凡纳滨对虾营养生理和高效环保饲料研究进展

凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)是我国最主要的海水对虾类养殖品种,2021年海水养殖产量达到119.77万吨,占全国海水虾类养殖总产量的80%以上。目前,国内外对于凡纳滨对虾的营养需求与饲料研究已有较多报道,但是对于不同生长阶段的精准营养需求以及营养素和功能性饲料添加剂的相互关系研究仍不够深入。本文主要就其蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和微量营养素的需求,蛋白源和脂肪源替代鱼粉和鱼油,功能性饲料添加剂应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为凡纳滨对虾的精准营养研究及高效环保饲料的开发提供科学参考,从而推动其养殖业的健康可持续发展。     

黄颡鱼配合饲料

黄颡鱼肉味鲜美,蛋白质含量高,脂肪含量少,是一种小型名优淡水经济鱼类。近年来,由于人们对黄颡鱼认识程度不断提高,市场需求量不断增加,价格稳中有升,而且黄颡鱼在日本、韩国、东南亚等国家也有巨大的市场潜力,是出口创汇的优良品种犤1犦。养殖黄颡鱼经济效益显著。饲料是黄颡鱼养殖的主要成本之一,为了节约饲料成本,一些养殖场和专业户实行自己配制饲料,但由于缺乏黄颡鱼营养和饲料方面的知识,效果不理想。本文根据有关资料和当地的养殖实践介绍黄颡鱼的营养需求和饲料配制技术,仅供业内人士参考。1黄颡鱼的营养需求11蛋白质和必需氨基酸…     

肉食性水产动物营养需求和实用饲料（续二）

长吻鮠较易驯食人工配合饲料，但拒食或厌食不含鱼粉的精制饲料，在实验室环境中摄食用酪蛋白加进口鱼粉作蛋白源的半精制饲料生长良好。有关其营养需求已积累一定数量的研究资料，但质高价廉的长吻鮠实用配合饲料在全国范围尚未普遍使用。张泽芸等(1990，1991，1993)测定长吻鮠鱼种(60g)在25．3℃条件下每生产100g鱼每日营养需要量：     

黄颡鱼营养生物学和配合饲料的研究进展

黄颡鱼的营养研究现阶段主要体现在食性分析、肌肉营养成份的测定等基础研究上；而营养需求上的研究主要体现在配合饲料配方上的饲养试验，对于确定某种营养素的需要量研究还未见报到；在黄颡鱼驯食人工配合饲料的研究上进行了有益的探索，如诱食剂的应用、投饵方式、投饲量的确定等，为进一步研究黄颡鱼的营养和配合饲料打下了基础。     

鲍的营养需求及高效饲料

近年来,日本学者研究鲍的营养需求,并为提高鲍人工配合饲料的饲料效率,在半精制试验饲料中,应用酪蛋白和藻酸作为蛋白质源和碳水化合物源,从最大生长率和饲料转换率(FCE)来看,其营养含量中,蛋白质、脂肪和矿物质的最适水平各为28％、5％。和8％。 研制的三种试验饲料,按成分及百分比为:酪蛋白30、30、0;白鱼粉0、0、47;糊精34、31、21;纤维粉各5;复合矿物质各4;复合维生素各1.5;氯化胆碱各0.5;脂肪5、5、1;藻粉0、3、0;褐藻酸钠各20(％)。并与生物饵料(用柄叉藻Eisenia bicyclis鲜藻或海带Laminaria japonica干粉)对比效果。     

国内外对斑点叉尾鱼回营养需求和实用饲料的研究情况

综合所收集到的文献资料，概述了国内外有关斑点叉尾鱼回营养需求和实用饲料的研究情况     

史氏鲟养殖技术讲座：营养与饲料

1 鲟的营养需求 鲟的营养物质包括蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、维生素和矿物质五大类。不同鲟种或同一种类的不同生长发育阶段对营养的质和量的需求是不同的,只有研究鲟的具体营养生理特性,掌握其需求,才能提供和配制出营养全面、转换效率高的饲料。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对草鱼生长及其肌肉和肝脏脂肪含量的影响

饲料中不同脂肪源对草鱼生长及其肌肉和肝脏脂肪含量的影响成永旭，王联合，陈居明（河南师范大学生物系，４５３２００）脂肪在鱼类营养中除作为能源物质外，对机体的生长、发育和繁殖等亦有重要影响，因此，饲料中脂肪含量或脂肪质量都可能影响鱼的生长。本试验在饲料中...     

