short period. The antiulcer potential of the medicinal plant as described in humans may be extended to the fish population.     

Effect of triploidy on paternal and maternal variance components in brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

The covariation between diploid and triploid progenies from common breeders and the effect of triploidy on the parental variances were investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) using two progeny testing experiments, sampling, sires and dams respectively, from the same population. The traits studied were body weight, growth, condition factor and red spotting of the skin. Triploidization generated some interactions with the parental breeding value, but their effect was minor (less than 20% of the genetic variance, in most cases) as compared with the amount of variation common to both ploidy levels. These interactions were mainly caused by a scale effect, triploidy reducing the variance attributable to sires and increasing the variance attributable to dams. Actual lack of correlation (genetic correlation significantly less than 1) between diploid and triploid familial performances was observed in a single instance out of 18. The modification of respective parental variance components by triploidy, already observed in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), appears as a logical consequence of the genetic make‐up of triploids, and should be taken into account in selective breeding.