条浒苔海区试栽培及外界因子对藻体生长的影响

以2004年1月采自江苏如东海区紫菜栽培架上的条浒苔(Enteromorpha clathrata)为研究材料,经分离纯化培养,用条浒苔藻体放散的孢子进行采苗及其海区栽培。结果表明,条浒苔在江苏和浙江海区均能够栽培,且藻体生长速度很快。在实验室条件下,将条浒苔藻体置于不同温度组(5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)、盐度组(0、4、8、12、16)和光照强度组(15μmol.m-2.s-1、30μmol.m-2.s-1、45μmol.m-2.s-1、60μmol.m-2.s-1),共120个温度-盐度-光强组合中培养,以研究这3个生态因子对条浒苔生长的影响。结果发现,温度、盐度和光强对条浒苔的生长影响显著(P<0.05)。条浒苔生长适宜温度为15~25℃;适宜盐度为8~12;适宜光照强度在60μmol.m-2.s-1左右。温度、盐度和光照强度三者对条浒苔生长存在显著的交互效应(P<0.05),这三者的最佳组合为温度25℃、盐度12和光强60μmol.m-2.s-1     

野生和养殖三疣梭子蟹消化酶及SOD酶活性的比较分析

为揭示三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)不同生长阶段的消化酶和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性的变化规律,及其与生长环境之间的关系,以野生和养殖三疣梭子蟹的幼蟹、雌性成蟹及抱卵雌蟹为研究对象,分别测定比较了其肝胰腺中的胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶及肌肉中的SOD活性,结果表明:(1)野生和养殖幼蟹的淀粉酶活性分别为(1.57±0.09)U.mg-1和(2.61±0.01)U.mg-1,显著高于成蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05);野生和养殖成蟹的胃蛋白酶活性分别为(5.83±0.45)U.mg-1和(2.77±0.10)U.mg-1,显著高于幼蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05),是幼蟹和抱卵蟹的2～3倍;脂肪酶活性以养殖抱卵蟹最高,野生成蟹次之;消化酶活性变化与蟹的生长阶段及食性转变相关。(2)幼蟹、成蟹和抱卵蟹的SOD酶均表现为野生蟹显著高于养殖蟹(P<0.05);野生成蟹的脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦显著高于养殖成蟹,是养殖成蟹的2.5倍以上。因此,养殖蟹的机体健康水平、免疫保护和抗应激能力不及野生蟹,尤以幼蟹阶段SOD酶活性最低,抗逆境力最差。     

不同阶段三疣梭子蟹保护酶及消化酶活性研究

以三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的幼蟹、雌性成蟹及抱卵雌蟹为研究对象,分别测定比较了野生和养殖蟹肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及肝胰腺中的胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性,旨在揭示三疣梭子蟹不同生长阶段的消化酶和SOD酶活性的变化规律,及其与生长环境之间的关系。结果表明:(1)幼蟹、成蟹和抱卵蟹的SOD酶均表现为野生蟹显著高于养殖蟹(P<0.05);野生成蟹的脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦显著高于养殖蟹,是养殖蟹的2.5倍以上。因此,养殖蟹的机体健康水平、免疫保护和抗应激能力不及野生蟹,尤以幼蟹阶段SOD酶活性最低,抗逆境力最差。(2)野生和养殖幼蟹的淀粉酶活性分别为(1.57±0.09)U.mg-1和(2.61±0.01)U.mg-1,显著高于成蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05);野生和养殖成蟹的胃蛋白酶活性分别为(5.83±0.45)U.mg-1和(2.77±0.10)U.mg-1,显著高于幼蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05),是幼蟹和抱卵蟹的2～3倍;脂肪酶活性以养殖抱卵蟹最高,野生成蟹次之;消化酶活性变化与蟹的生长阶段及食性转变相关。     

