电子标记辅助虹鳟家系建立及快速生长家系筛选

以中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所选育的虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)优良品系G1世代为基础群体,开展了电子标记辅助的大规模虹鳟家系构建工作,建立了G2世代全同胞家系72组,并初步进行了快速生长家系的筛选工作。对不同家系鱼种进行电子芯片植入后放在同池进行生长比较,本研究中虹鳟上市日龄(约为850日龄)体质量、体长的总体家系效应都达到了极显著水平(P<0.0001);通过对不同家系间850日龄体质量和体长的家系效应显著性检验与最小二乘均值的多重比较分析,获得了682BABB、6717B7A、6828308、682A50A、6829C24、6829DC7、682A382、68284DA这8个体质量和体长性能优良的家系。上述家系将作为优先入选家系进入组建G3世代的储备亲本群体。本研究结果可以与本课题组先期开展的基于个体育种值BLUP分析的多性状复合育种工作相互印证。这将有助于提高对虹鳟生长性状进行遗传选择的准确性,同时对其他水生动物数量性状的遗传选育研究也具有借鉴意义。     

配合饲料对不同阶段大菱鲆生长性能的影响

为检验选育大菱鲆生长优势，探究3种(X、Y、Z)配合饲料对不同生长阶段大菱鲆生长性能的影响。在工厂化循环水养殖模式下，对100日龄和450日龄选育及对照组的大菱鲆分别进行为期1个月的养殖投喂试验，对其终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料效率等指标进行统计分析。结果表明，不同生长阶段，投喂同一饲料时，选育组的起始体质量、终末体质量、日增质量率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，选育组肥满度均高于对照组。同时，投喂3种配合饲料后，同一组别的生长性能存在差异，100日龄阶段，蛋白与脂肪含量较高的配合饲料X养殖效果最佳，选育组和对照组饲料效率分别达95.22%和77.15%;450日龄阶段，蛋白与糖分含量较高的配合饲料Y养殖效果最佳，选育组和对照组饲料效率分别达94.78%和81.56%。指出，大菱鲆选育组较对照组显示出更优良的生长性能及显著的饲料转化与利用优势，具有培育成为多优势复合性状新品种的潜力。提出，大菱鲆不同生长阶段饲料营养需求不尽相同，在保证饲料动物蛋白含量的同时，幼鱼阶段适当补充饲料中脂质含量，成鱼阶段适当补充多糖，从而有效提高大菱鲆的生长性能及饲料...     

凡纳滨对虾选育群体与近交群体、引进群体生长和存活性能比较

为研究凡纳滨对虾选育群体与近交群体、引进群体的生长和存活性能差异,本实验利用家系标准化构建方法构建了选育群体、引进群体和近交群体家系,开展共同养殖环境下的生长和存活性能测试实验,分析了三个群体的体质量、存活率和近交衰退情况.结果表明,选育群体收获体质量与引进群体、全同胞近交一代群体体质量均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),第60天收获时,选育群体比引进群体的体质量提高7.11％,比近交群体的体质量提高20.01％;选育群体和引进群体内不同家系生长速度存在较大差异,选育群体中增重最快的家系为6012家系,绝对增重率为0.29 g/d,比所有家系绝对增重率均值高31.82％,比增重最慢的家系高61.11％,引进群体中绝对增重率和特定生长率均最高的家系为6008家系,分别为0.33 g/d和3.17％/d,比所有家系均值分别高65％和33.19％,比增重最慢的家系分别高230％和128.06％;存活率方面,选育群体与引进群体差异不显著(P＞0.05),但与近交群体存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),存活率提高12.74％.近交衰退结果显示,与选育群体及引进群体相比较,近交群体收获体质量生长性状的实际衰退百分比分别为16.68％和10.76％,近交系数每增加10％所引起的近交衰退系数分别为-6.60％和-4.30％,且选育群体与近交群体在收获体质量上差异显著(P＜0.05);存活率性状也出现了一定程度的近交衰退,实际衰退百分比分别为11.30％和10.54％.本研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾的后期选择育种工作提供数据参考.     

