考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度研究

针对如何表征枯水期季节性特征、优化分期消落水位来指导水库群消落调度的科学问题，该研究提出了考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度模型。以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库为研究对象，综合运用多种数理统计方法划分了流域枯水期；采用逐月滑动计算法推求了梯级水库分期消落水位；以生态和发电效益最大为目标函数，利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解了调度模型，得到了不同来水情景下梯级水库枯水期消落调度方案。研究结果表明：不同来水情景下，相较于常规调度方案，选定的优化调度方案可增加梯级水库发电量30.20~52.27亿kW·h（2.3%~5.0%）和供水量83.15~87.14亿m3（5.8%~7.4%），并提高河道生态流量保证率2.6%~22.9%。研究成果为协调梯级水库生态和发电调度提供了技术支撑。     

清江梯级发电与生态均衡优化调度研究

鉴于清江梯级水电站联合调度运行尚未考虑河流生态需求的现状,导致自然径流过程发生极大改变,采用逐旬频率计算法,确定清江梯级生态流量区间范围,进而在梯级发电调度的基础上,引入径流生态离差系数,建立发电与生态均衡优化调度模型,并提出了基于粒子群算法的模型解算方法,构建调度方案的发电与生态综合评价指标体系,对比分析清江梯级2008-2010年优化调度方案。结果表明,发电与生态均衡优化调度方案在梯级发电量仅减少1.85%的情况下,径流生态离差系数提高6.81%,梯级生态溢水量减少57.66亿m~3,梯级生态缺水量减少3.92亿m~3,生态调度效果显著。研究成果可为当前长江大保护与清江流域环境保护背景下清江梯级联合调度运行提供科学依据与决策支持。     

基于碳减排的梯级水库消落期多目标水碳调度研究

提出了基于碳减排的梯级水库消落期多目标水碳调度模型，将碳排放因子法应用于梯级水库水碳调度研究。以发电量最大和温室气体排放量最小为调度目标，采用 NSGA-II 算法求解模型，并以金沙江中下游 6 座水库与三峡水库组成的梯级水库为研究对象进行实例研究。结果表明：相较现行调度方案，在丰、平、枯不同水文情景下，发电效益最佳方案可使梯级水库发电量提高44.3~75.9亿kW·h/a，增长率为4.0%~5.2%；碳减排效益最佳方案可减少温室气体排放量（CO2当量）37.5~42.5Gg/a，降低4.2%~4.7%；协调调度方案可提高发电效益36.4~73.8亿kW·h/a(增长率3.2%~5.0%)，减少温室气体排放量（CO2当量）36.3~41.4Gg/a，降低4.0%~4.6%。研究提出的运行方案可为梯级水库消落期水碳协同调度提供技术支撑。     

赣江中游水利枢纽群生态优化调度的预测分析

针对水利枢纽工程对河流生态系统的影响,基于鱼类产卵期较大时间尺度(月为周期)的河道生态蓄水过程和小时间尺度的场次模拟生态洪水过程2种工况,建立赣江中游万安、石虎塘和峡江梯级枢纽群联合生态优化调度模型,分析生态调度对水库群经济效益的影响.数学模型中生态流量过程为约束条件之一,以水库群发电量最大作为调度目标,求各水电站的流量过程和发电量,采用逐次优化算法(POA).结果表明,考虑生态调度后,系统总体发电量减少约185万kW·h,减少1.65％,对水库经济效益即总发电量的影响不大,实施水利枢纽群生态优化调度有利于减缓工程对河流生态系统的影响.     

赣江中游水利枢纽群生态优化调度的预测分析

针对水利枢纽工程对河流生态系统的影响,基于鱼类产卵期较大时间尺度（月为周期）的河道生态蓄水过程和小时间尺度的场次模拟生态洪水过程2种工况,建立赣江中游万安、石虎塘和峡江梯级枢纽群联合生态优化调度模型,分析生态调度对水库群经济效益的影响。数学模型中生态流量过程为约束条件之一,以水库群发电量最大作为调度目标,求各水电站的流量过程和发电量,采用逐次优化算法（POA）。结果表明,考虑生态调度后,系统总体发电量减少约185万kW·h,减少1.65%,对水库经济效益即总发电量的影响不大,实施水利枢纽群生态优化调度有利于减缓工程对河流生态系统的影响。     

基于流域生物资源保护的水库生态调度

阐述了流域水电开发对流域生物资源的影响途径:通道阻隔、水库淹没、径流调节、水温变化等,探讨了流域水电开发对河流连续性、河道洪枯过程、库区生境等生态功能的影响方式.结合三峡水利枢纽工程实例,针对宜昌断面基于流域生物资源保护的流量要求,建立了以水电站发电效益最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用差分进化法进行优化求解,获得了相应的水电站水库调度出流过程,并在此基础上采取人造洪峰、提高下泄水温等生态修复方式保护流域生物资源.建议水库运行调度应在考虑工程功能的同时,兼顾下游及水库的生态功能,以达到流域水资源开发与保护流域健康的生态系统相协调的目的.     

