凡纳滨对虾的脂肪营养需求

脂肪在凡纳滨对虾的生命活动中有着重要的作用,主要用于能量代谢和生长发育。虾类的脂肪来源一部分来自于体内的三大营养物质转化,另外主要的来源还是来自于饲料的供给。凡纳滨虾饲料中脂肪和脂肪酸的种类以及含量的不同,直接影响凡纳滨对虾的机体的生长和养殖效益。研究发现凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6比值为0.44,凡纳滨对虾饲料中脂肪添加量在8.5%~9%之间的效果最好。     

不同饲料对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长影响的试验

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)俗称南美白对虾,是世界养殖虾类产量最高的三大种类之一,也我国对虾养殖的主要品种之一.在凡纳滨对虾的营养需求方面国内外已做了许多研究.Smith和Lawrence研究了凡纳滨对虾幼虾在海水中的蛋白质需求,得出其对蛋白质的需要量为36%的结论[1].……     

凡纳滨对虾营养生理研究进展

凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannamei）俗称南美白对虾、太平洋白虾等,原产于美洲太平洋海域,目前是世界上最重要的海水经济虾之一。自上世纪90年代开始,凡纳滨对虾逐渐成为我国最重要的对虾养殖品种,目前其养殖量占我国对虾养殖量的70％以上。本文就近年来国内外学者关于凡纳滨对虾营养研究结果进行综述,以期为凡纳滨对虾营养生理、饲料配制以及今后的相关研究提供科学参考。     

海水养殖与低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾生长性能、酶活及RNA/DNA比值的差异

以初始体重为4.04d:O.14 g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分别在盐度1.5和30的水体中用同一种配合饲料喂养50d,探讨海水养殖和低盐养殖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、碱性磷酸酶及酸性磷酸酶和RNA/DNA比值的影响.结果显示,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的成活率、特殊增长率(SGR)高于低盐养殖对虾(P＜O.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)明显低于低盐养殖对虾(P＜O.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均明显高于低盐养殖对虾(P＜O.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉RNA/DNA比值明显高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P＜O.05).     

卵形鲳鲹营养需求与饲料研究进展

卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)是我国近年来快速发展起来的重要海水养殖鱼类,其年产量高达12万t。目前,国内外有关该鱼的营养需求与饲料研究已有较多报道,但对有些营养素的研究还是空白。本文主要就其蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、脂肪酸、碳水化合物和微量营养素的需求,蛋白源和脂肪源替代鱼粉和鱼油,功能性饲料添加剂应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为该鱼的精准营养研究及高效低成本环保配合饲料的研发提供参考资料,从而推动其养殖业的健康可持续发展。     

渔业主推品种“凡纳滨对虾”的推广应用情况研究

正凡纳滨对虾是世界第一养殖虾类,约占全球养殖对虾产量的凡纳滨对虾养殖业产业是我国水产养殖的支柱性产业,同时又是我国水产品出口的第一大品种,出口数量占全球生产总量的以上。我国养殖凡纳滨对虾年产量超过万吨,占养殖对虾总产量超过,其中广东、广西、海南是我国凡纳滨对虾的主产区,产量接近全国海水养殖对虾总产量的。70%。1/3140 80%70%     

凡纳滨对虾的脂肪营养需求

正凡纳滨对虾原产于南太平洋沿岸的暖水水域,分布上属于节肢动物门、甲壳纲、十足目、游泳亚目、对虾科、对虾属,是世界上养殖最多、产量最大的三大虾种之一。凡纳滨对虾机体中的脂肪在凡纳滨对虾的生命活动中有着重要的作用,主要用于能量代谢和生长发育。凡纳滨对虾机体中的脂肪酸不仅是构成生物体重要的物质,也是生物生长需要的重要营养元素。一、凡纳滨对虾饲料行业的现状营养饲料是对虾健康养殖的物质基础。随着凡纳滨对虾养殖业的快速发展,我国的对虾饲料     

海水养殖和低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾脂肪酸分析比较

对饲喂同一种配合饲料分别在海水及低盐水体中饲养的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei肌肉及肝胰脏的脂肪酸组成进行了分析比较.结果显示,(1)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和总含量低于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUPA)总含量高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 二者的饱和脂肪酸总量(SAFA)无显著差异(P>0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).(2)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和饱和脂肪酸(SAFA)总含量均显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P< 0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05), ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著高于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).     

