以拉氏拟柱胞藻和浮丝藻为主的蓝藻水华对中华绒螯蟹肠道和鳃及其养殖环境微生物群落结构的影响

通过运用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,研究了蓝藻水华的发生对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)体内及其养殖环境中微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示,蓝藻水华以蓝藻门的浮丝藻(Planktothrix sp.)和拉氏拟柱胞藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)为优势种。总体来看,蓝藻池中的群落丰富度高于对照池,微生物多样性低于对照池。蓝藻池和对照池中伊乐藻中的细菌种类很少,而底泥中的细菌种类很丰富。基于门水平下的菌群分类,在蓝藻池水中优势菌群为蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),对照池水中则为变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。中华绒螯蟹鳃中均以放线菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门为优势菌,但在物种相对丰度上存在差异;中华绒螯蟹肠道均以拟杆菌门、柔膜菌门(Tenericutes)、变形菌门、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势菌。基于属水平下的菌群分类,蓝藻池池水的优势菌群为浮丝藻属(Planktothrix)、CL500-29_marine_group属和hgcI_clade属,对照池池水中以不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、Candidatus_Aquiluna属和hgcI_clade属为优势菌属。中华绒螯蟹鳃中优势属为Ilumatobacter属,且蓝藻池中Ilumatobacter属生物相对丰度更高;中华绒螯蟹肠道样品中Candidatus_Bacilloplasma属和Prolixiibacter属生物相对丰度较高。基于NMDS分析,中华绒螯蟹肠道的菌群结构较为稳定,样本层级聚类分析的结果也映证了这一点。研究结果表明,蓝藻水华的发生会影响养殖环境和中华绒螯蟹肠道及鳃的菌群结构。     

两种三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)养殖塘中浮游细菌的季节变化

结合基于细菌16S rRNA基因的T-RFLP技术与克隆测序技术,对象山港三疣梭子蟹、脊尾白虾混养模式下改良塘M1(塘底铺网四周铺砂)以及传统塘M2(土塘)水体不同季节细菌群落结构和多样性进行分析。结果显示,M1、M2养殖塘水体细菌群落主要由变形纲门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)组成。养殖过程中,细菌群落结构随时间发生了显著变化,不同养殖塘水体细菌群落结构变化的方向不同。M1养殖塘水体由放线菌门主导的群落结构向蓝藻菌门以及变形菌门主导的群落结构发展,M2养殖水体由蓝藻菌门主导的向变形纲门主导的群落结构发展,说明养殖后期改良塘水体有利于蓝藻细菌的生长。无论是M1还是M2,拟杆菌门在8-9月含量最高,且养殖过程中在M2水体的含量始终高于M1。随着养殖时间的推移,M1养殖塘水体细菌群落由多样性指数高的稳定性结构向多样性指数低的不稳定性结构转变,而M2水体养殖后期仍保持较高的多样性指数。PCA分析结果显示,M1养殖塘水体细菌群落差异性大于M2,说明M2水体细菌群落对环境变化的抵御能力大于M1。相关性分析结果显示,不同养殖塘水体细菌群落分布受环境的影响效应不同。     

夏季仿刺参养殖池塘水体菌群地域性特征及其影响因素

2018年8月,在全年不投喂饲料及益生菌且面积约0.1 km~2的泥质底质的辽宁长海、营口,河北乐亭和山东乳山典型岸基半开放仿刺参养殖池塘中,设置4个采样点,采集距水面和离池底各30 cm处水样,利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,构建4个地区典型仿刺参养殖池塘水体菌群16S rRNA基因测序文库,解析仿刺参养殖池塘水体菌群地域性差异和共性,并查明影响水体细菌群落构成的主导环境因子。试验结果显示,不同地区仿刺参养殖池塘水体优势菌门为变形菌门和拟杆菌门,二者相对丰度占比68.64%～89.34%。变形菌门均为第一优势菌门,相对丰度占比51.10%～71.98%。在属水平上,不同地区水体优势菌属主要为玫瑰变色菌属、远洋杆菌属、Kiloniella和棕囊藻杆菌属。其中,长海、乐亭和乳山水体第一优势菌属均为玫瑰变色菌属,相对丰度占比分别为18.68%、24.65%和24.46%;营口地区水体第一优势菌属为Kiloniella,相对丰度占比23.07%。仿刺参养殖池塘水体菌群存在显著地域性差异(P0.05)。其中,乐亭与乳山水体菌群结构相似度最高首先聚为一类,其次与长海聚为一类,营口地区则单独聚为一类。营口仿刺参养殖池塘水体差异菌群主要为放线菌门和浮霉菌门细菌。尽管不同地区水体细菌组分比例不同,但共有菌属甚多。环境因子中,影响水体菌群的主导环境因子为化学需氧量和总有机碳,其次为磷酸盐、总磷和温度。本试验结果将为仿刺参养殖池塘水体微生态调控提供参考。     

斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥微生物群落结构特征及其影响因素

微生物群落在水产养殖环境中起着重要作用，深入了解微生物群落组成及其构建机制对了解池塘生态功能具有重要意义。本研究通过高通量测序技术研究斑点叉尾鮰（）养殖池塘底泥中细菌群落机构特征，并分析了细菌群落的主要影响因素。结果显示，斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构呈现出季节性变化，冬春季样品相似性较高。斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥优势菌群主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria），与池塘水体细菌群落间有明显的差别。线性判别分析显示，冬、春和秋季的特异性优势菌群较为丰富，冬季和春季分布较为集中，分别集中于浮霉菌、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门，秋季特异性优势菌群分布特别分散，而夏季优势细菌类群最少，只有绿弯菌门厌氧绳菌属1个属具有显著优势。环境因子中，透明度和总溶解性悬浮物与斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构有显著相关（<0.05），对细菌群落结构的影响也最大。本研究旨为斑点叉尾鮰池塘微生物群落的变化和调控提供借鉴。     

不同季节刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群结构及其影响因素

本研究以辽宁省营口地区刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术,构建不同季节刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群16S rRNA基因测序文库,解析刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群的季节性差异和共性,查明影响沉积物菌群构成的主导环境因子。结果显示,营口地区刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群的丰度和多样性以夏季最高,春秋次之,冬季最低。不同季节刺参养殖池塘沉积物差异菌群呈显著性季节演替特征(P<0.05)。其中,春季差异菌群主要隶属于拟杆菌门(Bacteroides),夏季差异菌群主要隶属于酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),秋季差异菌群主要隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),冬季差异菌群主要隶属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。尽管不同季节沉积物细菌组分比例不同,但第一优势菌门均隶属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(相对丰度>43.19%)。环境因子中,影响刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群的主导环境因子为温度、总有机碳、总氮和pH。本研究将为刺参养殖池塘微生态调控提供理论参考。     

梁子湖与后官湖浮游细菌的群落结构特征

探究浮游细菌群落结构以及微生物与环境因子的相关性,可为湖泊环境评价和生态治理提供理论依据。选取湖北境内的梁子湖和后官湖,于2018年4月分别设置10个和5个采样点,进行浮游细菌与水体理化指标采样调查;通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序,分析比较浮游细菌群落结构及其多样性的差异,并通过冗余分析(RDA)探讨环境因子与浮游细菌群落结构的关系。结果表明,梁子湖和后官湖均有较高的浮游细菌群落多样性,其Shannon指数分别为3.974~4.743和3.924~4.500;梁子湖与后官湖的浮游细菌群落结构有所差异,梁子湖菌群隶属于放线菌门(Actinomycetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae);后官湖菌群隶属于放线菌门、蓝细菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门、绿菌门、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、装甲菌门和螺旋体菌门(Saccharibacteria);其中,梁子湖的优势菌群为放线菌门(20.09%~43.23%)和变形菌门(21.35%~35.28%),而后官湖的优势菌群为放线菌门(20.70%~42.69%)和蓝细菌门(14.40%~45.77%)。RDA分析表明,总氮(TN)、pH、总磷(TP)是影响微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