施氏鲟、大杂交鲟和西伯利亚鲟卵及体腔液的生化组成比较

用生物化学方法测定施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii、大杂交鲟A.schrencki i(♂)×Huso dauricus(♀)及西伯利亚鲟A.baeri成熟卵子及体腔液的酶、维生素、微量元素及氨基酸组成和含量。结果表明:施氏鲟与大杂交鲟的卵径显著大于西伯利亚鲟(P<0.05)。吸水后大杂交鲟的卵径显著大于施氏鲟和西伯利亚鲟(P<0.05)。大杂交鲟卵中谷草转氨酶(GOT,2.83U·g-1)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP,0.69 U·g-1)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP,0.81 U·mg-1)含量最高,均无显著性差异(P>0.05),仅西伯利亚鲟卵内琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活力显著升高(P<0.05)。3种鲟鱼卵与体腔液中蛋白质、微量元素及维生素组成差异显著。大杂交鲟体腔液内的ACP活力显著高于施氏鲟体腔液内的ACP活力(P<0.05)。西伯利亚鲟(0.51±0.16μmol·g-1)卵内的Fe含量显著高于施氏鲟(0.35μmol·g-1)和大杂交鲟(0.42±0.12μmol·g-1),而体腔液内均未检测到Fe和Zn,但体腔液中Vc(4.00±2.44μg·L-1)含量显著低于大杂交鲟(5.58±1.53μg·L-1)和施氏鲟(5.47±2.32μg·L-1)(P<0.05)。3种鲟鱼卵及体腔液内的酶、微量元素、维生素等组成相同,但SDH和ACP活力、Fe和Vc含量存在组织和种间差异,在亲鱼培育时应区别培育。     

不同光照强度对绿菊花草光合速率的影响

为了解在不同光照条件下绿菊花草的生长变化,为其在水箱族中的健康种植提供参考,采用氧电极法研究了不同光照强度对绿菊花草光合速率的影响。结果表明:不同光照强度对绿菊花草的净光合速率和总光合速率有显著影响,适合其生长的光照强度范围为987~1346μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为1167μmol·m-2·s-1。     

光对海带雌、雄配子体 lhcf5 和 lhcf6 基因相对转录量的影响

利用实时荧光定量PCR(Q-RT-PCR)方法分析了在不同光照强度、光质及有利于配子产生的条件下,lhcf5和lhc6基因在海带(Laminaria japonica)雌、雄配子体中转录量的变化.不同光照强度条件下(光源为白光),lhcf5和lhcf6基因在黑暗中接近不转录;雌配子体在光照强度40 μmol·m-2·s-1时转录量最高,而雄配子体的最岛转录量出现在80μmol·m-2·s-1的光照强度处;高于此光照强度,2个基因的转录量都会随光照强度增加而降低.相对于同强度的白光来说,红光照射无论是短时间(3 d)还是长时间(7 d),都会促进2个基因的相对转录水平;蓝光对雌配子体中2个基因转录的促进作用不明显,而对它们在雄配子体中的转录有一定的促进作用.将海带配子体从营养生长转至有利于配子发生的条件下,雌、雄配子体lhcf5和lhcf6基因在第1天的转录最都明显增加;雌配子体在第4天以及第12天(lhcf6)或第14大(ljcf5)均显著增加,第6天及第10天接近不转录;雄配子体在第8天及第14天增加,第10天也近似不转录;发育阶段其他时间内的转录量都低于营养生长期的.结果表明,海带配子体lhcf5和lhcf6的转录受光诱导,其中红光的促进作用最明显;其转录可能因有利于配子体细胞叶绿体结构的完善及物质与能量的积累而利于细胞分裂与营养生长.     

环境因子对龙须菜和菊花心江蓠N、P吸收速率的影响

在实验室条件下,研究光照、温度、盐度及pH对龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)和菊花心江蓠(G.lichevoides)N、P吸收速率的影响。结果表明,上述4个环境因子对这两种藻类的N、P吸收速率均有显著影响。其中,对龙须菜N吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度100~240μE.m-2.s-1,温度16~23℃,盐度25~35,pH 8.0~9.0;对P吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度80~200μE.m-2.s-1,温度16~23℃,盐度15~35,pH 8.0~9.0。而对于菊花心江蓠,N吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度120~300μE.m-2.s-1,温度23~33℃,盐度25~40,pH 7.5~9.0;P吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度100~240μE.m-2.s-1,温度26~33℃,盐度15~35,pH 7.5~9.0。     

不同光照条件对小新月菱形藻和等鞭金藻8701生长及生化成分的影响

研究了小新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosteriumf.minutissima)(MACC/B228)和等鞭金藻8701(IsochrysisgalbanaParke8701)(MACC/H060)在4种光照条件下的生长情况,以及不同光强下、不同时期收获的藻细胞中总脂和碳水化合物含量的变化。结果表明,小新月菱形藻在光强70μmol·s-1·m-2时细胞分裂频率(μ)最大,最适光强70～140μmol·s-1·m-2;260μmol·s-1·m-2光强能导致细胞分裂频率变慢,指数期缩短。等鞭金藻8701在光强140μmol·s-1·m-2时μ值最大,260μmol·s-1·m-2下略有降低。2种藻均在低光下脂肪含量多,小新月和等鞭金藻脂肪含量分别占干重的25.5%～35.3%和28.3%～37.5%;而碳水化合物含量少,分别占干重的5.5%～18.2%、3.9%～11.4%;在高光强下相反。不考虑光照条件的影响,2种藻细胞内碳水化合物的含量均在静止期达到最大,分别占干重的18.98%和23.32%。小新月菱形藻在70μmol·s-1·m-2光强下的指数期细胞有最大的脂肪含量,等鞭金藻的最高脂肪含量出现于光强20μmol·s-1·m-2下指数末期的细胞中。二者在光强140μmol·s-1·m-2下生长且进入静止期时均可获得较大生物量,同时细胞的脂肪和碳水化合物的含量也处于较高水平。     

