净化僧帽牡蛎肉低温保鲜效果研究

为了使僧帽牡蛎（Saccostrea cucullata）卫生安全并低温流通,对大肠菌数超标的僧帽牡蛎进行净化。大肠菌群数6 000 MPN/100 g贝肉以下的僧帽牡蛎经24 h的净化,可达到净化海水贝类标准（DB 35/575—2004）的要求（≤300 MPN/100 g贝肉）;同时对净化蛎肉用注净化海水和未注净化海水两种包装,在-4-10℃各温度下进行保鲜试验,保鲜过程中两种包装牡蛎肉的挥发性盐基氮变化无显著差异,净化蛎肉在-4-0℃温度带微冻保鲜效果较好,在5℃以下贮藏比较安全。建议生产上将净化僧帽牡蛎注净化海水包装在0-4℃贮运。     

紫外线系统净化双壳贝类的研究

菲律宾蛤仔经人工方法使其体内积累埃希氏大肠杆菌(E．coli)达到5个对数值后，放入小型紫外线(UV)循环净化系统中，通过正交试验来研究各种环境因子对贝类自身净化能力的影响。经56h净化处理后，贝肉中的E．coli减小约3个对数值。方差分析结果表明，影响菲律宾蛤仔净化效果的因子依次为水交换率、贝水比和温度，其最佳的净化条件为：换水率3次／h，贝水比为1：4，温度15℃。紫外线系统净化菲律宾蛤仔是有效的。     

紫外线系统净化文蛤中大肠杆菌的研究

文蛤经人工方法使其体内积累埃希氏大肠杆菌达到5个对数值后,放入小型紫外线循环净化系统中,通过正交试验来研究各种环境因子对文蛤自身净化能力的影响。经36 h净化处理后,贝肉中埃希氏大肠杆菌减小约3个对数值。方差分析结果表明,影响文蛤净化效果的因子依次为水交换率、贝水比和温度;最佳的净化条件为:换水率3次/h、贝水比为1∶4、温度15℃。文蛤的净化生产证明,这些净化条件是合适的。     

嗜水气单胞菌HEC毒素对鲤内皮细胞的毒性

体外培养鲤血管内皮细胞 (EC) ,取 10 0 0 0ml嗜水气单胞菌悬液 ,盐析和层析后获得HEC毒素 (外毒素 ) ,测定分析不同质量浓度HEC毒素 (10 2 4 .0 0 ,2 5 6 .0 0 ,6 4 .0 0 ,16 .0 0 ,4 .0 0 ,1.0 0 ,0 .2 5 μg/ml)对鲤EC的半感染浓度(TCID50 )及观察在工作浓度 (16TCID50 )下内皮细胞的损伤和亚显微变化。结果表明 :1)HEC毒素对鲤科鱼类的红细胞有很强的破坏性 (溶血价 >8× 10 3 HU/mg) ;2 )对鲤EC的TCID50 为 5 .85 μg/ml;3)在 16TCID50 HEC毒素诱导下 ,6h的EC单层出现空斑 ,12h的EC有部分脱落 ,2 4h的EC全部脱落 ;超薄切片中 12h的EC微绒毛有部分丢失 ,细胞器和核质严重病变 ,细胞膜完整性被破坏 ,2 4h的EC核肿胀 ,微绒毛、细胞器和核质均丢失     

大竹蛏生产性人工育苗技术研究

2009-2011年进行了大竹蛏人工育苗技术的研究。2011年主要进行大竹蛏生产性人工育苗,分别在51m^2和312m^2附着面积中,培育出平均壳长（6．33±0．369）mm、平均质量规格220枚儋的稚贝3．12×10^6枚;（1．04±0．199）mm、477枚／g的稚贝3．28×10^8枚。7月8日开展大竹蛏人工苗种增殖放流,共投入平均壳长3mm的人工苗种1．4亿枚。     

盐度和饵料密度对栉孔扇贝稚贝滤水率的影响

采用静水法研究了恒定温度(24±0.5℃)、饵料密度(3.0×104cell/ml)、不同盐度(20、25、30和35)和恒定温度(24℃±0.5℃)、盐度30、不同饵料密度梯度(3.0×104、4.5×104和 6.0×104cell/ml)对栉孔扇贝稚贝(壳长1.177～2.017 mm)滤水率的影响.结果表明,栉孔扇贝稚贝的滤水率(FRS)开始随着盐度的升高而升高,在25～30之间存在最大值,然后随盐度的升高而下降,与盐度(S)间的相关关系为FRS ＝-30.893S2+1 691.5S-19 610 (r =0.847,以整体干重计算)或FRS＝-0.022S2+1.223 6S-14.522 (r = 0.928,以个体数量计), 通过公式推算在盐度27.8时FRS达到最大值,为3.54L/g*dw*h(2.49×10-3 L/ h*ind);投饵密度(Q)对栉孔扇贝稚贝的滤水率(FRQ)有显著影响(P< 0.05),二者之间的相关关系为FRQ=-0.069 3Q2+0.648 4Q-1.083 5(r = 0.722),其变化趋势亦呈现先升高后下降的抛物线趋势,推算金藻密度为4.7×104cell/ml时滤水率最大,为0.43×10-3 L/ h*ind.     