双斑东方鲀循环水养殖水体细菌群落结构分析

利用16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术研究了双斑东方鲀(Fugu bimaculatus)循环水养殖系统养殖水体细菌种群结构特征,并比较养殖患病(溃疡症)的双斑东方鲀的水体细菌群落结构与健康的之间的差异,探讨细菌群落结构与双斑东方鲀细菌性病害发生的相关性。研究结果表明,双斑东方鲀循环水养殖水体细菌群落的优势细菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),优势细菌纲为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria),优势细菌目为黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、硫发菌目(Thiotrichales)、红细菌目(Rhodobacterales)、交替单胞菌目(Alteromonadales)、弧菌目(Vibrionales),优势细菌科为黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)、硫发菌科(Thiotrichaceae)、红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)、弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)、交替假单胞菌科(Pseudoalteromonadaceae)。患病的和健康的循环水养殖水体细菌群落种类组成相似度高,细菌群落多样性指数无较大差异,在同一分类水平上各细菌群落丰度占比差异显著;二者核心微生物(属)的差异明显,健康的循环水养殖水体核心细菌群落以Polaribacter属为主;患病的循环水养殖水体核心细菌群落以弧菌科的发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)和弧菌属(Vibrio)为主,而发光杆菌属和弧菌属的多数种类属于病原菌或条件致病菌。双斑东方鲀患病(溃疡症)与养殖水体细菌群落的弧菌属丰度占比高有关。该研究结果对双斑东方鲀循环水养殖细菌性病害的监测、预警、诊断及管理控制具有重要的意义。     

凡纳滨对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统水质指标及微生物菌群结构的分析

为探究凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化循环水养殖系统的养殖水体水质情况以及微生物菌群的组成结构,本研究利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,测定凡纳滨对虾工厂化循环水养殖过程一级移动床生物净化、二级固定床生物净化、养殖水体的水质指标、水体和生物净化载体以及对虾肠道微生物菌群的组成。结果显示,水体的氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)质量浓度显著降低,分别为0.85和0.21 mg/L。养殖系统水体、生物净化载体和虾肠道样品中共有的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),此外,一级、二级生物净化系统水体中的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势菌,生物净化载体中浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)为优势菌;对虾肠道中的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势菌。另外,对虾养殖循环水系统中生物净化载体上的细菌物种含量比水样中的细菌物种少,但微生物多样性高于养殖水体,生物净化载体中微生物具有低丰度和高多样性的特点。综上所述,生物净化系统可有效地增加水体中促进氮、磷代谢的微生物菌群,调控养殖水体的水质指标,研究结果为凡纳滨对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统构建及水质调控提供理论依据。     

养殖水体细菌菌群结构对凡纳滨对虾健康的指示作用

为了解凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)可能的微生物致病原因，通过对养殖水体环境细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序和生物信息学分析，研究比较了健康虾塘(HSP)、少量死虾塘(MinUH)和大量死虾塘(MajUH)水体细菌群落组成。结果表明，MajUH氨氮、亚硝酸盐、细菌总数均显著高于其他组(P<0.05),HSP细菌群落香农指数显著高于MajUH(P<0.05)。养殖水体中优势菌门为变形菌门、蓝藻门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿菌门，其丰度在3类虾塘中有很大差异，其中，蓝藻门在HSP、MinUH、MajUH的丰度分别为6.17%、5.94%、46.85%。对虾的大量死亡伴随着细菌群落的变化，RDA分析表明，细菌群落的分布主要由亚硝酸盐氮和氧化还原电位决定。通过文献检索和方差分析对HSP与MajUH进行比较后发现，当微生物群落多样性下降时，其对高pH的抑制和调控作用将会减弱，从而影响对虾健康状况。此外，研究还确定了24个可区分健康和大量死亡虾塘主要细菌指示物，明确了水体细菌群落结构作为虾类健康状态指示指标的可行性。研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中的病害防治及...     

中华绒螯蟹生态育苗池塘细菌群落分析

为探究江苏省射阳地区沿海滩涂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)生态育苗池塘细菌群落结构,分别对养殖池塘水体(S7,S8,S9)和池塘底泥(N7,N8,N9)细菌群落16SrDNA的V3、V4、V5可变区进行扩增,检测合格的文库进行高通量测序;利用Qiime(v1.7)软件,对序列阈值97%相似性水平进行聚类分析;分别以门、纲、目、科和属的分类水平对样本进行α-多样性指数分析;以Chaol指数和Shannon指数评估菌种丰富度和多样性。结果表明,3个生态育苗池塘得到OTU分别为8 881、7 406、8 566个。S7微生物归属于16门、29纲、58目、97科、191属;S8为9门、18纲、38目、68科、132属;S9为17门、32纲、60目、111科、227属。N7为41门、103纲、198目、325科、572属;N8为42门、103纲、203目、318科、534属;N9为40门、99纲、196目、323科、578属。养殖水体优势菌群以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,其次是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);池塘底泥优势菌群以变形菌门为主,其次为拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。养殖池塘底泥中细菌群落的丰富度和物种多样性明显高于养殖水体,水体中细菌群落的丰富度S9S7S8,物种的多样性S7S9S8。池塘底泥中细菌群落的丰富度N7N9N8,物种的多样性N7 N9N8。     