脂肪酶对南方鲇生长性能、消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1、0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,饲喂平均体重(57.6±0.02)g的南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)60 d,测定南方鲇的生长性能、饲料表观消化率、消化酶活性及血液生化指标。结果显示:添加0.1 g/kg和0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,增重率比对照组分别提高了4.0%和5.8%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),饲料系数分别下降了5.0%和6.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),肥满度和粗脂肪消化率显著提高(P<0.05),对内脏指数、肝脏指数、肠脂指数、胰蛋白酶活力、肠蛋白酶活力、肠脂肪酶活力及血液生化指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶显著提高胰脂肪酶活力(P<0.05),添加0.1 g/kg的脂肪酶对胰脂肪酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,在脂肪水平为10%的饲料中添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶可以提高胰脂肪酶活力,提高脂肪消化率,改善饲料利用率。     

光、氮和半连续培养更新率对微绿球藻生长与采收量的影响

对水产养殖中的主要饵料微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd)进行了5×3×2析因试验,培养液NO-3-N水平分别设置为0、3、6、12、24 mg/L,光照强度分别为22.9 μmol/(m2·s)、43.2 μmol/(m2·s)、80.4 μmol/(m2·s),更新率分别为10%和25%,研究了光、氮和半连续培养更新率对微绿球藻生长、采收量的影响.协方差分析结果显示,NO-3-N水平、光照强度、更新率及其交互作用对细胞密度、生长率和采收量的影响均存在显著差异(P<0.001),以更新率影响最大,其次是光照强度,影响最弱为NO-3-N水平.更新率25%时,平均细胞密度(753.2×104/mL)显著低于10%更新率下的细胞密度(1 737.5×104/mL),但平均生长率和采收量都显著高于更新率10%时的生长率和采收量,分别为0.349/d和4.69×108/d.在光照强度22.9 μmol/(m2·s)下,细胞密度、生长率和采收量都显著低于其他组,其最大值均在80.4 μmol/(m2·s)光照强度组,该组细胞密度、生长率和采收量分别为1 721.1×104/mL、0.283/d和6.51/×108/d.在不同NO-3-N水平处理下,不添加NO-3-N时的细胞密度、生长率和采收量都最低,3 mg/L时次之,6 mg/L以上组(包括6 mg/L组)最高.研究结果还表明,更新率增加时,不仅光衰减变小,生长率随之变大,而且培养液中NO-3-N浓度也随之增加,从而促进了光、氮间的平衡利用,使采收量相应增加;但更新率增加细胞密度下降.显然,更新率是影响采收量的最主要因素,且存在一个最适更新率使采收量最大,这些结果对微藻半连续培养的合理更新与科学施肥有一定的应用价值.     

光照对雨生红球藻生长的影响

分别用不同光照强度、不同光暗周期及不同光剂量培养雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)。结果表明:光照强度及光周期对藻体细胞的生长有极显著的影响,高剂量光强有利于虾育素积累而不利于生长,促进藻生长的适宜光强为4000～5000lx,适宜光暗周期为每天12～18h光照,而在高光强下,则每天只需3h的光照即可维持藻体较好生长。     

光照对曼氏无针乌贼行为习性的影响

设置了3个光照强度梯度和红、白、橙、绿、蓝5个光照颜色,研究光照对曼氏无针乌贼行为习性的影响。试验结果表明:曼氏无针乌贼对光色和光强都有反应,而且表现出正趋性;对于同一光强下的红、白、橙、绿4种光照颜色来说,曼氏无针乌贼较喜欢红光和绿光。     

Effects of light quality and intensity on the growth,survival and metamorphosis of Haliotis discus hannai Ino larvae

