脊尾白虾3个野生群体ITS1序列分析及其亲缘关系分析

对脊尾白虾的莱州湾、海洲湾、象山湾3个野生群体共计62个个体的核糖体RNA转录单元内间隔区ITS1基因片段进行克隆和测序,对序列特点进行分析,并结合GenBank数据库中已有的长臂虾亚科ITS1同源序列虾类进行系统分析。结果显示,脊尾白虾的ITS1序列具有长度多态性,其长度为345~384 bp,62条序列GC的平均含量显著高于AT含量;共检测到79个变异位点,39种单倍型,多态位点比例为21.7%;海洲湾群体遗传多样性指数最高,象山湾群体次之,莱州湾群体最低。在脊尾白虾ITS1序列中发现微卫星序列共有8处,重复序列类型为(GC)n、(AG)n、(GGC)n、(GGA)n、(AT)n、(GA)n,以(GA)n类型最多。AMOVA分析结果显示3个群体间的遗传分化较弱或只有中度分化。另外用MEGA4.0软件中的NJ法构建分子进化树,探讨长臂虾亚科几个种的系统进化关系,系统树显示同种的不同个体、同属的不同种聚在一起,与形态学的分类吻合。     

基于rDNA ITS序列研究蚌科6种类的系统发生关系

通过测定核糖体转录间隔区ITS1以及ITS2序列研究了江苏地区蚌科(Unionidae)6种常见贝类——褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)、三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)、背角无齿蚌(Anodneta woodiana woodiana)、扭蚌(Arconaialanceolata)、圆顶珠蚌(Unio douglasiae)以及背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)的系统发生关系。结果显示:6种蚌的ITS1序列长度介于354~439 bp之间,平均G+C百分含量为52.7%;ITS2序列长度介于287~354 bp之间,平均G+C百分含量为51.2%。对6种贝类的相关序列进行比对,ITS1的比对长度包括501个位点,其中有364个变异位点和99个简约信息位点;ITS2的比对长度包括381个位点,其中有259个变异位点和66个简约信息位点。以虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)为外群,采用邻接法(NJ)分析6种贝类的系统发生关系,贝类明显聚合为3个类群:类群Ⅰ包括三角帆蚌(H.culingii)和背瘤丽蚌(L.leai),类群Ⅱ包括扭蚌(A.lanceolata)和圆顶珠蚌(U.douglasiae),类群Ⅲ由背角无齿蚌(A.woodiana woodiana)和褶纹冠蚌(C.plicata)组成。     

Molecular divergence and application of the ITS-5.8S rDNA and RUBISCO spacer in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyra haitanensis</Emphasis> Chang et Zheng (Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

To select a reliable and sensitive method for discriminating strains of Porphyra haitanensis, the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1 to internal transcribed spacer 2 regions (ITS-5.8S) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the intergenic spacer region of RUBISCO were compared in five wild and five cultivated Porphyra haitanensis strains. Based on molecular analyses, sequences of ITS-5.8S (about 1,210 bp) could be divided into three regions: ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2. The ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of each strain differed, even between individuals collected from the same site. In contrast, 5.8S rDNA and RUBISCO spacer sequences were identical among the ten P. haitanensis strains, although differences were found among different Porphyra species. Phylogenetic analysis also supported these conclusions. These sequence features of highly conserved regions and diversified regions that occurred repeatedly in ITS-5.8S could be useful in discriminating germplasm of P. haitanensis strains or Porphyra species. In contrast, the RUBISCO spacer is only suitable for identifying Porphyra species. New coupled primers were designed to amplify only the 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 region of Porphyra. The sequences of these amplified fragments can be readily used to identify germplasm or to perform phylogenetic analysis of Porphyra spp.     

Multiplex species-specific PCR identification of native and non-native oysters (Crassostrea) in Brazil: a useful tool for application in oyster culture and stock management

In an effort to develop molecular tools for oyster identification, this study reveals the usefulness of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the reliable, rapid and low-cost identification of the four oyster species found along the Brazilian coast: Crassostrea gasar, Crassostrea rhizophorae, Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea sp. Canela originally found at Pará, Brazil. In order to perform a simultaneous identification of these species, we used a set of five primers developed and adapted from the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) fragments, respectively. Amplification was successful in all four species and PCR products were visualized in agarose gel. A single reaction was capable of distinguishing between the species: C. gigas, with two fragments (236 bp for COI and 718 bp for ITS1); C. gasar, with one fragment (718 bp for ITS1); Crassostrea sp., with one fragment (621 bp for ITS1) and C. rhizophorae with two fragments (377 bp for COI and 718 bp for ITS1). This molecular approach provides a simple and rapid identification of the oyster species from the Brazilian coast, thus increasing the efficient and quality of oyster culture programs by reducing the risk of wrong species identification.     