贝类净化中试生产工艺技术

本文介绍用紫外线法消毒的海水对文蛤、花蛤、缢蛏进行净化的中试生产工艺技术及其净化效果。通过对该三种净化贝净化前后的各种安全指标以及其净化过程中大肠菌群数和砂份含量随时间的变化进行检测,认为原料符合SC/T 3013-2002规范的文蛤、缢蛏、花蛤经24小时的净化其大肠菌群都能达到DB35/575-2004净化海水贝类标准的要求(≤300MPN/100g贝肉),同时大肠群菌数较低的贝类可以缩短净化时间;根据其含砂量的不同净化时间可控制在8~16小时;要通过净化来大量降低贝类的重金属、农药及贝毒的含量似乎是不可能的;根据贝类品种的不同,其净化过程的死亡率在1.1~3.5%,产品得率90~98%;其净化产品在8℃~10℃贮存与流通可贮藏7天。     

余氯对大竹蛏稚贝的毒性及半致死浓度研究

为了解余氯对大竹蛏稚贝的毒性及半致死浓度,设置5、10、25、50和80 mg/L 5个不同质量浓度的三氯异氰尿酸(含50%有效氯)消毒液,对大竹蛏稚贝进行毒性试验,并分别在三氯异氰尿酸处理5 min、30 min、2 h、12 h和24 h后将稚贝转移至新鲜海水中,研究及时换水对提高稚贝存活率的作用。结果表明:(1)三氯异氰尿酸对大竹蛏稚贝24 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为12.21 mg/L,安全浓度为1.22 mg/L;(2)低浓度余氯对稚贝造成的死亡率较低,浓度越高,处理时间越长,死亡率越高;(3)及时发现并进行大量换水能明显降低余氯对稚贝产生的不良影响,从而保证稚贝的存活率。     

7种常用渔药对海水闭合循环系统生物滤器硝化作用的影响

在海水闭合循环系统中加入常用剂量的呋喃唑酮 (C8H7N3 O5)、甲苯咪唑 (C16H13 N3 O3 )、土霉素 (C2 2 H2 4N2 O5.2H2 O)、氯霉素 (C11H12 O5N2 Cl2 )、CuSO4 FeSO4合剂、强氯精 (C3 Cl3 N3 O3 ,有效氯 6 2 .5 % )、甲醛 (CH2 O)等 7种常用渔药 ,确定系统把 10mg/L总氨氮 (NH4 N)硝化至较低水平 (CNH4 N<0 .0 5mg/L ,CNO2 N<0 .0 1mg/L)所需的时间及氧化过程中各主要水质指标的变化 ,并以此作为判断生物滤器的硝化能力是否受到影响的依据。结果表明 ,分别加入甲苯咪唑至 1、2、3mg/L(全水体质量浓度 ,其他同此 )、CuSO4 FeSO4合剂 (0 .5 0 .2 )mg/L、土霉素 1mg/L、氯霉素 1、2、3mg/L均对生物滤器硝化作用无明显影响 ;土霉素 2、3mg/L、强氯精 1mg/L或甲醛 10、2 0、30、4 0mg/L影响生物滤器对亚硝酸氮的氧化 ;分别以呋喃唑酮 1、2、3mg/L、重复添加氯霉素至 3mg/L、重复或直接添加强氯精至 2mg/L都影响氨氮、亚硝酸氮的氧化     

运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌皮质醇、乳酸及氧气袋内水质的影响

釆用MS-222浓度为0(C0组)、5 mg/L(C1组)、10 mg/L(C2组)、15 mg/L(C3组)、20 mg/L(C4组),运输时间为0、2、4、6、8、10 h,运输密度为33 g/L,采用5×6双因素实验,氧气袋运输翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)稚鱼,研究了运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸含量及氧气袋内水质的影响。结果显示:翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸水平随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,随麻醉剂浓度的增加而显著降低;C1-C4组的DO、p H随运输时间呈现先降低后升高的趋势,C0组则随运输时间的增加显著降低,各组的DO和p H随MS-222浓度的增加而显著增加;C1-C4组的氨氮(TAN)和游离CO_2浓度随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而C0组则随运输时间的增加显著升高,各组的TAN和游离CO_2浓度随MS-222浓度的增加而显著降低。时间和浓度的交互作用都显著。运输时间T6 h时,MS-222刺激翘嘴鲌,不利于运输,运输时间T6 h时,MS-222能显著降低其应激水平及代谢强度,其中C4组皮质醇、乳酸含量最低,C3、C4组水质条件最好,其适宜的麻醉剂浓度为15~20 mg/L。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.