Light is a key environmental factor that influences the growth, culture and survival of aquatic organisms. This study examined the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue and green light) and intensities (5 μmol m^?2 s^?1, 15 μmol m^?2 s^?1 and 40 μmol m^?2 s^?1) on the hatching and metamorphosis of larva of Haliotis discus hannai Ino and the growth and survival of juveniles. It was found that under blue and green light, the hatching success rate and metamorphosis of larva were significantly higher than those for any other light quality (P < 0.05), and there was a decreasing trend with an increase in light intensity. Under red and orange light, the abnormality rate of trochophores in each light intensity treatment and the time required for the metamorphosis of larva were significantly higher than those for any other light group (P < 0.05). Both the abnormality and metamorphosis rates significantly increased with light intensity. Under white light, at an intensity of 40 μmol m^?2 s^?1, the settlement and size of larva at metamorphosis were significantly smaller than those for any other light intensity (P < 0.05). Under red and orange light, the SGR of juvenile abalone in each light intensity treatment was significantly lower than that in any other light group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was identified (P > 0.05). Therefore, selecting blue and green light and controlling the light intensity to 5–15 μmol m^?2 s^?1 during fingerling reproduction of abalone should increase the hatching success rate of larva and the yield per water body.     

不同光强处理对长茎葡萄蕨藻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过调制叶绿素荧光仪(MINI-PAM),对长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)在10μmol/(m~2·s)、120μmol/(m~2·s)、360μmol/(m~2·s)光强下的叶绿素荧光特性进行了研究。结果表明:随着光照强度从10μmol/(m~2·s)上升到360μmol/(m~2·s),长茎葡萄蕨藻最大光量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光量子产量、相对电子传递速率(rETR)、快速光曲线初始斜率均呈下降趋势;用120μmol/(m~2·s)和360μmol/(m~2·s)光强处理的样品光化学猝灭(qP)较高,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)较低;不同光强处理4 h和8 h时,与10μmol/(m~2·s)处理组相比,120μmol/(m~2·s)处理组最大相对电子传递速率(rETR_(max))、半饱和光强(I_k)均显著上升,360μmol/(m~2·s)处理组I_k显著上升,rETR_(max)明显降低;在360μmol/(m~2·s)光强下处理12 h与处理8 h相比,样品rETR_(max)、I_k均显著降低。上述结果说明长茎葡萄蕨藻偏向适应10μmol/(m~2·s)的低光条件,在120μmol/(m~2·s)和360μmol/(m~2·s)的高光条件下能通过不同的方式提高对光强的耐受能力,但是在360μmol/(m~2·s)光强下处理12 h会引起光氧化对光合结构造成破坏。     

光因子对方斑东风螺胚胎和幼虫发育的影响

为研究光因子对方斑东风螺胚胎受精孵化过程的影响，实验采用析因实验设计法研究了光照强度、光质和光周期等不同光条件对方斑东风螺胚胎发育过程中受精率(FR)、孵化率(HR)和变态率(MR)的影响，通过回归模型，优化光条件，找到利于胚胎发育的最佳光质、光强和光周期。结果显示，不同光质条件下，光照强度和光周期一次效应、交互效应和二次效应均呈显著水平，三者存在互作效应。在绿光条件下，光照强度为13.70μmol/(m2·s)，光照时间为15.54 h时，其FR、HR和MR达到最优值，其值分别为91.36%、88.64%和92.02%，优化后绿光促进东风螺胚胎发育效果最为明显，其次是红光和白光。在蓝光条件下，其光照强度和光周期任意组合水平下FR、HR和MR与其他光质比较均较低，且随着光照强度增加和光照时间延长，三项指标值下降越明显，因而表明蓝光对胚胎发育起到抑制作用。实验表明，合适的光照强度和光周期能与光质协同作用，可以提高方斑东风螺育苗效率和苗种品质。     

Analysis of light absorption and photosynthetic activity by Isochrysis galbana under different light qualities

The effect of light qualities, for example white light (WL), blue light (BL), red light (RL) and green light (GL), respectively, provided by the LEDs on the growth, pigment content, light absorption and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Isochrysis galbana strain IOAC724S was measured. The growth rate of algae exposed to GL was not significantly different from that of WL, but was significantly higher than that of blue light (BL) or red light (RL). These four light colours were all efficiently absorbed by algal cells, with an absorption rate up to 92%–93%. The light absorbed by pigments contributes only part of the light absorbed by cells, ranging from 8.3% (at RL) to 59.7% (at BL). Among the monochromatic light, the highest light absorption was obtained in cells cultivated at BL, but the photochemical reaction was lowered. No positive effect of monochromatic RL was found. Cells cultivated at BL and RL were, respectively, restricted by down‐regulated photosynthetic efficiency and sufficient light absorption; meanwhile, GL showed a dramatic increase in photosynthetic efficiency, associated with a light absorption close to that for cells exposed to WL (both at 30.6%), suggesting that GL promotes the photosynthesis of I. galbana by balancing the light absorption and utilization.     

