湖南东湖生态系统的能量结构与转换效率

统计表明，东湖１９９５年浮游植物对太阳总辐射能利率为０．８１％，鱼类对浮游植物净产量利用率为２．２２％，太阳能转移为鱼产量的生态学效率为０．００６９％。能量转换系数总能为０．９１％，其中，光合能１．０１％，生物能９．１２％，生物能＋工业能８．９９％。每生产吨鱼的能量消耗为５５６．７８ＧＪ，比１９９１年低８０．０９％。这表明这对东湖采取以施肥养鱼为主的综合开发提高了湖泊能量利用率，增加了鱼产量，又对     

鱼类能量需要量研究进展

综述了鱼类能量需要量的研究进展。不同鱼类的基础代谢值差别不大，２０℃左右的３５～４５ｋｇ／ｋｇ＾－０．８．ｄ；鱼类维持能量需要低，为摄放总代谢能的１５％～２４％；鱼类合成Ｉｇ蛋白质和Ｉｇ脂肪代谢能需要分别主５３．９和４１．７ｋＪ。鱼类能量总需要可以用适宜能量浓度，单位体重和单位代谢体重能量需要表示，鱼类消化能需要在１３～１９ＭＪ／ｋｇ饵料，适宜能蛋比为３３．５～４６．１ＫＪＤＥ／ｇ蛋白质左右；单位     

一个养鱼生态系统的能量结构与效率

介绍南汇养殖场渔牧农复合生态系统的成鱼池的能量投入产出结构与效率。1983～1984年,成鱼池光合能为总太阳辐射能的1.15％。生物能、生物能—工业能及总能的净转换系数分别为8.74、8.43及3.40％。这三类能量的吨鱼耗能分别为46.68、48.35及119.87GJ。太阳辐射能、生物能及工业能分别占耗能量的60、39及1％。随着渔牧农复合生态系统的完善,吃食鱼比例的增加,滤食组比例的减少以及颗粒饲料的增加,1984年的能量转换系数较之1982年提高了23.3％。     

条纹石鮨摄食强度与代谢及能量收支间的关系

设日摄食率为０．４％、１．５％、４．０％三种水平，分别测定条纹石鱼旨Ｍｏｒｏｎｅｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ幼鱼的代谢及能量的收支情况。处于饱食（日摄食率４．０％）及维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）下，该鱼代谢率增加的峰值分别于摄食后３ｈ及７ｈ内出现，为静止时代谢水平的２．１０倍和２．４６倍，ＳＤＡ（特殊动力作用）持续时间均为２１ｈ，ＳＤＡ总耗能量分别占摄入能的１３％和３５．８％。条纹石鱼旨在饱食时的转化效率Ｋ（湿重）为２０．８５％。三种摄食水平下条纹石鱼旨的能量收支方程分别为：饱食状态（日摄食率４．０％）时，１００Ｃ＝８．４Ｆ＋７．８Ｕ＋１３．０ＳＤＡ＋３６．９（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）＋３３．９Ｇ；维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）时，１００Ｃ＝７．８Ｆ＋４．１Ｕ＋３５．８ＳＤＡ＋５２．３（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ），其中Ｇ＝０；减重状态（日摄食率０．４％）时，（Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ）／（Ｃ＋Ｐ１）＝６７．３％，其中Ｃ＋Ｐ１＝１４．４Ｃ＋８５．６Ｐ１，Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ＝１．８Ｆ＋８．１Ｕ＋５７．４Ｒ。     

条纹石鮨摄食强度与代谢及能量收支间的关系

设日摄食率为０．４％，１．５％，４．０％三种水平，分别测定条纹石Ｚｈｉ Ｍｏｒｏｎｅ ｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ幼鱼的代谢及能量的收支情况。处于鲍食及维持状态下，该鱼代谢率增加的峰值分别于摄食后３ｈ及７ｈ内出现，为静止时代谢水平的２．１０倍和２．４６倍，ＳＤＡ持续时间均为２１ｈ，ＳＤＡ总耗能量占摄入能的１３％和３５．８％。条纹石Ｚｈｉ在饱食时的转化效率Ｋ为２０．８５％。三种摄食水平下条纹石Ｚｈｉ的能量收支     