鲫营养需求与营养生理的研究进展

综述鲫对蛋白质，脂类，碳水化合物，维生素及钙，磷，碘等的营养需 求的研究成果，简述鲫对不同饲料蛋白源，脂肪源及磷源的消化吸收及糖耐量等研究现状，介绍了鱼体必需氨基酸的组成，鲫对必需氨基酸的需求量和对某些氨基酸的行为以及鲫消化酶活性等研究进展。     

欧洲舌齿鲈和花鲈生长期营养需求特点综述

鱼类的生长期(幼鱼和成鱼阶段)相对于仔稚鱼阶段在养殖生产中持续时间较长,是养殖生产的重要阶段和保证产品质量的关键时期。鱼类生长期饲料使用量大、所占养殖成本高。该时期营养需求特点不同于仔稚鱼期和亲鱼期,有其阶段特殊性,因此,针对鱼类生长期营养需求特点的研究有其必要性。花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)作为我国的名优海水鱼,得到大规模养殖,市场广阔。欧洲舌齿鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)作为引进新品种,与花鲈的生活习性、营养需求和生长特点颇为相似。在现有文献基础上,较系统地综述和比较了欧洲舌齿鲈和花鲈对蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、脂肪酸、维生素、矿物质等营养物质的需求量范围和需求异同点,并提出了今后的研究方向和重点,以期为专用配合饲料研发、更好地满足养殖生产提供参考。     

Meat and Bone Meal as an Alternative for Fish Meal in Soybean Meal‐Based Diets for Florida Pompano,Trachinotus carolinus L.

Alternative protein feedstuffs are potential surrogates for fish meal in the diet of Florida pompano. This study was designed to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal in a soybean meal‐based diet for Florida pompano. In Trial I (10 wk), the basal diet (FM15, formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid) containing 15% fish meal was modified by the isonitrogenous replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal producing diets with 10 (FM10), 5 (FM05), and 0% (FM0) fish meal. In Trial II (8 wk), the FM0 served as the basal diet (Tau 0) and was modified by the additive supplementation of taurine to produce three test diets containing 0.25 (Tau 0.25), 0.5 (Tau 0.50), and 0.75% (Tau 0.75) taurine. In Trial I, reduced weight gain (220.1%), feed efficiency (0.31), and survival (84.5%) were observed in fish fed the FM0 diet (P < 0.05). In Trial II, the supplementation of taurine improved the growth performance, survival, and protein and energy retention efficiencies of Florida pompano (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of taurine was required in these feed formulations and that meat and bone meal is a good alternative ingredient for fish meal in soybean meal‐based diets for Florida pompano.     

Net production of Atlantic salmon (FIFO,Fish in Fish out < 1) with dietary plant proteins and vegetable oils

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; approximately 800 g start weight) were fed diets with a high replacement of fish meal (FM) with plant proteins (70% replacement), and either fish oil (FO) or 80% of the FO replaced by olive oil (OO), rapeseed oil (RO) or soybean oil (SO) during 28 weeks in triplicate. Varying the lipid source only gave non‐significant effects on growth and final weight. However, a significantly reduced feed intake was observed in the SO fed fish, and both feed utilization and lipid digestibility were significantly reduced in the FO fed fish. Limited levels of dietary 18:3n‐3, precursor to EPA and DHA, resulted in no net production of EPA and DHA despite increased mRNA expression of delta‐5‐desaturase and delta‐6‐desaturase in all vegetable oil fed fish. Net production of marine protein, but not of marine omega‐3 fatty acids, is thus possible in Atlantic salmon fed 80% dietary vegetable oil and 70% plant proteins resulting in an estimated net production of 1.3 kg Atlantic salmon protein from 1 kg of FM protein. Production of one 1 kg of Atlantic salmon on this diet required only 800 g of wild fish resources (Fish in ‐ Fish out < 1).     