耦合水文情势及鱼类繁殖的江垭水库生态调度需求研究（生态调度专刊）

大型水库实施生态调度是修复河流水文情势、维持河流生态系统健康的重要手段。江垭水库位于溇水干流下游的张家界慈利县，是澧水流域具有重要防洪意义的大型水库。本研究通过环境DNA采样、IHA水文指标变动分析和文献资料总结等方法，开展了江垭坝下水文情势及鱼类繁殖需求的关系研究，提出了江垭水库生态调度需求及建议。2021年9月在溇水干支流综合调查到鱼类55种，与上世纪90年代相比，流水性种类在干流江段显著减少了51.35%；按照生态调度优先等级评估原则，确定江垭水库生态调度的主要目标物种为产漂流性卵的银鲴、银鮈、贝氏?和产粘沉性卵的鲤、鲫；江垭建坝前后下游水文情势变化较大，发生高度改变且对鱼类洄游产卵及鱼卵发育有重要作用的水文指标包括：年最大1日、3日平均流量指标，年出现高流量脉冲事件的次数和持续时间，以及连续日流量上涨率。以促进坝下不同产卵类型的鱼类繁殖为目标，江垭水库生态调度一方面需要恢复一定的高流量脉冲次数和历时，另一方面需要控制下游的水位日降幅，通过泄放合理的生态流量来维持下游鱼类的生物多样性。     

向家坝水库蓄水对下游江段溶解氧饱和度影响研究

为深入了解向家坝水库建成开始蓄水后,其下游江段的溶解氧浓度和饱和度的变化规律,对2012年7月至2013年11月间向家坝下游江段的溶解氧浓度与饱和度的时空变化情况进行了监测,并进行了其与主要影响因素之间的相关性分析。结果表明：坝下断面在监测期间出现了3次溶解氧过饱和现象,但位于岷江入汇口以下的长江上游鱼类保护区干流基本未出现溶解氧过饱和现象;水库蓄水导致的流量变化以及随季节的水温变化均对坝下河道的溶解氧饱和度有影响;溶解氧浓度与河道水温及向家坝电站的发电流量呈现显著的负相关关系,溶解氧饱和度与大坝中孔泄流量呈显著的正相关关系,与发电流量占总流量的百分比呈显著的负相关关系。因此,为了减少发生溶解氧过饱和的可能性,应通过梯级水库的联合调度,尽量提高发电流量的比例。     

面向产漂流性卵鱼类的三峡水库生态调度效果评价

生态调度是减缓水电开发不利生态环境影响的重要非工程措施,三峡水库自2011年起,每年5-7月份择机开展面向产漂流性卵鱼类自然繁殖的生态调度试验,但是各年度生态调度效果参差不齐,缺乏生态调度效果评价技术体系。本研究从生态环境效益和社会经济效益两个维度出发,构建了面向产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的水库生态调度效果评价体系,在此基础上,以三峡水库为例,评估了2012-2022历年生态调度效果。结果显示三峡水库各年度生态调度效果存在明显差异,整体而言,涨水持续时间、初始流量、流量日上涨率和洪峰流量、水温等水文水环境指标满足鱼类最适繁殖需求的生态调度试验,其鱼类繁殖响应良好,生态调度效果较为理想；同时开展两次生态调度的年份,其调度效果好于仅开展一次调度的年份。研究结果可为三峡水库生态调度优化设计提供参考依据。     

乌东德水电站日调峰对下游裂腹鱼类栖息地的影响研究

日调峰是乌东德水电站日常运行的主要出力约束和调度目标，但调度引起的水库出库流量大幅涨落也可能对下游生态环境产生不利影响。采用河道内流量增量法，通过构建二维水动力模型，研究了乌东德水电站日调峰引起的下游河段水文水动力条件波动对裂腹鱼类繁殖期栖息地适宜性的影响，并分析了2023年电站基荷发电生态调度试验效果。结果表明：当乌东德电站下泄流量低于1160 m3/s时，坝下江段裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场面积相对较大；当流量高于2000 m3/s时，裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场面积显著减少。电站日调峰结束时，出库流量降幅越大，裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场脱水面积及鱼卵脱水风险越大。2023年乌东德电站基荷发电生态调度期间，坝下江段裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场的加权面积有所减少，但潜在产卵场和鱼卵早期的脱水风险有显著降低。为提高繁殖期裂腹鱼类生境适宜性和持续性，电站有必要进一步减少调峰频次、降低出库流量至适宜区间。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.