渤海主要生物种间关系及食物网的研究↑（*）

根据１９９２年－１９９３年渤海增殖生态基础调查大面定点底拖网试捕的渔获物，对渤海２７种鱼类和１０种虾蟹类的３８０１个胃含物样品进行了分析，并与１０年前渤海鱼类的食性进行了比较。结果表明：蓝点马鲛、小黄鱼和白姑鱼等主要捕食鱼类胃含物中鱼的比例较１０年前明显增加，鱼类的食性类型无明显变化。渤海低级肉食性鱼类的营养级由１９８２－１９８３年的平均２．４上升为２．５，中、高级肉食性鱼类的营养级分别由原来的平均３．２和３．８降为２．８和３．３。渤海主要鱼类之间饵料重叠系数大于０．６的占１５％。鱼为渤海多数中、高级肉食性鱼类的主要摄食对象。     

各地渔事

象山渔业结构调整显成效据统计，２００１年浙江象山实现水产品总产量５５．１４万吨，比上年增长３．０６％，其中海洋捕捞产量４６．５２万吨，实现零增长；海水养殖产量８．０２万吨、淡养产量０．６万吨，分别比上年增长２２．７７％和１４．６６％。实现水产品总产值２８．９亿元，同比增长６．３％。其中海洋捕捞产值１８．１８亿元、海水养殖产值１０亿元、淡养产值０．７２亿元，海养产值占渔业总产值的３４．６％。过去一年，面对海洋捕捞业的严峻形势，象山县委、县政府审时度势，进一步加大渔业结构调整力度，及时引导部分渔民转…     

ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY IN THREE ECOLOGICAL TYPES OF POND IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN CHINA

本文研究了珠江三角洲三种不同生态类型池塘的能量转换效率。三种不同类型的池塘分别是：１）静水塘，面积０．２４７ｈａ，试验期间不换水，也没有其它增氧设施；２）加水塘，面积０．１９３ｈａ，每天加水２，７００－３，０００Ｍ３／ｈａ；３）微流水塘，面积０．１９３ｈａ，每天由潮汐自然进水３０，２５５－４２，４８０Ｍ３／ｈａ。另外，加水塘和微流水塘各配一台３千瓦的叶轮式增氧机，在鱼浮头时使用。结果表明增加池塘的换水量可以增加鱼产量，提高池塘的能量转换效率。还表明换水量大的池塘其生物能占的比例较大，而光合能占的比例则较小。为提高池塘的能量转换效率和鱼产量，必须增加“直食性”鱼类的放养量、减少“滤食性”鱼类的放养量。     

闽南_台湾浅滩渔场六种主要中上层鱼类的生化组成检测分析

检测了闽南－台湾浅滩渔场六种主要中上层鱼类（蓝圆鱼参、金色小沙丁鱼、鲐鱼、颌圆鱼参、竹Ｊｉａ鱼、羽鳃鲐）鱼肌的生化组成，蛋白质含量为１６．９４％～１８．７７％，脂肪含量为２０．１２％～２５．１５％。随鱼体体长的增加，脂肪含量增长。鱼肌脂肪含量与繁殖活动存在密切相关的季节变动。鱼肌中均含１７种氨基酸，必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的４２．４５％～４９．３９％，极性氨基酸占４２．８２％～４５．１６％，非极性氨基酸占３９．２４％～４１．５９％，鲜味氨基酸占４２．５６％～４６．０２％。     

池塘主养彭泽鲫技术

彭泽鲫是农业部重点推广的淡水良种之一，具有食性广、生长迅速、抗病力强、容易繁殖、个体大、起捕率高、营养价值高等优良性状，是调整淡水养殖品种结构的重要品种之一。近几年来，在我省养殖推广过程中涌现出一些成功典型，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。例如章丘市水产站承包１口６亩池塘，主养彭泽鲫成鱼，４月２日放养彭泽鲫鱼种３１４．５ ｋｇ，１０ ６３９尾，６月 ８日套养鲢鳙乌仔 １．５万尾，１０月底收获，总产鱼３ ４２６．８ ｋｇ，其中彭泽鲫２ ４７６．８ ｋｇ，链鳙鱼 ９５０ ｋｇ，平均亩产彭泽鲫 ４１２．８ｋｇ，…     

POLYCULTURE OF THE FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) WITH TWO COMBINATIONS OF CARPS IN MANURED PONDS