规格与盐度对凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的影响

分析测定了海水池塘养殖不同规格(8.3、12.5、16.7g.尾-1)凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)及土池淡水养殖规格12.5g.尾-1凡纳滨对虾肌肉中水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成,并进行品质评价。结果显示,海水养殖对虾肌肉的水分、脂肪和虾味氨基酸含量随着对虾规格的增大而减少,蛋白质、灰分、氨基酸、必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸总量随着对虾规格的增大而增加;相同规格的凡纳滨对虾中,淡水养殖对虾的含水量、脂肪含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,蛋白质、灰分、鲜味氨基酸总量和虾味氨基酸偏低。综合指标表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的营养价值随着规格的增大而提高;在蛋白质、灰分、鲜味氨基酸和虾味氨基酸含量上,海水养殖对虾高于同一规格的淡水养殖对虾。     

海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较

测定和分析了海水和淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05),而水分的含量显著低于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸量、鲜味氨基酸总量均显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,总量分别达68.48%和69.80%,但海水虾肌肉中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于淡水虾(P0.05),而多不饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于淡水虾(P0.01);海水虾肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸总量亦显著低于淡水虾(P0.05),表明在海水环境中凡纳滨对虾合成n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的能力较差。综合分析表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉的营养价值和风味稍优于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾。     

Demonstration of alternative feeds for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama

The replacement of marine proteins with vegetable proteins or terrestrial animal byproducts in aquaculture diets has been gaining momentum. This study examines the viability of replacing fish meal in shrimp production diets with alternative protein sources (combinations of vegetable proteins) in inland low salinity waters of west Alabama. The test diets were formulated to contain 36% protein and 8% lipid. The basal diet contained 10% fish meal. The fish meal was then replaced (on a weight to weight basis) with poultry meal (PM), pea meal or distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS). Two separate experiments (laboratory trial and farm trial) were devised to test the efficacy of the diets for Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity waters. The laboratory trial was conducted at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Research Station in Auburn, Alabama, USA, whereas the farm trial examined the same diets in an outdoor flow-through system at a low salinity shrimp farm in west Alabama. Results indicate no significant differences in shrimp growth, weight gain, survival or feed conversion ratio among dietary treatments, suggesting that PM, pea meal and DDGS can serve as alternatives to fish meal as a protein source for shrimp reared in low salinity environments.     

Effects of dietary lipid sources on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi‐purified diets containing casein, solvent‐extracted soybean meal and gelatin as protein sources, were supplemented with 60 g kg⁻¹ of lipid sources. The lipid sources included: pollack fish oil (PO), pork lard (PL), soy oil (SO), peanut oil (PN), rapeseed oil (RO) and a mixture of pollack fish oil and soy oil (POSO 1 : 1 w/w). Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp (0.10 g average weight) four times daily in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation (feeding ratio was about 8%) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for shrimp fed the diet containing PO and the POSO mixture oil than the other lipid sources. The nutritional values of SO, RO, PN and PL were similar. Shrimp fed on PO, mixture oil of POSO and SO had better survival rates than the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed the PL had the lowest survival rate. There were significant differences in lipid contents of whole body and hepatopancreas amongst the dietary treatments; however, lipid contents of tail muscle were not significantly affected by the dietary lipid sources. Shrimps fed POSO diet had higher protein content in whole body than those fed the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed PO diet had highest crude protein content of the tail muscle. A high correlation was found between dietary FA composition and FA composition of whole shrimp. FA composition of the whole body was generally affected by dietary lipid sources, especially dietary unsaturated FA.     

