彩鲫与建鲤杂交 F1代形态特征研究

采用全红体色日本彩鲫（ Carassius auratus）与青灰色建鲤（ Cyprinus carpiovar Jian）杂交,对所获得鲤鲫F1（建鲤♀×彩鲫♂）和鲫鲤F1（彩鲫♀×建鲤♂）两个杂交群体的个体及其父母本的外形特征进行研究,从而了解建鲤与彩鲫正反交后代的形态特征。试验分别从大学实验室随机取样50尾,对体型指数、可量性状、可数性状和肥满度分析比较。在体型指数体长/全长中,鲫鲤F1偏向母本,而在体高/体长中,鲤鲫 F1偏向母本;头高/体高、头高/头长、尾柄长/尾柄高都偏向建鲤,头长/体长这一体型指数处于亲本之间,属于杂交性状。进而推测生长性能出现离散现象,控制体色的基因来自母本。     

荷包红鲤（♂）、镜鲤（♀）及其杂种一代的形态特点和主要性状分析

近年来,我国进行鲤鱼种内杂交获得的丰鲤(散鳞镜鲤♂×兴国红鲤♀)、荷元鲤(元江鲤♂×荷包红鲤♀)、岳鲤(湘江野鲤♂×兴国红鲤♀)、芙蓉鲤(镜鲤♂×红鲤♀)及红镜鲤♂×黑龙江野鲤♀的子一代,杂种优势明显,应用于生产取得良好的增产效果。我们用荷包红鲤♂与镜鲤♀杂交得到的子一代(简称杂交鲤)也具有较显著的杂种优势,经三年生     

黑龙江和长江散鳞镜鲤群体的种质差异分析

本文检测分析黑龙江和长江地区散鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio群体的主要生物学特征、生长性能、生化遗传特性。结果表明:长江群体后代鳞被分离较大;全长/体长、体长/体高、体长/体厚、体长/头长、体长/头高、头长/头高、尾柄长/尾柄高等可量性状差异显著。黑龙江群体较长江群体在1龄鱼阶段具有生长优势,2龄鱼生长无明显差异。2个群体1龄和2龄鱼的成活率无明显差异。测量不同酶在不同组织中的活性,结果发现长江散鳞镜鲤与黑龙江散鳞镜鲤在酯酶和乙醇脱氢酶的谱带活性具有一定的差异,淀粉酶、超氧化歧化酶、苹果酸脱氢酶及其他酶的带型和活性差异不明显。     

高寒鲤的形态学特征及主要经济性状

高寒鲤体色为青灰色，全鳞，体纺缍形、二龄鱼的体长／体高比值为2．55，体长／头长比值为3．3，尾柄长／尾柄高比值为0．91，空壳重／体重的指数为87.3％，食肉率为66．2％.生长快，产量比黑龙江野鲤高50％以上。抗寒能力较强，自然越冬成活率：一、二龄鱼都在95％以上，是三北地区养殖的优良鲤鱼品种。     

易捕鲤

<正>育种单位:中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所品种简介:该品种是以从云南省晋宁水库采捕的大头鲤、嫩江中下游采捕的黑龙江鲤和前苏联引进的散鳞镜鲤复合杂交[(大头鲤♀×散鳞镜鲤♂)♀×(黑龙江鲤♀×散鳞镜鲤♂)♂]后代♀与大头鲤♂回交获得的子一代群体为基础群体,以起捕率为主要选     