团头鲂耐低氧F3的建立及其在低氧环境下的生长差异

为了构建团头鲂耐低氧新品种,实验从鄱阳湖引进和挑选野生优良亲本为奠基群体F0,2009年–2011年通过群体选育获得F1,2011年再通过群体选育实现了F1到F2的传代。2012年,以鄱阳湖选育F2亲本和团头鲂"浦江1号"F9亲本为基础,经夏、秋季2次低氧胁迫,筛选出536尾耐低氧能力强的F2亲本,构成团头鲂耐低氧F2。2013年,挑选个体大、体形好的F2亲本(雌鱼50尾、雄鱼48尾)建立了24个F3家系群体(2♀×2♂群体22个、3♀×2♂群体2个),共100个F3家系。对上述F3家系群体进行1龄阶段的低氧胁迫养殖,通过测定相应生长指标和耐低氧性状,共筛选出5个快速生长家系群体(A2、A3、A18、A19和A20)和6个生长较快的家系群体(A4、A6、A17、A25、A27、A28),微卫星分析其分别归属于20个和28个家系。结果显示,团头鲂的生长性能指标与耐低氧性状呈正相关。在1龄阶段长时间低氧胁迫养殖条件下,团头鲂耐低氧F3中耐低氧能力强的家系的体质量显著大于耐低氧能力弱的家系,选育出的团头鲂耐低氧F3家系在2龄阶段同样保持了快速生长特征。本研究旨在建立团头鲂耐低氧F3新品系,以供后续团头鲂耐低氧新品种的选育。     

大菱鲆4个不同地理群体生长性能的比较

在相同的养殖条件下,选取英国、法国、丹麦和挪威4个不同群体的大菱鲆ScophthalmusmaximusL.,进行了1年生长性能的比较。结果表明,在3、6、9和12月龄,群体间体长和体重的差异均较大,在每一个生长时期各群体体长和体重的差异排序相同。4个群体的大菱鲆体长以线性速度生长,体重以指数形式生长。综合0~3月龄、0~12月龄的绝对增重率和3~6、6~9、9~12月龄的绝对增重率和瞬时增重率,在生长速度上依次为法国、英国、丹麦和挪威群体,在生长差异上丹麦和挪威及英国和法国之间的差异较小,丹麦、挪威和英国、法国之间的差异较大。大菱鲆各群体在3、6、9和12月龄的体重变异系数分别为22.84%~33.48%、21.36%~30.30%、19.64%~26.97%和21.06%~35.07%,认为这4个群体的大菱鲆均可作为选育的基础群体。     

福瑞鲤选育家系不同养殖阶段的生长差异分析

为了进一步观察最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)家系选育方法在福瑞鲤(Cyprinus carpio)继代选育中的潜力,该研究测量了继续选育第2代家系群体不同养殖阶段的体质量和形态性状。结果表明,生长快速家系群福瑞鲤早期(4月龄)生长速度较慢,到后期则生长加快,其体质量增长表现出明显的优势。在体型方面,随着养殖时间的延长,福瑞鲤各选育家系群的体厚/体长增加,体高/体长降低,逐渐呈现其体型修长的特征;同时2个越冬期的成活率均达到了94%以上。结果表明通过BLUP家系选育对福瑞鲤长期选育是可行的。在此基础上,通过主成分分析发现,福瑞鲤生长性状第一主成分是体质量;对不同生长时期的体质量进行相关性分析,发现9月龄、14月龄、21月龄鱼的体质量与24月龄的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01),分别为0.851、0.897和0.957。因此,在福瑞鲤继续选育过程中,进行早期个体选择值得尝试。     

泥蚶生长性状相关AFLP分子标记的筛选

以浙江乐清泥蚶养殖群体为育种基础群,经过2代连续选育获得了泥蚶快速生长品系,生长对比试验发现其在壳长、壳高、壳宽、总体质量等性状上都表现出了显著的生长优势。为了研究快速生长品系的遗传结构并筛查生长性状相关的分子标记,利用AFLP标记技术对泥蚶快速生长品系和对照组群体的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增和电泳检测。采用40对多态性丰富的引物组合在64个个体中共扩增出2180条带谱,扩增位点总多态性比例达85.6%。从Nei’s基因多样性和Shannon’s信息指数反映的遗传多样性来看,选育品系的遗传多样性略高于对照组群体。群体遗传分化系数GST(0.0224)和基因流Nm(22.2811)数据显示,两群体间遗传变异很小,存在明显的基因流动。通过比对AFLP指纹图谱的位点差异,在2180条扩增带中共筛选出了7个显著性差异位点,其中2个位点只在选育品系中出现,2个位点在选育品系中出现的频率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),另有3个位点在对照组中出现频率显著高于选育品系(P<0.05)。据此初步确定这些位点为与生长性状相关的候选标记。     