Genetic comparison between torafugu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Takifugu rubripes</Emphasis> and its closely related species karasu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Takifugu chinensis</Emphasis>

Abstract:   Sequence analyses of mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear genes were performed for genetic comparison between two Takifugu pufferfish species: torafugu T. rubripes and karasu T.  chinensis . With a sequence coverage of 20% in mtDNA, 640, 308, 344, 522 and 697 bp encoding mt 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), adenosine triphosphatase 6 ( ATPase 6 ), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 4 ( ND4 ), ND5 and cytochrome b (cyt b ), respectively, among 24 wild torafugu, 24 wild karasu and six hybrid-like samples, 15% of the torafugu identified by external color patterns showed nucleotide sequences consistent with karasu. Meanwhile, sequences of 60% karasu were consistent with those registered for torafugu (AJ421455). As for the hybrid-like samples, two possessed karasu-specific sequences in some base positions while torafugu-specific sequences in others. The remaining hybrid-like samples possessed torafugu-specific sequences. On the other hand, the mt control region did not show such type of consistency. Analysis of nuclear melanocortin receptor genes ( MC1R , MC4R ) among 54 samples showed 99–100% inter- and intraspecific sequence identity. Partial nuclear 18S  rRNA, complete internal transcribed spacer 1 ( ITS1 ), partial 5.8S  rRNA and ITS2 genes showed similar levels of identity, indicating a very low level of variation in their respective gene fragments between the two Takifugu species.     

5.8S rDNA-ITS区片段的序列分析在坛紫菜种质鉴定中的应用

为探讨DNA序列标记技术在坛紫菜种质鉴定中的应用，对10个野生坛紫菜种质材料的5.8S rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列分析，结果发现扩增的片段长度在1 208~1 219 bp之间，可以分为ITS1区，5.8S区和ITS2区3个部分，其中5.8S区片段的长度完全一致，均为160 bp；ITS1区和ITS2区片段的长度也非常接近，只有几个碱基的差异。多重序列比对发现10个种质材料的ITS区（包括ITS1和ITS2）序列都存在一定差异，序列同源性在95.82％~99.73％之间，而5.8S区序列则完全一致，但与其它种紫菜的5.8S区序列有很大差异，序列同源性在79.7％~95.0％之间。由此认为5.8S rDNA-ITS区这种高度保守区和高变区交替排列的形式可以成为坛紫菜种质鉴定及系统进化分析的强有力工具。     

Phylogenetic analysis and species identification of popular shrimp species in southeast China using the first internally transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA

The ribosomal DNA internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was investigated in the search for an appropriate genetic marker that was suitable for phylogenetic study and species identification of eight major exported shrimp species in southeast China. Using the selected primers, the amplified ITS1 sequences exhibited a high degree of length polymorphisms, ranging from 448 bp in Metapenaeopsis dalei to 1491 bp in Macrobrachium nipponense . Many microsatellite loci were found at the 5' end and in the middle region of ITS1, which seemed to be associated with intragenomic sequence variation among samples of the same species. This variation might obscure the phylogenetic relationship between some shrimp populations, but the separation of five Penaeus species was well supported. In combination with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerism methods analysis, ITS1 sequences from shrimp species belonging to different families and genera could also be easily discernable. The results suggested that ITS1 was highly variable among different shrimp groups and could be an appropriate marker for species identification and molecular systematic studies.     

太平洋牡蛎核糖体DNA转录间隔子和线粒体基因片段序列测定

以相应引物经PCR扩增了太平洋牡蛎 (Crassostreagigas)的核糖体转录间区域 (ITS 1和ITS 2 )及线粒体 16SrDNA和COI基因片段。PCR产物经T 载体连接后进行克隆和测序 ,分别得到长度为 5 4 3、791、5 30和 70 0bp的核苷酸序列。 4个DNA片段的A、T、G和C碱基含量分别为 2 3.5 7%、2 0 .0 7%、2 9.4 7%和 2 6 .89% (ITS 1) ,2 7.4 3%、19.2 2 %、2 7.0 5 %和2 6 .30 % (ITS 2 ) ,2 9.2 5 %、2 9.2 5 %、2 3.0 2 %和 18.4 9% (16SrDNA) ,2 2 .71%、39.4 3%、2 0 .4 3%和 17.4 3% (COI)。实验证明ITS 1和ITS 2引物在贝类中通用性良好。文中同时讨论了 4个序列在我国几种牡蛎的种类鉴别及相关研究的应用潜力     