奥利亚罗非鱼(WZ♀)×尼罗罗非鱼(XY♂、YY♂)杂交子代的性比分析

在两口4m×2m×1.5m的水泥池中各放入体质量1.4~1.5kg雄尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis nilotica(XY♂)1尾,体质量0.4~0.6kg奥利亚罗非鱼O.aureus(WZ♀)7尾和4尾,每尾注射0.5个鲤脑垂体(PG)悬浮液催产。另在池塘内两口1.5m×1m×1m的32目网箱中各放入体质量1kg左右的雄尼罗罗非鱼(YY♂)1尾,然后分别放入体质量0.4~0.6kg的雌奥利亚罗非鱼(WZ♀)2尾和1尾,未注射催产剂。各箱配组繁苗20d后,移走亲本,将子代单独饲养至性别鉴定,分析杂交子代的性比,以判断子代中WY型罗非鱼的性别。结果测得3组WZ♀×XY♂的子代性比(雌雄比)分别为:114∶111、40∶164和4∶16,1组WZ♀×YY♂的子代性比为3∶503。卡方分析表明,前3组中有两组子代性比与1∶3的期望值相吻合(P0.089和P0.79),一组不吻合(P0.001);后1组的子代性比与0∶N的期望值相吻合(P=0.92)。实验结果推断WY型罗非鱼为雄性,通过探讨导致少数实验值偏离理论值的原因,认为目前构建WY♀-YY♂超雄罗非鱼自繁体系不可行。     

杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”形态指标体系的建立及雌雄差异判别

为研究杂交黄颡鱼"黄优1号"(Pelteobagrus vachelli♂×P.fulvidraco♀)主要形态指标和雌雄个体的形态差异,对509尾杂交黄颡鱼11项计量性状(体长、全长、头长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长、体厚、吻长、眼径、眼间距和体质量)及11项标准化性状(肥满度、体长/头长、眼径/吻长、体长/体高、体长/体厚、体长/尾柄长、头长/吻长、头长/眼径、体高/体厚、尾柄长/尾柄高和体长/全长)进行主成分分析和逐步判别分析并建立雌雄判别方程式。主成分分析显示,杂交黄颡鱼的主要形态指标可以分为整体框架轮廓指标、肥瘦程度、眼间距特征、头部特征、尾部特征和身体前部T型结构特征6个方面,累积贡献率达76.36%。散点图结果显示,雌雄个体在体质量上存在明显差异,与判别分析结果一致。通过逐步判别分析将326尾2龄杂交黄颡鱼和183尾3龄杂交黄颡鱼的11项计量性状与11项标准化性状逐步剔除,筛选出关于2龄鱼群体的全长、体长、体高、体质量、体长/体高、头长/眼径、体高/体厚和体长/全长8个变量,3龄鱼群体的全长和体质量2个变量,分别建立起性别判别函数。通过将数据代回方程中检验可得出2龄鱼综合正确率87.0%、3龄鱼综合正确率84.2%。t-检验结果显示,雌雄杂交黄颡鱼的主要差异集中在肥满度及外部轮廓指标上,雄鱼较雌鱼体型更宽、更长。上述差异性状和雌雄判别方程式可为杂交黄颡鱼性别的鉴定提供参考方法和理论依据。     

白鲫与4种鲤杂交及其自交F_1鱼苗的形态特征及生长

相同室外网箱养殖条件下,比较白鲫自交F_1及其与散鳞镜鲤、黑龙江野鲤、禾花鲤和兴国红鲤四种鲤鱼杂交F_1鱼苗的形态特征与生长的差异。结果显示:全长/体长、体长/体高、体长/头长、头长/头高等可量性状参数比值差异显著,可作为几者之间形态区别主要参数。其中白鲫(♀)×黑龙江野鲤(♂)的全长为体长的1.64倍,体长为体高的3.00倍,为头长的3.50倍,为尾柄宽的7.68倍,尾柄长为尾柄宽的1.48倍。各方面指标显著优于其他组别。从数据可以看出白鲫(♀)×黑龙江野鲤(♂)体略高,头略短,尾柄略窄长,体型较修长,表明该杂交组合鲫鱼体长体重增长率方面都显著优于其他组合,体型合适。     

框鳞镜鲤(♀)×团头鲂(♂)杂交及其杂种F_1的形态学特征

2002年6月17日和24日,在进行鱼类远缘杂交时,发现框鳞镜鲤雌鱼与团头鲂雄鱼两亚科间杂交,其杂种表现出很高的成活率.框鳞镜鲤和团头鲂属于鲤科中的两个不同亚科,这两个亚科间的杂交曾报道过鲤♀×团头鲂♂的杂交.     

两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体核型分析及比较

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射制备两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼（鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂；鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）的染色体。结果表明：两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成，按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组，每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂回交的染色体数目为3n=150，染色体臂数NF=234，其核...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.