大菱鲆选育家系雌、雄群体的生长发育差异

采用全长/体长、体高/体长、全长/体高和体质量为评价指标,分别对9~33月龄大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中体型的动态变化及生长性能差异进行了比较。大菱鲆雌、雄群体形态比较结果显示,雌、雄群体的全长/体长、体高/体长、全长/体高在不同发育阶段呈现特有的变化,但在雌、雄群体间,除33月龄的体高/体长和全长/体高差异达到显著水平外,3项指标在不同阶段没有差异或差异不显著,即可以认为,对于统计初始体质量相同或相近的大菱鲆雌、雄群体,全长/体长、体高/体长和全长/体高3个形态比例指标是随发育时间序列同步变化。基于Logistic模型对大菱鲆雌、雄群体生长性能的比较结果显示,雌性群体的拐点月龄、拐点体质量和最大月增重均大于雄性群体;对于雌性和雄性群体的瞬时增长率,除在9~13月龄雌性群体稍低于雄性群体外,13~33月龄的雌性群体均高于雄性群体,且随着生长发育和体质量差异的增大,雌、雄瞬时增长率的差异也呈增大趋势;雄性群体进入快速生长期的始速点和进入缓慢生长期的终速点均比雌性群体提前,雄性群体的快速生长期时间区间长度小于雌性群体,其对应的体质量区间长度也小于雌性群体,雌性群体在快速生长期的月增重显著高于雄性群体。研究表明,大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中存在着显著的生长差异,而形态差异不显著。     

鳜鱼生长性状遗传参数的估计

为深入了解选育过程中鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)生长性状的遗传变化规律,本研究以来自湖南、江苏、广东的翘嘴鳜为基础群体,构建了21个同胞半同胞家系,利用动物模型对不同家系进行了遗传分析:鳜鱼210日龄体重、体长的遗传力为0.40、0.45,属于高遗传力;体高的遗传力为0.29,属于中遗传力。相关分析表明,鳜鱼体重?体长间的遗传相关为0.96;体长?体高间的遗传相关为0.92,体重?体高间的遗传相关为0.94,因此进一步选育采用个体选育或者个体选育与家系选择法相结合的方法都能获得较好的结果;对某一生长性状进行选育时,其他两个相关性状也会得到间接选育。经过选育鳜鱼F2群体平均体重遗传进展为7.5 g,较第一代增加7.5%,F3群体平均体重的遗传进展为9.75 g,较第二代增加9.0%。F3群体平均体长与F1比较无显著提高。F3群体平均体高的遗传进展为0.22 cm,较第一代增加9.9%。本研究旨在为提高鳜鱼育种效率提供重要参数,加速育种进程。     

三疣梭子蟹快速生长品系核心种质有效群体含量

三疣梭子蟹是我国海水养殖的重要种类之一,良种选育核心种质的繁衍与更新是制约品种选育成功的技术瓶颈。根据Doyle和Talbot提出的计算有效群体含量的计算公式,对2008年三疣梭子蟹快速生长品系核心育种群有效群体含量进行估算,得出实际群体有效含量为213,实际近交系数为0.002 3,其近交系数较小,近交衰退控制在较低的水平。但三疣梭子蟹保种数量和留种方式仍然困扰育种群体控制,因此,借鉴畜禽的保种模式,从留种方式、雌雄比例、保种数量等方面对三疣梭子蟹快速生长品系核心基础群进行保种研究。结果表明,采用随机留种,雌雄1∶1比例交尾,雌雄数量各131只,此保种模式既能保证三疣梭子蟹快速生长品系核心基础群遗传多样性处于较高水平,使其具有较大的选育潜力,又能使保种成本维持在一个合理水平。此研究模式也为理论保种模式,需要在以后的实际群体选育过程中逐步完善。     

Influence of supplemental cereal feeding on the content and structure of fatty acids during long-lasting storage of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Supplemental cereal feeding (maize, wheat and triticale compared with a control group with natural food only) and its effect on fatty acid (FA) expression in the flesh during long-lasting storage of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. The fish were cultured in earthen ponds in the Trebon region (Czech Republic). The content of fatty acid was investigated in the flesh of carp during 8 months of long-lasting storage without additional feeding. Sixty common carp in their third year of life were used for the analyses. The weight of the fish (marketable fish) ranged from 1,358 g to 2,221 g. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA, n–3) content and composition in fish flesh were determined by gas chromatography (VARIAN 3300). Supplemental cereals caused lower levels of PUFAs and n–3 PUFAs in fish fat. The content of these fatty acids did not decrease, even during 8 months of fish storage. The average percentage of PUFAs in total fat from edible parts was: for maize 13.7% ± 1.58%, for wheat 11.6% ± 1.17% and for triticale 10.7% ± 1.00%. The percentage of n–3 PUFA for maize was 2.5% ± 0.36%, for wheat 3.38% ± 0.44% and for triticale 3.1% ± 0.39%.     