Comparative effect of advanced soy products or corn protein concentrate with porcine meal on growth,body composition,and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diets containing advanced soy products (enzyme‐treated soy and fermented soy) or corn protein concentrate (CPC) in combination with porcine meal (PM) to completely replace poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, to contain 400 g/kg crude protein and 80 g/kg lipid. A reference diet (PBM diet [PBMD]) contained 150 g/kg PBM and 495 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), and three test diets were formulated replacing PBM with 15 g/kg of CPC (CPC diet [CPCD]) or replacing all SBM and PBM with 535 g/kg fermented soy (fermented soybean meal diet [FSBMD]) or 451.3 g/kg enzyme‐treated soy (enzyme‐treated soybean meal diet [ESBMD]). All three test diets were supplemented with 38 g/kg of PM. Diets were fed based on a percentage of bodyweight adjusted after sampling the fish every 2 weeks to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 8.06 ± 0.22 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed CPCD and ESBMD performed equally well in terms of final body weight, thermal growth coefficient, and percentage weight gain in comparison to fish fed PBMD. In all cases, feeding FSBMD resulted in poor feed conversion and lower feed intake compared to other treatments. Protein retention efficiency, whole‐body proximate composition, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc contents were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The results obtained in the present histological study showed no significant differences in the thickness of serous layer, muscular layer, and submucosal layer of the intestine among treatments. Fish fed CPCD showed a significant widening of the lamina propria with an increase of cellular infiltration and higher presence of goblet cells compared to other dietary treatment. Based on these results, 451 g/kg ESBM or combination of 150 g/kg of CPC and 495 g/kg SBM supplemented with 38 g/kg PM can be utilized to develop a practical diet for juvenile Florida pompano without impacting growth, nutritive parameters, and several distal intestine health parameters.     

Dietary simultaneous replacement of fish meal and fish oil with blends of plant proteins and vegetable oils in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) fry: Growth,digestive enzymes,antioxidant status and skin mucosal immunity

A 56‐day nutritional research was performed to examine the influence of alternative vegetal protein and lipid sources on performance of yellowfin seabream fry (Acanthopagrus latus) (0.5 ± 0.0 g). In this regard, five isoproteic (Ca. 500 g/kg) and isolipidic (Ca. 150 g/kg) diets were formulated in which fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) were simultaneously replaced with blends of plant proteins (PP, soybean meal and corn gluten) and vegetal oils (VO, canola and soybean oils) at 20% (SR20), 40% (SR40), 60% (SR40) and 80% (SR80) levels, respectively; meanwhile, a control diet (SR0) was formulated based on FM and FO. Growth and feed utilization were not influenced by experimental diets. The fatty acid profile of fillet drastically altered by dietary treatments. Fish fed with the SR60 and SR80 feeds had higher total protease, trypsin and α‐amylase activities than other treatments. The antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content in liver were enhanced in fish fed with the SR40, SR60 and SR80 diets. Skin mucosal immune parameters including total protein content, alkaline phosphatase and alternative complement pathway activities in the control group were relatively lower than the vegetal treatments. According to these results, it is recommended that 410 g/kg of FM and 45 g of FO/kg can be replaced with alternative vegetal sources in diet for A. latus fry.     