Fisheries By-Catch and By-Product Meals as Protein Sources For Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract— Fisheries by-catch and by-product meals are portrayed as ingredients having a great potential as ingredients in aquaculture feeds. The present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional value of shrimp by-catch meal, shrimp processing waste meal, and two fish meals made from Pacific whiting (meal with and without solubles) for rainbow trout by determining apparent digestibilityof these ingredients and conducting a 12-wk feeding trial with juvenile fish (average initial weight 20 g/fish). Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for protein in diets containing by-catch and processing by-products were 76% for shrimp by-catch meal, 79% for shrimp processing waste meal, 88% for Pacific whiting meal without solubles, and 92% for Pacific whiting meal with solubles. ADCs for lipid were higher than 94% for all the diets. ADCs for energy were 57% for shrimp by-catch meal, 73% for shrimp processing waste meal, 70% for Pacific whiting meal without solubles, and 73% for Pacific whiting meal with solubles. Growth performance was significantly affected by dietary protein source. Fish fed the shrimp by-catch meal diet had weight gain and feed conversion ratios similar to that of fish fed the control diet with anchovy fish meal. Fish fed diets containing shrimp processing waste and Pacific whiting meal with solubles had significantly lower weight gain and higher feed conversion ratios than the control diet. Growth was significantly lower in fish fed the Pacific whiting meal diet compared to fish fed the anchovy fish meal. The lower growth of fish fed diets containing Pacific whiting meal appeared to be a result of lower feed intake, indicating perhaps a lower palatability of this ingredient. Additional research addressing processing methods, nutritional manipulations, and palatability enhancement is needed to improve potential of some fisheries byproduct meals as ingredients in the diets of rainbow trout.     

Demonstration of salmon farming as a net producer of fish protein and oil

To date aquaculture’s reliance on dietary marine sources has been calculated on a fish weight‐to‐weight basis without considering the absolute amounts of nutrients but this approach neglects the often considerable differences in the nutritional value of fish. We propose simple nutrient‐to‐nutrient‐based dependency measures that take into account these nutritional differences. In the first study reported here, individually tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared in seawater supplied tanks with feed collection facilities. In the second, commercial net pens were used to grow over 200 000 fish. For both studies, a low marine ingredient feed containing approximately 165 g kg^?1 fishmeal was compared to a control feed (approx 300 g kg^?1 fishmeal) whilst fish oil inclusion was less markedly reduced. The low marine feeds supported similar growth and feed efficiency compared to the control feeds. With the low marine ingredient feeds, the weight of salmon protein and lipid produced through growth exceeded the weight of marine protein and lipid consumed by the fish meaning that salmon farming can be a net producer of fish protein and oil. The amount of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids deposited was sufficient to meet current recommendations from human health organizations.     

Effects of Diet and Water Source on the Nursery Production of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Penaeid shrimp reared in eutrophic pond water grow significantly faster than shrimp in clear well water, and this growth enhancement is especially pronounced in postlarval shrimp. The objective of this study was to determine if the nutritional benefits of pond water could supplement a lower protein feed for postlarval Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . Sixteen 230-L tanks were stocked with 10-d postlarvae at a density of 350 shrimp/tank. Four treatments (four replicates/treatment) were tested for 6 wk and consisted of: 1) shrimp grown in well water and fed a commercially available 45%-protein feed (W/45); 2) shrimp grown in pond water and fed the same 45%-protein feed (P/45); 3) shrimp grown in well water and fed a commercially available 52%-protein feed (W/ 52); and 4) shrimp grown in pond water and fed the same 52%-protein feed (P/52). At the end of the experiment. mean weight gain (± SE) for shrimp in pond water (1.85 ± 0.03 g) was significantly greater ( P > 0.0001) than shrimp in well water (0.98 ± 0.10 g). Mean weight gain for shrimp fed the 52%-protein feed (1.56 ± 0.13 g) was significantly greater ( P > 0.0001) than shrimp fed the 45%-protein feed (1.26 ± 0.20 g). In addition, there was a significant interaction effect between water source and feed ( P > 0.0001). Mean weight gain for shrimp in the W/52 treatment (1.23 ± 0.04 g) was 68% greater than shrimp in the W/45 treatment (0.73 ± 0.03 g). However, mean weight gain for shrimp in the P/52 treatment (1.90 ± 0.03 g) was only 5% greater than shrimp in the P/45 treatment (1.80 ± 0.04 g). These results suggest that organically rich pond water provides postlarval shrimp with sufficient nutrients to compensate for nutritional deficiencies associated with a lower protein feed.     