A study was conducted to 1) evaluate the compatibility of prawns (Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii) with carps, especially the effect of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio); and 2) measure the ability of prawns to utilize the foods available in manured systems. Carps used were the silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Four ponds (0.09 to 0.17 ha) were stocked with silver, bighead and grass carps while common carp were stocked in only two ponds. Total fish densities were 8,600/ha where four carps were stocked, but only 6,200/ha when common carp were omitted. Post-larval prawns (wt 0.116 g) were stocked at densities of 17/m². Swine (approximately 60/ha of pond surface area) were housed on pond dikes so that fresh manure continuously entered each pond. Two lots of swine were fattened during the experimental period and loadings of swine manure were calculated based on hog size and feed consumption. Growth periods were 163 days for fish and 107 and 121 days for separate stockings of prawns. Gains in biomass by prawns averaged 714 kg/ha in ponds without common carp and 364 kg/ha in ponds containing common carp. Gains in biomass for both fish and prawns were 3,619 kg/ha (19.8 kg/ha/day) in ponds with common carp and 2,924 kg/ha (18.0 kg/ha/day) in those without common carp. Prawn survival was higher (X = 84.5% vs X = 72.5%), but final average weight of prawns was lower (2.64 vs 5.86 g) in the presence of common carp due to competition for food between common carp and prawns. Competition from carp is believed to have exerted less influence on prawn survival than predation on small prawns by larger, faster-growing prawns.     

主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较

为进一步提高我国广大池塘养鱼的产品质量、经济效益和改善其生态环境。本试验在武汉新洲973项目实验基地9个陆基鱼池中进行了三种不同混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较研究,每种模式设3个重复。模式Ⅰ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙和高背鲫;模式Ⅱ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙、匙吻鲟和高背鲫;模式Ⅲ中放养草鱼、鲢和高背鲫。 结果表明：通过122d的养殖试验,模式Ⅱ中草鱼的生长不仅显著高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ（P<0.05）,而且其经济效益模式Ⅱ同样高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

高产成鱼池蓝绿色裸甲藻水华的研究

由蓝绿色裸甲藻(Gymnodinium,sp．)形成的蓝绿色水华是无锡渔区高产鱼池典型水质之一。本文对该藻的形态特征、生态、池塘培育和控制以及对鱼类的影响进行了研究。蓝绿裸甲藻水华具喜温、喜光、喜有机氮肥,喜红褐色水色(生物因子),且对外界环境的变化十分敏感等生态特点。蓝绿裸甲藻水华池的理化条件较差,特别是藻体繁殖过度,极易恶化水质,造成鱼类泛池。采用增施有机氮肥、合理使用增氧机、加水等综合措施可促进和控制该藻的繁殖。经鱼类消化道镜检表明,蓝绿裸甲藻能被鲢、鳙鱼及鲤、鲫、罗非鱼鱼种大量摄食,并被鱼类消化。对无锡河埒渔业一队成鱼池三年统计,蓝绿裸甲藻水华池的鲢鳙鱼净产量比无水华池高33．4～37．5％。     

鲢、鳙、草鱼摄食节律和日摄食率的初步研究

本文报道了鲢、鳙和草鱼的昼夜摄食节律和日摄食率，并对影响摄食节律和摄食强度的环境因子进行了初步探讨。试验的结果表明，这三种鱼都有明显的摄食节律。鲢、鳙鱼的饱满指数在每天4时最低，天亮前后开始升高，8时起明显升高，12时至20时是一天中的最高阶段，20时以后逐渐下降，午夜24时后，大约有6小时停食。草鱼的饱满指数也是以每天4时最低，12时和20时分别出现两个摄食高峰，两个高峰之间，即16时左右摄食强度有一个低落的阶段。试验也揭示了这三种鱼的日摄食率，即每天按单位体重的进食量。按日平均饱满指数法测计，鲢鱼日摄食率的最低值为5．6％，最高值为16．8％，平均为11．4％；鳙鱼的日摄食率最低值为2．5％，最高值为16．4％，平均值为6．7％；草鱼的日摄食率的最低值为26．3％，最高值为49．9％，平均值为38．6％。在全年中三种鱼的日摄食率都以在7、8月份为最高，这就是鲢、鳙、草鱼一年中摄食的最旺盛期。     

Effects of modified pond management on limnological parameters in small‐scale aquaculture ponds in mountainous Northern Vietnam