Replacement of Marine Feedstuffs with Stabilized Poultry Protein Meal and Fat in Practical Diets for Sunshine Bass,Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis

We evaluated production performance and fillet composition of sunshine bass fed increasing levels of stabilized poultry protein meal (PM) and poultry fat (PO) to replace menhaden fish meal (FM) and/or oil (FO) in diets. The control diet included 200 g/kg (dry matter basis) FM and 98 g/kg FO. In eight treatment diets, 50% or 100% of the FM and/or FO were replaced with PM and PO. Each diet was fed to four replicate tanks of juvenile sunshine bass for 10 wks. Survival, food conversion ratio, and liposomatic index were unaffected by dietary treatment, although consumption, growth, and HSI were reduced with complete FM replacement. Fillet lipid content and athero- and thrombogenicity indices differed with lipid source; substitution of FO with PO resulted in marked increases in dietary and fillet monoenes and n-6 fatty acids. Consistent with this, dietary and fillet n-3 and highly unsaturated fatty acids were reduced in fish fed more PO. FM replacement similarly affected fillet fatty acid profile, though to a lesser degree. Our data suggests little to no interaction between FM, FO, and their alternatives in diets for sunshine bass, except with respect to the effect of FO and residual lipids in FM on tissue fatty acid composition.     

Partial or total replacement of fish meal in the diets of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercial enzyme‐treated soy (ESBM) to replace the use of fish meal (FM) in practical diets for Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus. The reference diet which has been run in numerous trials for Florida pompano was formulated using 150, 466 and 80 g/kg of FM, soybean meal and corn protein concentrate respectively. In trial 1, test diets were produced by replacing FM with 30.8, 61.4 and 92.1 g/kg of ESBM. In trial 2, test diets were produced by replacing FM with 28.9, 89.8, 120.1 g/kg of ESBM. Triplicate group of fish in trial 1 (mean weight = 13.05 ± 0.34 g) and trial 2 (mean weight = 18.45 ± 0.49 g) was fed these diets to apparent satiety for 8 weeks. Growth performance was affected as the dietary FM was replaced with ESBM. In trial 1, final weight (FW), percentage weight gain and thermal growth coefficient were lower in 6 g/kg of FM compared to 15 g/kg, while feed conversion ratio significantly higher in fish fed the lowest inclusion level of FM (6 g/kg). In trial 2, FW was significantly lower when FM completely replaced by ESBM and no significant differences in other growth parameters. In all trials, no significant differences were observed in terms of crude protein, moisture, fat, crude fibre, dry matter and ash content of the fish. No significant differences in serum levels of total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, glucose and bile acids were observed in either trial. However, in trial 1, serum cholesterol level was higher in fish fed 150 g/kg FM compared to other dietary treatments. The histomorphological structure of liver and distal intestine was slightly affected by lower inclusion level of FM. Overall, there was a decreasing trend in pompano growth performance as the inclusion of FM decreased. All parameters indicated that ESBM could be used to reduce the inclusion of FM from 150 to 90 g/kg.     

Effects of fish oil and partial fish meal substitution with oilseed oils and meals on growth performance, nutrient utilization and health of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the replacement of dietary fish meal and fish oil with oilseed meals (soybean or canola) and canola oil on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition, diet digestibility and hematological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Seven diets were used; the control diet (designated FM) contained fish meal and fish oil as the main protein and lipid sources. For the experimental diets, 40% of fish meal protein was substituted with soybean meal, canola meal or a soybean/canola meal mixture, and these diets (designated SM, CM and SCM, respectively) contained fish oil as the lipid source. Three additional diets (SM?+?CO, CM?+?CO and SCM?+?CO) were formulated with the same vegetable protein meals but with fish oil replaced by canola oil. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 11?weeks. The growth of fish fed the CM?+?CO diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the FM, SCM, SM?+?CO and SCM?+?CO diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly better in fish fed the FM and SCM?+?CO diets than in fish fed the CM and CM?+?CO diets. Furthermore, feed intake was significantly lower for fish fed the CM?+?CO diet than in fish fed the SCM diet, and lipid digestibility of the CM?+?CO diet was significantly lower than that of all other diets. No significant differences of body composition were observed. Circulating leukocyte levels, leukocyte ratios and serum lysozyme activity remained unaffected by dietary treatment. However, it was observed that fish fed the CM?+?CO diet displayed hematocrit levels significantly lower (P?<?0.05) than that of fish fed the other diets. The results indicate that when diets contain either fish oil or canola oil, canola meal and soybean meal can be incorporated into rainbow trout feeds at a combined 32% inclusion level (replacing 40% of fish meal protein) without inducing significant negative effects on growth, nutrient utilization or health.     