光照对纤细裸藻生长及光合色素含量影响的研究

为探讨光照对纤细裸藻的生长以及光合色素含量的影响,将纤细裸藻分别置于不同光照度(0、1500、3000、4500、6000 lx)、光照周期(16L∶8D、14L∶10D、12L∶12D、10L∶14D、8L∶16D)、光质(绿光495~530 nm、蓝光450~480 nm、红光615~650 nm、白光450~465 nm、黄光580~595 nm)条件下于恒温光照培养箱中静置培养,进行细胞密度以及色素含量的测定。试验结果显示,光照度、光照周期和光质对纤细裸藻生长及光合色素质量浓度有显著影响( P <0.05)。光照度1500、3000、4500 lx对纤细裸藻的生长均有积极作用,其中3000 lx光照度作用最为显著,细胞生长状态良好,光合色素质量浓度也高于1500、4500 lx;光照周期16L∶8D、14L∶10D和12L∶12D对纤细裸藻的生长有促进作用,其中14L∶10D组生长状况和光合色素质量浓度均优于其他处理组,8L∶16D组使纤细裸藻的生长受到抑制,其色素质量浓度也显著低于其他处理组( P <0.05);蓝光与白光组对纤细裸藻生长有显著促进作用( P <0.05),蓝光条件下色素质量浓度达到最高,更利于光合色素的积累。试验结果表明,适宜纤细裸藻生长及光合色素积累的光照条件为:光照度3000 lx,光照周期14L∶10D,蓝光培养。     

Growth,development and survival of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae cultured under different light spectra and intensities

We assessed the effects of light intensity and spectrum on the growth, development and survival of Dicentrarchus labrax larvae from 30 to 96 days after hatching. Twelve lighting regimes were applied using 0.3, 1 and 2 W/m² full spectrum white, blue, red and green light. By day 66 of exposure, growth performance was significantly better in larvae reared under green or red light compared with white or blue light (p < 0.05), while it was significantly better at 2.0 W/m² compared with 1.0 or 0.3 W/m² (p < 0.05). Larvae reared under white or blue light had significantly more deformities (p < 0.05) than did larvae reared under light of other spectra, while larvae reared under 0.3 W/m² light intensity had a significantly higher proportion of jaw malformations than reared under 1.0 and 2.0 W/m² (p ? 0.05). Dicentrarchus labrax larvae subjected to green light showed significantly lower survival compared with the other light spectra (p < 0.05). Moreover, light significantly affected brain aanat1a, aanatt1b, mellc, mt1, mt2, gh, tsh and crf mRNA expression. Therefore, the red and green light groups (or under 2.0 W/m²) could improve the growth performance and enhance secretion of melatonin, gh and tsh, and reduce the proportion of jaw malformations.     

First feeding of burbot, Lota lota (Gadidae, Teleostei) larvae under different temperature and light conditions

The burbot (Lota lota) is the only fresh water member of the cod family, Gadidae, and is adapted to cold waters. The effects of temperature and light on the growth and survival of burbot larvae were investigated under hatchery conditions. Three temperature regimes (12, 16 and 20°C) were applied under continuous light and darkness during the experiment. Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus (L.) were fed to the larvae in the first 10 days and the diet was then replaced with Artemia nauplii. At the end of the feeding stage with rotifer, growth in terms of the total length and wet weight were larger at higher temperatures under continuous light. At day 10, survival rates of the fish held at 12°C under continuous light and darkness regime were higher than those held at 16°C and 20°C kept under the same conditions. From day 10 onwards, larval growth improved remarkably after changing the live food from rotifer to Artemia in all treatments. At the end of the study, the highest survival rate was recorded among the larvae held at 12°C exposed to continuous light. Under light condition, the temperature of 20°C did not result in an improved larval growth compared with 16°C. This may indicate that high temperature and continuous light are not beneficial for larval growth and survival when they reach older stage of development. The results indicate a significant interaction for the combination of temperature, light and time with respect to survival and wet weight, making unambiguous interpretation of the main effects difficult.     

光照、温度对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长的影响

利用光生物反应器对坛紫菜自由丝状体的培养条件进行试验。通过在不同的温度(7~31℃)、光周期(6~14h)和光辐照度(5~60μEm-2S-1)条件下对其生长的影响试验,确立了自由丝状体的最适培养温度范围为19~23℃,最适光周期(L/D)为14:10,最适光辐照度为20μEm-2S-1左右。