5科11种鱼类ITS1特征分析及其在系统分类研究中的适用性

为了探讨ITS1作为分子标记用于鱼类系统演化的适用性,实验选取鲈形目5科11种鱼类为研究对象,包括尖吻鲈科、射水鱼科、军曹鱼科、剑鱼科和鲹科。通过克隆和测序等技术共获得了348条ITS1序列,长度范围为442~661 bp;通过对所有序列的长度、变异位点数量、GC含量、核苷酸多样性及单倍型多样性指数等遗传特征比较分析发现,11种鱼类ITS1序列无论是在种内还是在种间,长度和序列都表现出较为明显的多态性。特别是在军曹鱼中,70条克隆的长度范围为648~661 bp,但有一条序列存在55 bp缺失,结合该序列的GC含量,二级结构和最小自由能,推断该序列为假基因。以鮣为外类群,基于核糖体ITS1序列构建的邻接树显示在物种种类水平上,不同个体的克隆都按种类聚支,ITS1可以用于该类群物种的区分;在属级水平上,ITS1将11属鱼类完全区分开,能够用于属级水平的区分;在科级水平上,虽然鲹科分为2支的分子结果和形态分类存在差异,但ITS1构建的系统关系与线粒体分子标记构建的系统进化树相似。研究表明,核糖体ITS1可以作为一种有效的分子标记用于研究鱼类的系统分类研究,并且不同的分类阶元其解析能力不同,这将为鱼类核糖体的研究提供科学依据。     

Intraspecific diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Undaria pinnatifida</Emphasis> (Harvey) Suringar (Laminariales,Phaeophyta) from Japan,China and Korea,based on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">cox1</Emphasis> gene and ITS2 sequences

As a trial to develop a method of authenticating the place of origin of circulated Undaria pinnatifida products, we investigated their intraspecific genetic diversity using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence. Four dried U. pinnatifida products labeled with their origins (one from Japan, one from China and two from Korea), natural plants collected from three locations (two from Japan and one from China), and cultivated plants collected from two locations (one from Japan and one from China) were used in the present study. The amplified fragments of cox1 were 664 bp in length, and the aligned sequences were highly homologous. Among the nine sequences, no insertions or deletions were found and six substitution positions were detected, and they were classified into five haplotypes. In contrast, multiple highly variable regions were found in ITS2, and some of them carried a restriction site for Mbo II. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed different restricted profiles among the tested samples. The availability of molecular markers for authenticating food products of U. pinnatifida is discussed.     

5种鳎科鱼类核糖体ITS1序列比较

核糖体基因在很长一段时间内被认为严格遵循协同进化方式,但是在很多种类中都发现了明显的序列多态性,表明其是非协同进化。为了检测鳎科鱼类核糖体内转录间隔区1(ITS1)序列是否存在多态性,并探究其能否作为种类鉴定的分子标记,本研究克隆获得了5种鳎科鱼类共118条ITS1全序列。结果显示,眼斑豹鳎具有两种差异显著的片段类型,表明其在基因组中遵循非协同进化方式;而在其余4种鳎科鱼类中均没有发现序列多态性,表明其为协同进化。序列分析显示ITS1具有明显的种间长度异质性,最短的序列出现在蛾眉条鳎(412 bp),最长的为眼斑豹鳎(585 bp)。碱基分析显示ITS1序列在5种鳎科鱼类中都呈现出相同的趋势:CGAT,且GC含量为69.5%,远高于AT含量。聚类分析显示除眼斑豹鳎外,所有鳎类均单独聚为一支,种类区分度非常明显,表明ITS1序列能够作为种类鉴定的分子标记。但是眼斑豹鳎的一个克隆和东方箬鳎聚为一支,这种序列多态性对种类鉴定产生了干扰,因此用具有多态的ITS1序列作为分子标记时一定要有足够的克隆数量,避免因数据不充分而得到不正确的结论。     

Species identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada imbricata</Emphasis> using intergenic spacer of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene regions