Development of plant‐based diets and the evaluation of dietary attractants for juvenile Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus L.

Sustainable and profitable commercial aquaculture production of marine fish species is dependent on the development of sustainable protein sources as substitutes for expensive animal meals such as fishmeal (FM). Previous Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus studies have indicated that poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and meat and bone meal can be used to produce a FM‐free diet if suitable levels of nutrients (such as taurine) are included in the diets. In this study, we attempted to develop an all‐plant protein diet by removing the animal proteins in practical diets for pompano by substituting back select ingredients. A series of eight FM‐free diets were formulated, four systematically replaced soybean meal (SBM) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) and four replaced PBM with SPC. Based on the results, there is no clear disadvantage to the use of SPC as a replacement for SBM. However, the complete removal of PBM resulted in reduced performance. Two additional growth trials were conducted to supplement additional amino acids including glycine, valine and histidine, a proprietary chemical attractant mix, fish protein concentrate and squid hydrolysate to improve the growth of pompano when fed all‐plant protein diets. The only improvement in performance occurred with the squid hydrolysate. These results demonstrate that using soybean meal, soy protein concentrate and corn gluten meal as the primary protein sources, a plant‐based feed formulation can be developed, but the removal of all animal proteins is not yet feasible.     

红鳍东方鲀对8种饲料原料的表观消化率

本研究旨在探讨红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼对红鱼粉、白鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕、棉粕、玉米酒糟蛋白(DDGS)和肉骨粉中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总能和总磷的表观消化率。实验饲料由70%的基础饲料和30%的待测饲料原料组成，并添加0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源添加剂，选取平均体重为37.90 g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼，随机分成8组，每组3个重复，每个重复30尾鱼，按照不同处理分别投喂相应饲料，采用虹吸法收集粪便。结果显示，白鱼粉、红鱼粉和豆粕的干物质表观消化率分别为70.54%、69.02%和60.37%，显著高于菜粕、棉粕及DDGS(P<0.05)；粗蛋白的表观消化率为50.91%~92.78%，肉骨粉粗蛋白表观消化率最低(50.91%)，显著低于白鱼粉、红鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕和DDGS(P<0.05)，各待测饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与粗蛋白的表观消化率基本一致；粗脂肪的表观消化率为70.6%~94.19%，白鱼粉粗脂肪表观消化率最高(94.19%)，显著高于棉粕和肉骨粉(P<0.05)；能量的表观消化率为30.58%~90.01%，白鱼粉、红鱼粉、豆粕和花生粕总能的表观消化率最高(76.26%~90.01%)(P<0.05)；磷的表观消化率为9.13%~68.14%，白鱼粉和红鱼粉的总磷表观消化率最高(分别为66.98%和68.14%)(P<0.05)。白鱼粉、红鱼粉的各种营养成分的表观消化率均较佳，肉骨粉及棉粕各种营养成分的表观消化率相对较差；豆粕及花生粕的粗蛋白消化率及必需氨基酸的消化率优于其他植物蛋白，菜粕次之。     

Soy Protein Concentrate as an Alternative Ingredient in Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) Diets

Current research is intended to develop cost-effective, plant-based diets for intensive production of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Three growth trials were conducted with juvenile pompano over a 106- to 115-day period. The trials evaluated the systematic substitution on an equal protein basis of (1) menhaden fish meal, FM with soy protein concentrate (SPC), and (2) solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) with SPC. This confirmed the reduction of FM and evaluated the possible nutrient restrictions of methionine (M) and phosphorus (P) in low FM, high SPC diets. There was no significant reduction in growth parameters when FM was reduced from 300 to 150 g/kg. There was a significant improvement in fish performance with increased SPC concentrations substituted for SBM in diets containing 150 g/kg of FM. All growth parameters indicated a favorable response for inclusion of SPC up to 240 g/kg. The addition of P and M did not significantly improve growth.