一株海洋中性蛋白酶高产菌S-3685的鉴定及产酶条件

通过生理生化、分子生物学、单因子优化等方法研究了来自南海海域一株产中性蛋白酶菌株S-3685,并对其在250 ml摇瓶中的培养条件进行了优化。结果显示,该菌株初步确定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),发酵培养的最佳碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖10 g/L和豆面10 g/L,牛肉膏5 g/L,酵母膏5 g/L。无机盐MgSO4·7H2O、Na2CO3、KH2PO4最佳浓度分别为0.2 g/L、2.0 g/L、1.0 g/L;菌株在培养基起始pH=7.0、4%接种量、15 ml/250 ml (v/v)装液量和30℃的条件下,发酵72 h获得较高的酶产量。在最佳培养条件下产酶量为4250 U/ml,是优化前的5倍。     

一株海洋过氧化氢酶高产菌的鉴定及产酶条件优化

对来自青岛近海海域底泥的一株产过氧化氢酶菌株YS0810进行形态学观察、16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性的鉴定,在250 ml摇瓶中进行发酵产酶条件优化。初步确定该菌属于不动杆菌属Acinetobacter。发酵培养的最佳碳、氮源分别为蔗糖20 g/L和蛋白胨15 g/L,无机盐MgSO4·7H2O、NaCl、KH2PO4最佳浓度分别为0.9、5.0和1.0 g/L;菌株在培养基起始pH=7.0、4%接种量、50 ml装液量和25℃的条件下发酵24 h获得较高的酶产量。在最佳培养条件下酶产量为2469 U/ml,是优化前的5倍。     

一株斜生栅藻的筛选及生长条件的优化

从内蒙古本地淡水湖泊中筛选得到一株含油相对较高、长势较好的藻种,经初步确定为斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus),以BG11为基础培养基对其生长条件进行了优化.斜生栅藻的最适生长条件为:接种量为20%;培养基初始pH值为6.5;N、P、Fe、Mg四种营养盐的质量浓度分别为NaNO3 0.5 g/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 0.10 g/L.FeCl3·6H2O 0.008 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.10 g/L,富油斜生栅藻在优化后的培养基中生长状况良好,稳定期最大生物量(A680)可达1.905.     

5种营养盐对富油舟形藻生长的影响

为了优化舟形藻最佳生长条件,以水生硅藻培养基为基础培养基,对培养基中N、P、Si、C、Mg 5种营养盐进行了优化,采用单因子试验和L16(45)正交设计法进行优化.试验结果表明,舟形藻的最适氮源为尿素,5种营养盐的最佳质量浓度为:尿素50 mg/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 40 mg/L,Na2SiO3· 9H2O 200 mg/L,NaHCO3 10 mg/L,MgSO4·7H2O 70 mg/L,因此在后续试验中均以此培养基配方进行藻体培养.     

海洋芽孢杆菌N11-8产蛋白酶的发酵条件优化

本研究采用响应面法(RSM)对南极海洋芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)N11-8液体发酵产蛋白酶PBN11-8的发酵条件进行快速优化。通过单因素实验初步确定南极海洋芽孢杆菌N11-8产蛋白酶的最佳碳源和氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和蛋白胨；并通过Plackett-Burman(PB)设计对影响其产酶相关因素进行评估，筛选出具有显著效应的3个因素：温度、氮源和碳源；以最陡爬坡实验逼近至上述因子最大响应区域，进而采用RSM法对其最佳水平范围进行研究，确定最优发酵条件为：可溶性淀粉3 g/L，蛋白胨13.1 g/L，酵母浸粉2.9 g/L，NaCl 5 g/L，KH2PO4 1 g/L，FeCl3·6H2O 2 mmol/L，初始pH值为7.0，温度为34.0℃，转速为200 r/min，装液量为50 ml/250 ml，接种量为4%，培养时间为60 h。最终优化后的酶活达到90.5 U/ml，比初始酶活提高了23.6%。     