ABSTRACT:   For pearl production, pearl oyster seeds from foreign pearl oysters as well as hybrids between native and such foreign pearl oysters are produced in Japanese hatcheries. However, it is very difficult to identify these pearl oysters and hybrids based on morphological measurements. Thus, a molecular identification method for distinguishing Atlantic pearl oysters Pinctada imbricata from the Indian-Pacific pearl oyster group including P. martensii and P. fucata , was developed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the partial intergenic spacer (IGS) of nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes exhibited length polymorphism between P. imbricata (590 bp) and the other two species (427 bp). The restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR products (PCR-RFLP) cleaved with Mse  I observed in the IGS of nuclear rRNA genes also gave different profiles between P. imbricata and the other two species. The difference in PCR-RFLP using Alu  I was also detected in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene regions between P. imbricata and the other two species. Thus, the method developed enables the distinction of P. imbricata from P. martensii and P. fucata .     

栉孔扇贝核糖体DNA转录间隔子序列研究及其潜在应用

以相应引物PCR扩增栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)核基因组的核糖体DNA两个转录间隔子(ITS-1和ITS-2)，PCR产物经T载体连接后进行克隆、测序，分别得到了340bp和510bp的碱基序列，序列大小非常适合遗传变异及分子系统学研究。其A、T、G、C含量在ITS-1分别为32.06％，20.59％，22.35％和25.00％，在ITS-2分别为30.00％，21.37％24.12％和24.51％。这两个变异性较大的序列在扇贝种群中应用潜力很大，可广泛用于种内群体间遗传变异研究、种质鉴别及系统学研究。     

Molecular characterization of the fish-pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans

Aphanomyces invadans (Saprolegniaceae) is a peronosporomycete fungus associated with the serious fish disease, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), also known as mycotic granulomatosis. In this study, interspecific relationships were examined between A. invadans isolates and other aquatic animal pathogenic Saprolegniaceae, and saprophytic Saprolegniaceae from EUS-affected areas. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequences of ribosomal DNA confirmed that A. invadans is distinct from all other species studied. A sequence from the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1, unique to A. invadans, was used to design primers for a PCR-based diagnostic test. Intraspecific relationships were also examined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA using 20 isolates of A. invadans from six countries. The isolates showed a high degree of genetic homogeneity using 14 random ten-mer primers. This provides evidence that the fungus has spread across Asia in one relatively rapid episode, which is consistent with reports of outbreaks of EUS. Physiological distinctions between A. invadans and other Aphanomyces species based on a data set of 16 growth parameters showed remarkable taxonomic congruence with the molecular phylogeny.     

大黄鱼mtDNA ND5和Cytb基因的克隆与序列分析

2004年4月，将采自浙江省象山港海区网箱养殖的大黄鱼样本，提取总DNA，通过设计特异性引物对大黄鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的辅酶5（ND5）和细胞色素b（Cytb）基因进行PCR扩增。扩增产物经琼脂糖电泳检测、纯化后直接测序。得到ND5的序列1839 bp和Cytb基因序列382 bp。应用primer premier5和MEGA3软件包所作的系统发育分析表明：依据大黄鱼ND5序列所作的进化树总体支持传统的分类地位，大黄鱼更接近塘鳢鱼科。而基于Cytb基因所作的分析表明，黑鳃梅童鱼是大黄鱼在石首鱼科中是遗传距离最小的。     

Natural hybridization between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada fucata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada maculata</Emphasis> inferred from internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes

ABSTRACT:   Genetic evidence of the occurrence of natural hybridization between female Pinctada fucata and male Pinctada maculata among wild pearl oysters ( n  = 20) collected for use as the mother shell for private pearl farming in the Oshima Strait at Amami-o-shima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, were obtained. A polymerase chain reaction-based species identification method for Pinctada was developed using polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. This method enabled the amplification of the ITS regions using a primer set specific for P. maculata and P. fucata . However, 10 of 20 individuals morphologically identified as P. fucata had sequences specific to both P. maculata and P. fucata in the ITS region. These putative hybrids showed sequences of a maternally inherited mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, identical to that of P. fucata . Shells of the putative hybrids were difficult to discriminate from those of P. fucata exhibiting similar taxonomic traits. Moreover, the hybrids exhibited slower growth than P. fucata but faster growth than P. maculata .     