Effect of ration size on growth,body composition,and energy and protein maintenance requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo rohita</Emphasis> (Hamilton)

An eight-week feeding trial has been conducted to determine the optimum ration for Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerling (4.10 ± 0.30 cm, 0.55 ± 0.16 g) by feeding a purified diet (40% CP; 3.61 kcal g⁻¹ GE) at six levels, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12% of body weight per day, at 0800 and 1600 h, in triplicate, to 20 fish per trough fitted with a water flow-through system. Highest weight gain, best feed conversion ratio (FCR), best specific growth rate (SGR%), and highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were evident for rations of 6–8% body weight. Second-degree polynomial regression analysis for FCR, PER, protein, and energy retention data indicated the break-points occurred at 6.55, 6.75, 6.80, and 6.95% bw per day, respectively. Significant (P < 0.05) differences between body composition were observed for fish fed different rations. Maximum body protein content was recorded for 6% and 8% rations. A linear increase in body fat content was evident with increasing ration. Body moisture and ash content remained non-significantly (P > 0.05) low for higher rations, however. On the basis of these results it is recommended that feeding in the range 6.5–7.0% bw per day corresponding to 2.6–2.8 g protein and 23.49–25.31 kcal energy per 100 g of the diet per day is optimum for growth and efficient feed utilization of Labeo rohita. Results for 2–4% rations (0.8–1.6 g protein and 7.23–14.46 kcal energy) suggest these amounts approximate to the maintenance requirement of this fish.     

4个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长存活差异及其生长规律

为比较企鹅珍珠贝[（Röding,1798）]海南金唇选育系（GLHH）、海南白唇选育系（WLHH）、广西金唇选育系（GLGG）和广西白唇选育系（WLGG）的生长存活差异,及了解4个选育系的生长规律,自2018年1月底至2018年12月底连续监测养殖于海南陵水黎族自治县新村港的4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系F₃的存活率及其壳长、壳高、壳宽、铰合线长和体重的生长情况。使用单因素方差分析和生长模型拟合等方法对数据进行分析。结果显示,4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系的生长及存活率存在显著差异（<0.05）,海南金唇选育系的生长及存活率最优,广西白唇选育系的生长及存活率最差,表明企鹅珍珠贝的生长存活可能与环境、贝龄、壳色和地理种群有关。SGompertz生长模型为企鹅珍珠贝5个生长性状的通用生长模型。研究表明,4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系的生长规律存在差异,且企鹅珍珠贝5个生长性状的生长规律存在差异,其中壳长和铰合线长的生长拐点出现得最早,分别出现在7.9（GLHH）~8.5（WLHH）月龄和7.9（GLHH）~9.1（WLGG）月龄;其次是壳高和壳宽,生长拐点分别出现在11.6（GLHH）~15.9（WLGG）月龄和11.8（GLHH）~14.3（WLGG）月龄时;体重的生长拐点出现得最晚,在15.8（GLHH）~18.7（WLGG）月龄。该研究结果表明海南金唇选育系早期生长阶段具有高存活率和优良的生长性能,广西白唇选育系可能具有最大的生长潜力（生长性状的生长极限最大）,本研究可为企鹅珍珠贝的良种选育、健康养殖及优质珍珠的生产提供借鉴。     

池塘养殖草鱼两性体质量生长差异研究

为探明池塘养殖条件草鱼两性体质量生长规律,采用电子芯片标记技术和解剖鉴定性别方法,追溯不同性别草鱼在7月龄、8月龄、12月龄、16月龄、20月龄和32月龄的体质量生长状况,运用独立样本t检验比较雌、雄草鱼体质量差异。试验结果表明,7～16月龄雌、雄草鱼体质量差异均不显著(P>0.05);20月龄雌鱼和雄鱼平均体质量分别为2659.09 g和2530.06 g,32月龄分别为4868.21 g和4418.11 g,雌鱼比雄鱼体质量分别增加了5.10%和10.18%,雌、雄差异达到显著和极显著水平(0.01相似文献   