In mountainous Northern Vietnam, traditional pond aquaculture is part of the integrated farming activity contributing to food safety and to income generation for small‐scale farmers of ethnic minorities. Traditional pond management consists of a polyculture of macro‐herbivorous grass carp with 3–5 other fish species that are cultured in small ponds with constant water flow through. The main limitations to production are species‐specific mass mortalities of grass carp, a poor feed base especially for all species but grass carp, and poor water quality. In this study, we compared the traditional pond management to a semi‐intensive pond management that was based on the traditional management system but included changes designed by researchers to increase fish production. The modifications consisted of water inflow control, supplemental fertilization and feeding, and a polyculture dominated by common carp. The changes in management significantly reduced the turbidity and increased oxygen supply, as well as the natural food base within the pond. These changes in pond management provide farmers with the possibility to improve their pond aquaculture scheme and overcome previous limitations.     

湖泊围养鱼类血液学指标的初步研究

本试验测定了185尾在湖泊围养区和池塘内体质健壮的草鱼、青鱼、团头鲂、鲢鱼、鳙鱼的血液,共取得红血球、血红蛋白、血糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、胆固醇、甘油三酯八项指标的1367个数据。经可靠性分析,除血糖指标的相对误差值略高于5％外,其余各项血液指标均值的相对误差,均达到生物调查实验要求。     

Comparison of Tilapia Monoculture and Carp Polyculture in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

A comparison of a monoculture of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and a polyculture of carps (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; rohu Labeo rohita; and mrigal Cirrhinus mriga la; ratio 4:3:3) was carried out in 200-m² earthen ponds fertilized with cattle manure and supplemented with inorganic fertilizer at 3-kg nitrogen and 1.5-kg phosphorus/ha per day. A control treatment of a tilapia monoculture without fertilizer inputs was included to assess the effect of pond basal fertility. Net yields of 23.5 kg/pond per 112 d (3.8 t/ha per 1 yr) in the tilapia monoculture and 19.2 kg/pond per 112 d (3.1 t/ha per yr) in the carp polyculture were not significantly different; net yields from unfertilized tilapia monoculture ponds were negative. In the carp polyculture, silver carp was the dominant species at harvest contributing 73% of the total net fish production compared to 9% and 19% by rohu and mrigal, respectively. Water quality data suggested that tilapia yields could have been further improved by increasing fertilization rate but that critical dissolved oxygen concentration constrained this option for carp polyculture.     

Fish-management relationships in Israeli commercial fish farming

To analyse the relationships among fish species performance and management procedures, a database was built up with data from 31 fish farms during the period 1976–1987 (1673 observations) and analysed through multivariate statistics (factor analysis). The data include nurseries, grow-out and operational ponds with mono- and polycultures of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, tilapia hybrid, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and mullet, Mugil cephalus. The main conclusions include the following. (1) The highest total yields and best tilapia performances were obtained in polyculture ponds where tilapia was the main species. (2) The best carp performances occurred in grow-out polyculture ponds where carp was the main species. Carp performance was improved in polycultures with mullet and silver carp, irrespective of whether tilapia were present or not. (3) Carp and tilapia yields increased as the nutritional inputs (feed pellets, sorghum pellets, manure), pond size and culture duration increased. The effect of the nutritional input was not linear, but logarithmic. (4) Growth rate of common carp was more affected by total density and stocking size than that of tilapia. Better carp and tilapia growth occurred in grow-out ponds when stocked at large sizes and cultured during short periods, mainly when both species were present. (5) Carp growth varied with the geographical region and size of fish pond, being better in smaller than in larger ponds due to reduced access to natural benthic food in deep ponds.     

淡水池塘主养鲈试验

报道了首次利用淡水鱼塘，主养鲈兼养鲢，鲤，草鱼等试验，每亩放苗５１５尾，鲈占放养总重的７１．７％；主喂冷冻青鳞鱼，约占７７．７％，辅喂人工配饵；前期只充渗漏水，中后期透明度小于３０ｃｍ时，大量换水。结果：共产商品鱼８８０２ｋｇ，其中鲈３７４０ｋｇ，折合亩产１２４．７ｋｇ，成活率８９％。总产值１２８０４６．８地，纯利７６９６９．８地，平均亩纯利２５６５元，投入产出比１：２．５。     

吉林镇贲养鱼场鱼池生态系的分析

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