Genetic relationships among members of the Ichthyobodo necator complex: implications for the management of aquaculture stocks

Abstract Ichthyobodo necator (costia) is a common and important flagellate parasite that infests the skin and gills of many freshwater and marine fish. Costia infestations are often fatal and cause significant aquaculture losses worldwide. Recently it has been demonstrated that Ichthyobodo is a multispecies complex with differing host preferences. Knowing if those species have broad or narrow host specificity has important implications for the management of costia. To address the question of host specificity, genomic DNA was isolated from Ichthyobodo trophonts collected from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, koi, Cyprinus carpio, mirror carp, C. carpio, goldfish, Carassius auratus, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene from each isolate was analysed with previously published Ichthyobodo sequences using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) from six isolates were also PCR-amplified, cloned and sequenced. Both the SSU rRNA phylogenetic analysis and the ITS rRNA sequence data support grouping the 22 Ichthyobodo isolates examined into a complex of nine different species. Many of these species were frequently isolated from multiple hosts, indicating that exchange of infested fish from one region to another has a high potential for spreading the disease. In one instance, the same species was obtained from marine and freshwater fish, further suggesting that certain Ichthyobodo species may not be limited by salinity.     

Saprolegnia molecular phylogeny among farmed teleosts in Nova Scotia,Canada

To identify the pathogens causing saprolegniosis among farmed fish in Nova Scotia, 172 infected tissues and 23 water samples were collected from six species of teleosts: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at nine facilities over a 600 km range. Following laboratory culture, 132 isolates were recovered. Six species of oomycetes were identified from analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the nrDNA: Saprolegnia parasitica, Saprolegnia ferax, Saprolegnia diclina, Saprolegnia aenigmatica, Saprolegnia torulosa, Saprolegnia sp. and Pythiopsis cymosa. Further phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) regions revealed four strains of Saprolegnia parasitica (named here as S1, S2, S3 and S4), of which S1 and S2 were common (37% and 42% of the isolates), and two strains of S. ferax. Among S. parasitica, S2 and S3 are more closely related to each other than to S1 based on the phylogenetic analyses and predicted RNA secondary structure of the ITS region. Sexual structures with a similar morphology were formed by S1 and S3 in vitro, but were not formed by S2.     

福建缢蛏野生群体与养殖群体的ITS-1和ITS-2分析

采用PCR技术对福建缢蛏的霞浦野生群体(WP)和漳湾养殖群体(CZ)进行了ITS-1和ITS-2的多态性分析。利用贝类通用引物扩增了ITS-1和ITS-2序列,PCR产物经纯化、测序、同源序列比对,获得长度分别为495 bp的ITS-1和485 bp的ITS-2核苷酸序列,其中分别包括25 bp和22 bp的插入缺失。ITS-1和ITS-2片段的T、C、A、G四种碱基的平均含量分别为13.6%、30.2%、28.3%、29.7%(ITS-1),16.2%、33.7%、19.5%、30.6%(ITS-2),A+T含量显著低于G+C含量。序列分析显示,野生群体和养殖群体的单倍型多样性指数、多态位点数、平均核苷酸差异数分别为1.0、40、10.54(ITS-1),0.96、27、11.91(ITS-2)和1.0、28、8.23(ITS-1),0.96、28、10.16(ITS-2),揭示出福建两个缢蛏群体的遗传多样性均较为丰富,其变异主要源于碱基的插入和缺失,野生群体的多样性较高于养殖群体,但是遗传组成存在着较高的一致性,群体间没有遗传分化。     

Phylogenetic analysis of noxious red tide flagellates Chattonella antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata, and C. verruculosa (Raphidophyceae) based on the rRNA gene family

ABSTRACT:   Four species of Chattonella , which are well known to form red tides that are lethal to fish, were subjected to phylogenetic analysis on the basis of the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA), 5.8S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and the flanking internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2). The 18S rDNA sequences of C. antiqua , C. marina , and C. ovata isolated from different regions in Japan were compared. They were found to be identical with each other in a sequence 1818 bp long. The sequences of the D1/D2 region in the 28S rDNA, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS region that are known to be more variable regions were also found to be identical. These homogeneities of the rRNA gene family revealed the extremely close relatedness of C. antiqua , C. marina , and C. ovata . The sequences of C. verruculosa were different from those of these three species , resulting in an 89.2% homology in the 18S rDNA sequences, 70.4% homology in the D1/D2 region in the 28S rDNA sequences, and an 81.5% homology in 5.8S rDNA sequences and the ITS regions. Chattonella verruculosa was grouped within a single cluster composed of Dictyochophyceae rather than the other species of Raphidophyceae.