Marine microalgae from biorefinery as a potential feed protein source for Atlantic salmon,common carp and whiteleg shrimp

Two marine algal products MAP3 and MAP8 were examined for their suitability as fishmeal protein substitutes in feeds of three prominent farmed species, through short‐term feeding studies. Algal meals were tested at 5 and 10% protein replacement levels for Atlantic salmon and at 25 and 40% for common carp and whiteleg shrimp. At the end of the 12‐week period, the growth and feed performance of the two fish species did not reveal any significant difference between those fish offered the algae‐based feed and those offered the control feed. The whole body proximate compositions of Atlantic salmon fed the control and algae‐based feeds were not significantly different. In common carp, the lipid content in the fish fed higher level of MAP3 was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the control feed. In whiteleg shrimp, at the end of the 9‐week feeding period, growth performance and feed utilization did not differ between the treatment groups. Protein content in the shrimp fed the higher level of MAP8 was significantly lower than that of shrimp on the control feed. The three species could accept the algal meals in their feeds at the tested levels, though there were some noticeable effects on body composition at higher inclusion levels.     

团头鲂营养需求与健康研究进展

团头鲂是我国主要的大宗淡水养殖品种之一,其养殖规模在近10年不断扩大。团头鲂的营养物质需求主要以生长和营养缺乏症为评价指标。而营养物质对鱼类健康,如免疫反应和抗病力等影响的研究尚不充分。一般认为,饲料中营养物质搭配合理、品质优良有利于维持鱼类生理健康,并能保护养殖水环境。此外,一些营养物质如维生素,在鱼类的免疫机制中发挥重要作用。未来水产饲料应具有促进水产动物生长和维持健康的双重作用,通过营养调控预防鱼类疾病是保证水产养殖可持续发展的重要策略之一。本研究综述了团头鲂对蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质营养需求的研究进展,以及饲料营养元素对团头鲂免疫力及抗病力影响的最新报道,以期为团头鲂高效配合饲料的开发提供科学参考。     

Physiological and reproductive response to varying quantitative lipid inclusion in diets for Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis Baird and Girard

Successful culture of Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis as a live marine baitfish in the south‐eastern United States has experienced low fecundity as a primary restriction. Hence, the ability to optimize reproduction in captive populations may increase the potential for viable large‐scale production. Broodfish nutrition is an expanding field of aquaculture, and improved nutritional status has been shown to increase reproductive output in some cultured fish. This study examined changes in quantitative inclusion of lipid as fish oil in complete diets fed to actively spawning Gulf killifish and its effects on physiological and reproductive parameters and subsequent larval morphometrics. An increase in dietary lipid levels across a gradient from 4.0 to 13.8% did not affect periodic fecundity, egg size, embryo viability rate, sperm motility, hepatosomatic index or liver total lipid content. Intraperitoneal fat increased significantly in fish fed higher lipid levels, while gonadosomatic index was significantly higher in the lowest lipid content group. Larvae produced by fish fed higher lipid levels had significantly increased endogenous nutritional resources at hatch while standard length was unaffected. No strong reproductive benefits of increased lipid inclusion were found in Gulf killifish.     

A comparison of the fatty acid profiles of adult tissues,and newly hatched,fed and starved Lysmata amboinensis larvae

This study evaluated the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and tail muscle of Lysmata amboinensis broodstock, as well as newly hatched larvae subjected to a period of starvation or feed from hatch to Zoea 2. The hepatopancreas had a high lipid content, confirming its role as a process and storage organ in L. amboinensis. Lipids were also a major component of ovarian dry weight, in agreement with reports on other crustaceans during maturation. The tail muscle, being a functional rather than a storage organ, contained low total lipids and was the tissue that closely resembled the FA profile of the newly hatched larvae. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were the most abundant components of the lipid profiles in broodstock and larvae. The HUFAs docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic were preferentially retained during nutritional stress, confirming their importance for marine cleaner shrimp during early larval development. It appeared polyunsaturated fatty acid and HUFA requirements were met through the larval diet. The SFAs stearic and palmitic were abundant in adult tissues and larvae, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids may have been preferentially catabolized to meet energetic and metabolic larval requirements.