Extension of nursery culture of Scylla serrata (Forsskål) juveniles in net cages and ponds

To address the preference of mud crab farmers for larger size Scylla serrata juveniles (5.0–10 g body weight or BW; 3.0–5.0 cm internal carapace width or ICW), a study was conducted to compare the growth and survival of crab juveniles (2.0–5.0 g BW; 1.0–3.0 cm ICW) produced a month after stocking of megalopae in net cages when reared further in net cages installed in earthen ponds or when stocked directly in earthen ponds. In a 3 × 2 factorial experiment, three stocking densities (1, 3 and 5 ind m⁻²), two types of rearing units (net cages or earthen pond) were used. Megalopae were grown to juvenile stage for 30 days in net cages set inside a 4000 m² brackishwater pond and fed brown mussel (Modiolus metcalfei). Crab juveniles were then transferred to either net cages (mesh size of 1.0 mm) or earthen ponds at three stocking densities. After 1 month, no interaction between stocking density and rearing unit was detected so data were pooled for each stocking density and rearing unit. There were no significant differences in the growth or survival rate of crab juveniles across stocking density treatments. Regardless of stocking density, survival in net cages was higher (77.11±6.62%) than in ponds (40.41±3.59%). Growth, however, was significantly higher for crab juveniles reared in earthen ponds. The range of mean BW of 10.5–16.0 g and an ICW of 3.78–4.33 cm obtained are within the size range preferred by mud crab operators for stocking grow‐out ponds.     

Bacterial composition,abundance and diversity in fish polyculture and mussel–fish integrated cultured ponds in China

Bacterial community and abiotic environmental parameters in twelve freshwater aquaculture ponds were analysed. According to the major component of stocked animals, the ponds were grouped into four types: black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii ponds. Each type of pond was stocked with three species of Chinese carps (silver carp, bighead carp and gibel carp) to form a unique mode of fish polyculture or mussel–fish integrated culture. The bacterial composition was identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Totally, 3701 and 11 150 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from the water and sediment samples respectively. The number of OTUs, abundance‐based coverage estimator, Chao1 index and Shannon diversity index were lower in the water column than in the sediment, suggesting that diversity and stability of bacterial community were higher in the sediment. In the water column, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated at the phylum level, and 26 dominant genera were identified. In the sediment, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae dominated at the phylum level, and 25 dominant genera were identified. Bacterial compositions between the ponds with different aquaculture modes were similar at the phylum levels, but varied at the genus levels. The bacterial composition in the ponds was correlated with hardness, ammonia and total nitrogen in the water column. This study indicates that the type of aquaculture mode is a factor regulating the microbial community, which provides an insight towards microbial management through probiotic manipulation in pond culture.     

Microbial changes occurring at the sediment-water interface in an intensively stocked and fed fish pond

The microbial changes occurring in the upper 1 cm of the solid sediment surface in intensively fed and aerated fish ponds located in northern Israel were examined. The bacterial groups enumerated included: total aerobes, total anaerobes, sulfate and iron reducing bacteria, ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria, acid forming bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria. With the exception of the nitrifying bacteria, large microbial populations were observed in the pond sediment even prior to fish stocking. All the different groups enumerated displayed a rapid change in number during the first 2–8 days following fish stocking, and a subsequent approach toward a steady state. Since both microbial and chemical steady states were approached within a relatively short period of time, it does not appear that these components of the sediment are related to the inhibition of fish growth occurring 50–70 days after fish stocking. While the practice of pond draining and air drying the sediment does oxidize some of the accumulated organic material, it does not appear to affect the resident microbial flora significantly to an extent that could decrease the rate of reestablishment of the microbial community. Therefore, upon establishment of anaerobic conditions a large microbiological community is present capable of mediating the chemical reduction of SO₄^2? to H₂S, or other transformations resulting in products which contribute to fish growth inhibition commonly observed in such intensively stocked and fed fish ponds.     