一株水产芽孢杆菌的鉴定及其培养基优化的研究

对从水产养殖环境中筛选出一株菌MM01进行了鉴定和培养条件优化研究。结果显示:此菌MM01能有效的降低养殖水水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量,经生理生化实验及16S rDNA测序鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌。单因素和正交实验结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌MM01最佳发酵培养基配方为,玉米淀粉18 g/L、玉米浆12 g/L、NH4Cl6 g/L、MnSO4.H2O 0.2 g/L、KH2PO43 g/L、CaCl20.2 g/L、MgSO4.7H2O 0.2 g/L。     

统计优化硝化菌发酵培养基

为提高硝化菌的亚硝酸盐氧化能力，利用统计试验设计（Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken设计）优化得到一最佳培养基：NaHCO3 2．0g·L^-1；NaNO2 2．36g·L^-1；Na2C030．37g·L^-1；NaCl 0．34g·L^-1；KH2P040．05g·L^-1；MgSO4·7H2O 0．05g·L^-1；FeSO4·7H2O 0．03g·L^-1。在此条件下，硝化菌的最大亚硝酸盐氧化速率达到905．0mgNO2-N·（gMLSS·d）^-1（mixed liquor suspended solids，MLSS，混合液悬浮固体）。将50L降解速率为850mgNO2-N·（gMLSS·d）^-1的硝化菌（浓度为1．99gVSS·L^-1）（volatile solid，VSS，挥发性固体）投加至0．6hm^2的养殖水体中，7d内试验水体中的亚硝酸盐浓度即降至安全浓度以下。     

益生菌D-1液体发酵工艺的研究

为提高菌体的得率和芽孢转化率,进行了菌株D1最佳培养条件参数和培养基优化的研究及测定此条件下的生长曲线。通过研究发酵温度、接种量、培养基初始pH、溶解氧等因素对菌株D1生长的影响,确定最佳培养条件为:培养温度30℃,培养基初始pH7.0,接种量5%(相对摇瓶装液量),装液量100mL/500mL。在发酵基础培养基成分保持不变的情况下改变氮源、碳源、生长因子、无机盐单因子进行单因子试验,采用L9(3)4正交表设计实验,进行培养基优化,确定最佳培养基配比为玉米淀粉2%,蛋白胨2.5%,NaH2PO40.8%,玉米浆1.5%,MgSO4·7H2O0.05%,3.08%MnSO4水溶液0.1%。在最佳培养条件下,用最优培养基测定了菌株D1的生长曲线,并确定了菌株D1的最佳种龄为18～20h,生产收获时间为26h。     

渔源解淀粉芽孢杆菌CQN-2菌株培养基及发酵条件优化

CQN-2是一株具有抗病、促生长等多种功能的肠道内源性解淀粉芽孢杆菌。为研究其最佳培养条件,从而为规模化生产发酵提供依据,本文以菌体生物量为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验对CQN-2菌株的最适培养基及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,CQN-2菌株的最适碳源为可溶性淀粉,最适氮源为细菌学蛋白胨,经优化后的最佳培养基配方为可溶性淀粉20 g/L、细菌学蛋白胨30 g/L、糖蜜50 g/L、KH_2PO_4 0.5 g/L、MgSO_4 0.5 g/L、NaCl 0.3 g/L、Mn~(2+) 5 mmol/L、Al~(3+) 1 mmol/L;最佳发酵培养条件为初始pH值7.0,接种量为3%、装液接种量25 mL/250 mL;使用优化后的培养基将CQN-2接种于5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵培养36 h后的活菌数为3.03×10~(12) CFU/mL。     

磷对纤维藻生长的影响

分别研究了不同起始浓度Na2HPO4.12H2O、同一起始浓度3种不同形态的磷源条件下,纤维藻的生长情况。结果表明,在实验条件下,纤维藻生长的最适Na2HPO4.12H2O起始浓度为0.001 mol/L,当起始磷浓度高于0.003 mol/L时,磷就会对纤维藻的生长产生明显的抑制作用;纤维藻对Na2HPO4.12H2O、NaH2PO4.2H2O和Na3PO4.12H2O三种形态的磷源无明显的偏好性。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.