池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹的生长规律

为探讨池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹的生长规律和雌雄差异，本研究对1～6月龄池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹各生长指标进行了比较分析，并采用Logistic模型分别拟合三疣梭子蟹的体重(BW)、体长(BL)、体高(BH)、全甲宽(FCW)、甲宽(CW)、大螯长节长(MLC)、大螯不动指长(FFLC)、第一步足长节长(MLFP)等8个形态性状的生长特征。结果显示，三疣梭子蟹雌性和雄性的生长存在差异，早期雄性生长较快，后期雌性生长较快，而雌雄混合分析介于二者之间。三疣梭子蟹各生长性状的Logistic模型拟合结果显示，除雌性MLC和MLFP以及雌雄混合分析的MLFP之外，其余性状R²均达到0.990以上；雌性和雄性体质量的极限生长值分别为290.27和195.91g，快速生长区间分别为2.74～5.10月龄和2.33～4.14月龄，拐点分别为3.92和3.24月龄。研究表明，三疣梭子蟹的生长过程均符合“慢-快-慢”的特征，雄性比雌性更早进入快速生长期，但是快速生长期的持续时间不及雌性。本研究对三疣梭子蟹不同生长指标的规律特征，以及各指标在混合养殖条件下雌性和雄性的优势阶段进行了研究，为实现三疣...     

Diet and fish choice of Eurasian otters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lutra lutra</Emphasis> L.) in fish wintering ponds in Hungary

The diet composition and fish preference of piscivorous Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) were studied in two fish farm systems in Hungary using spraint (otter faeces) analysis during two wintering periods. The primary food source of otters in both fish farms was fish (97–99% of biomass). The main fish prey was small-sized, below 100 g in weight (96% in both areas), while fish prey above 500 g comprised only 0.1–0.4% of the diet. The bulk of the otters’ diet consisted of less-valued species, especially non-native Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Consumption of commercial fish species ranged between 15 and 31% of the total diet. Otters preferred fish below 100 g in weight (Ivlev’s electivity index, E _i = 0.65–0.70), and showed a lesser preference for (or avoided) fish above 100 g in weight (E _i = −0.37–1.00). With regard to species distribution, otters preferred small (below 100 g) grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), zander (Sander lucioperca), pike (Esox lucius), Prussian carp, topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), while they consumed common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the most important commercial species, proportionally to its abundance in the environment (E _i = −0.18–0.29).     

The effects of dietary lipid sources and lecithin on the production of giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis> larvae in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is cultured widely in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam but it is often difficult or expensive for hatchery operators to purchase commercial diets used as a feeding supplement to Artemia nauplii. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of lipid sources and lecithin on the growth and survival rate of M. rosenbergii larvae were examined in order to develop suitable hand-prepared larval diets for seed production of M. rosenbergii in this area. Six egg custard diets consisting of various ratios of lipid (originating from soybean oil and squid oil) and lecithin were used for rearing Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. Treatments in which larvae were fed diets containing squid oil exhibited the highest body length and survival rates (7.14–7.43 mm and 51.1–68.1%, respectively), and differed significantly from other treatments (P<0.05). Use of dietary soybean oil yielded the lowest body length and survival rates (6.29–6.75 mm and 22.0–48.7%), respectively). The supplementation of dietary lecithin did not increase final body weight but did improve larval survival rates. The n-3 HUFA content of prawns fed dietary squid oil was higher than those of animals provided with other diets. These results indicated that the most appropriate diet for rearing M. rosenbergii larvae is the diet containing 3% squid oil and 1.5% lecithin.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Management of paddlefish fry and juveniles in Bulgarian conditions

When paddlefish larvae were reared in tanks and fed on zooplankton, a length of 12–15 cm and a weight of 9.2 g had been obtained by the second month after hatching. After a further 2-months of pond rearing, the survival rate was 48%, and the juveniles had reached an average weight of 27.74 g and length of 22.5 cm. Much better growth rate was achieved when both paddlefish fry and juveniles were reared only on artificial food in tanks. At the end of the first month, a weight of 11.6 g had been reached; at the second month the paddlefish weight was 33.29 g, at the third month it was 60.2 g, and at the fourth month it was 127.7 g. There were two cases in which, respectively, 1,000 and 1,500 paddlefish with an average body weight of 33–60 g were stocked in a reservoir. At the age 5 months the fish had reached, or exceeded, an average weight of 500 g, and, after 1 year, it was over 700 g, which is an indicator of the good rearing opportunities this reservoir offered.