Comparison of microbial community structures in intensive and extensive shrimp culture ponds and a mangrove area in Thailand

ABSTRACT:   A pelagic bacterial community structure was examined in experimental intensive shrimp culture ponds that have a shrimp–mangrove complex aquaculture system, an extensive shrimp culture pond and a mangrove area in Thailand by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified partial 16S rRNA genes. Bacterial community structure in the intensive shrimp culture ponds was distinguishable from that of the mangrove area. In the extensive shrimp culture pond, the bacterial community structure resembled that in the mangrove area, but bacterial abundance was as great as that in the intensive shrimp culture ponds. Among the intensive shrimp culture ponds, the bacterial community structure was different between a closed culture system and a shrimp–mangrove complex culture system. Moreover, the bacterial community structure in mangrove planted ponds was close to those in the intensive shrimp culture ponds when shrimp culture was conducted, but it was close to those in the mangrove areas without shrimp culture. These results suggest that intensive shrimp culture with shrimp feed input affects the bacterial community structures in pond water.     

池塘冷能气雾降温设备对高温期刺参养殖池塘环境理化指标及沉积物细菌群落结构的影响

近年来,极端高温灾害已成为限制仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)产业可持续发展的重要瓶颈之一。本团队前期研发出一款可实现池塘养殖刺参安全度夏的池塘冷能气雾降温设备,取得了较好的应用效果。为解析使用该设备对池塘环境的调控作用,本研究选取安装并使用该设备的5个池塘(实验组,根据相对区域的不同,标记为E1和E2组)和无任何降温措施的3个池塘(对照组,标记为C组)为研究对象,测定夏季高温期实验池塘水质及底质指标,并利用高通量测序技术对相应池塘沉积物中菌群结构差异进行解析,进一步分析细菌群落结构与相关环境影响因子的相关性。研究结果显示,2个实验组池塘的底层平均水温显著低于对照组,水体溶解氧含量显著高于对照组,水体氨氮和沉积物氨氮、亚硝酸氮以及化学需氧量均显著低于对照组池塘(P<0.05)。对2个实验组和1个对照组共8个测试池塘的沉积物菌群结构进行测定后分别获得707~880个分类操作单元(optical transform unit, OTU),α多样性计算结果显示,实验组沉积物菌群群落丰度和微生物群落多样性均高于对照组。对8个样品的PCoA分析结果显示,各组内养殖池塘沉积物样本的菌群组成及群落结构相似性较高,组间差异明显。在目水平的物种分布统计结果显示,2个实验组的物种组成相似性较高,实验组中根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)、乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)和微球菌目(Micrococcales)的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。LefSe分析筛选到在不同组间存在显著差异的13个细菌群类(P<0.05)。对菌群结构与环境因子的相关性分析显示,参与氮循环过程的微生物种类丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),进一步筛选到与实验池塘水体氨氮含量显著相关的3个OTUs,分别为OTU7、OTU29和OTU108,依次归属为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)下的苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)和埃希氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)以及厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)下的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。在所预测到的25个原核生物COG代谢途径中,实验组和对照组在18个代谢途径上存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。以上研究结果表明,使用该设备可显著改善池塘水质及底质环境,并影响沉积物菌群结构,相关研究结果可为该设备的推广应用提供数据支撑。     

强降雨对粤西凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘微生物群落的影响

于强台风"莫拉菲"环流云系带来的持续强降雨天气前后(2009年7月14日和7月28日),对广东省茂名市电白县凡纳滨对虾半集约化养殖土池的水样和泥样进行调查,研究施用微生态制剂和未施用微生态制剂的虾池水体及底泥中的异养细菌、弧菌和芽孢杆菌的变化情况,并利用BIOLOGECO微板对水体和底泥的微生物群落代谢变化进行探讨。结果发现,定期施用微生态制剂的虾池水体和底泥中的细菌数量和微生物群落功能在强降雨前后基本保持稳定;未施用微生态制剂的虾池在强降雨后,水体的弧菌数升高,Simpson指数和McIntosh指数显著降低(P0.05),水体和底泥微生物群落对碳源的利用率变化明显。研究结果表明,与施用微生态制剂的虾池相比较,未施用微生态制剂的虾池在强降雨后,水体及沉积物环境波动变化明显,强降雨对其水域环境产生很大的影响。因此建议在对虾养殖过程中定期施用微生态制剂,并针对恶劣天气采取有效措施,以稳定虾池水体及沉积物的微生物生态。     

生态调控技术对异育银鲫养殖池底泥菌群多样性的影响

为探讨菌藻调控技术、底质改良技术及投饵区微孔增氧技术对异育银鲫养殖池塘底泥微生物群落结构多样性的影响,在江苏大丰地区选择3口总面积约42.93hm~2的异育银鲫精养池塘实施以上技术,同时两口总面积约30hm~2的池塘作为对照池,采用PCR-DGGE方法比较分析4—7月池塘底泥中的细菌多样性。试验结果显示,试验塘底泥细菌多样性指数为3.15~3.52,明显高于对照塘的2.20~2.74,表明了三大技术的实施有利于提高底泥中细菌多样性指数,同时底泥菌群多样性指数的平均值与异育银鲫的损失率呈正相关,一定程度上反应了三大技术的联用有利于提高精养池塘生态稳定能力,间接增加养殖效益。     

The effectiveness of a commercial microbial product in poorly prepared tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds

The efficacy of a commercial microbial product was tested in commercial tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds for one culture period in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Four ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. The pond bottom was dried but the organic sludge was not removed as normally practised in pond preparation. The ponds were stocked with 15 post‐larvae at the rate of 31.m^?2. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the pond were analysed every 2 weeks during the culture period. Water quality parameters remained within the optimum range for shrimp culture except for ammonia‐nitrogen being significantly higher in control ponds and silica in treated ponds. Benthic organisms were not found in any of the ponds. The average counts of different bacteria were not significantly higher in treated ponds than control. Because of poor health, the shrimp were harvested earlier (72 days) than the usual 120 days. An average of 875.60 ± 67.00 kg shrimp ha^?1 was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.57 ± 0.10 and survival rate of 42.35 ± 5.37% compared with 719.50 ± 130.94 kg shrimp ha^?1, 2.99 ± 0.70 and 21.25 ± 3.26%, respectively, in control ponds. Neither the microbial product nor the frequent water exchange was effective in overcoming the problems caused by the poor pond bottom.     

Characterization of bacterial community in intestinal and rearing water of Penaeus monodon differing growth performances in outdoor and indoor ponds

Penaeus monodon provides a high‐quality protein source for humanity, and pond cultured shrimp often presents asynchronous growth. Microbial communities are important for the digestion and immunity of shrimp. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the bacterial characteristics of the intestine and rearing water of asynchronously growing P. monodon that were cultured in outdoor and indoor pond respectively. The results showed that the bacterial community of the rearing water was more complex than that of the intestine; the fast‐growing shrimp in the indoor pond had higher intestinal bacterial diversity. Besides, the dominant bacterial composition of the water was more complex than that of the intestinal. Specifically, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the intestine was consistent with the growth performance of shrimp in the outdoor pond, which was exactly the opposite in the indoor pond. At the genus level, two cyanobacteria, Limnothrix and Cyanobium PCC‐6307, were dominant in the indoor and outdoor water respectively. In the outdoor pond, Bacillus was dominant in the slow‐growing shrimp intestines, while Vibrio was dominant in the fast‐growing shrimp. The intestinal microbes of the fast‐growing shrimp had higher proteasome metabolic capacity. These results can provide new insights into microbiome characteristics involved in the asynchronous growth of shrimp.     

冻融期刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群结构特征及其影响因素

本研究以我国北方典型岸基半开放刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘为对象,利用高通量测序技术构建冻融期刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群16S rRNA基因测序文库,解析封冰期、融冰期和化冰期刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群结构特征,并查明影响菌群结构的主导环境因子。结果显示,冻融期刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群丰度和多样性表现为整体下调趋势,在融冰初期呈现显著性波动(P<0.05)。冻融期刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群结构呈现显著性差异,封冰期、融冰期和化冰期差异菌群分别隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和软壁菌门(Tenericutes)。尽管不同阶段微生物相对丰度比例不同,但第一优势菌门均隶属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),相对丰度高于49.04%;次优势菌门则呈现出显著性变化,其中,封冰期为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),融冰期为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),化冰期为浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。环境因子与菌群相关性分析表明,冻融期刺参养殖池塘沉积物菌群结构与环境因子具有显著相关性(P<0.05),温度、盐度、总氮和总有机碳是沉积物菌群的主导环境因子。本研究将为刺参养殖池塘精细化管理提供理论依据。