河流生态系统结构功能模型研究

回顾了河流生态系统结构功能模型的研究进展,介绍了多种重要的概念和模型.在此基础上,提出了河流生态系统结构功能整体模型,它是由河流流态-生态结构功能4维连续体模型、水文情势-河流生态过程耦合模型、地貌景观空间异质性-生物群落多样性耦合模型3个子模型组成.整体模型建立了河流流态、水文情势和地貌景观这3大类生境因子与河流生态系统结构功能和生态过程的相关关系,基本上抽象概括了河流生态系统的主要特征.在模型中除了考虑自然力因素以外,还考虑了水利水电工程设施的干扰作用.     

河流生态系统结构功能模型研究

回顾了河流生态系统结构功能模型的研究进展，介绍了多种重要的概念和模型。在此基础上，提出了河流生态系统结构功能整体模型，它是由河流流态－生态结构功能４维连续体模型、水文情势－河流生态过程耦合模型、地貌景观空间异质性－生物群落多样性耦合模型３个子模型组成。整体模型建立了河流流态、水文情势和地貌景观这３大类生境因子与河流生态系统结构功能和生态过程的相关关系，基本上抽象概括了河流生态系统的主要特征。在模型中除了考虑自然力因素以外，还考虑了水利水电工程设施的干扰作用。     

物理栖息地模型在中华鲟自然繁殖生态流量决策中的应用

以国家一级保护物种中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)为研究对象,探讨三峡大坝和葛洲坝水利工程在不同流量调度措施下对中华鲟产卵栖息地的影响。通过考虑中华鲟生境需求特性建立了中华鲟产卵场的物理栖息地模型,根据模型得出的适宜栖息地面积变化来量化不同的流量调度措施对其产卵场质量的影响,然后利用实测的中华鲟产卵量和资源量数据来验证和评价物理栖息地模型的可靠性和实用性,从而进行合理的生态流量决策。结果发现,年平均适宜栖息地面积的变化曲线与中华鲟的产卵量和资源量变化曲线有着相同的变化趋势,从而推断适宜栖息地面积可以反映中华鲟产卵栖息地的质量;并通过不同流量工况的计算,进行最佳生态流量决策。利用该物理栖息地模型可以有效地量化流量改变对目标物种栖息地质量的影响,为中华鲟产卵栖息地的生态水利调度提供评估和决策的方法。     

黄河下游河流健康评估指标体系研究

黄河下游是一条高度人工化的河流,是黄河"水少沙多"等诸多问题影响最为剧烈的区域。维持黄河下游健康,不能盲目追求河流自然功能的恢复和扩大。黄河下游河流健康评估指标体系的构建应充分考虑水沙、河道、生态等实际特点,紧密结合黄河下游的经济社会背景,针对黄河下游所承担的功能定位,强调评估指标体系的可操作性、指导性、动态性与适应性,协调黄河下游河流自然生态功能与社会服务功能的均衡发挥。黄河下游河流健康评估指标体系在遵循全国河湖健康评估指标体系的基础上,进行了调整优化。在水文水资源准则层中,取消了"流量变异程度"指标;在物理结构准则层中,增加了"主槽过流能力"指标;在水质状况准则层中,将"DO水质状况"和"耗氧有机物状况"综合为"水质状况"指标;在生物及栖息地准则层中,取消了"底栖动物完整性指数"指标,将"鱼类损失指数"调整为"珍稀濒危及特有土著鱼类生物损失指数",增加了"天然湿地保留率"指标和"珍稀濒危及特有土著鱼类栖息地状况"指标;在社会服务功能准则层中增加了"饮用水源地安全状况"、"景观舒适度"和"公众满意度"等指标。河流生态状况准则层和社会服务功能准则层不进行加权计算,河流健康状况由河流生态状况准则层和社会服务功能准则层分别进行表征。     

空间信息技术在河口潮间带栖息地分类研究中的应用

研究河口潮间带底栖生境(intertidal benthic habitat)变化,能为河口湿地生物的保护、底栖环境质量的评价、受损生境的生态恢复提供的科学依据和管理建议。本文从关注空间和时间尺度的研究出发,对河口潮间带栖息地监测、分类与评价方面的研究进展进行了归纳总结,分为以下六个方面进行论述:河口潮间带底栖生境的时空新特征、河口潮间带底栖生境特征参数、河口潮间带底栖生境特征获取方式、数据处理、河口潮间带底栖生境分类模型选择、多时空尺度分析。河口潮间带底栖生境特征的分类方式由于考虑生态过程和格局中所涉及的空间生态学问题(边界分割、尺度效应、分类精度、动态变化等),模拟底栖物种及群落分布更为便捷,最终使物种/群落栖息地分类结果更加精确、真实、全面。最后,本文提出利用SIT对河口潮间带底栖生境进行分类将对底栖生态系统评价及研究生态功能机制带来新的视角,同时也需注意一些问题。例如,潮间带生境特征参数需要选择合适的统计方法在不同的尺度上进行甄别和筛选,以期有效提高指示参数在研究尺度上的解释度。     

赤水河河源段栖息地现状评价及修复对策探讨

对受损栖息地进行保护与修复是复苏河湖生态环境的重要举措。本文以赤水河河源段为研究区域，综合考虑区域内小水电拆除对鱼类栖息地的影响，依据AHP-熵权法，筛选了金沙鲈鲤、青石爬鮡、圆口铜鱼、岩原鲤、昆明裂腹鱼、长薄鳅六种优先保护鱼类，构建了基于河流地貌特征、水文、水质及鱼类等四方面的河道栖息地健康评价指标体系，建立了多尺度赤水河河源段栖息地综合评价标准。评价结果显示该河段仅30%河道栖息地为较好状况，50%河道栖息地处于一般状况，20%河道栖息地处于较差状况。小水电拆除可以有效恢复鱼类栖息地，但其质量仍需进一步提升，结合对研究区栖息地现状评估结果，可采取河道清理、卵砾石注入、河段平面形态修复等五种修复对策。     

基于HistCite的河流修复研究历史引文分析

了解河流修复的研究历史与演进路径,为改善当前河流的水环境以及未来的河流修复研究提供经验。利用HistCite历史引文分析软件,以"ecological remediation"或(OR)"river restoration"或(OR)"river rehabilitation"或(OR)"river pollution"为检索式进行主题检索,时间跨度设为"所有年份",检索时间为2018年6月20日,对Web of Science数据库1994-2018年收录的2 195篇河流修复研究的文献进行分析,从核心作者、文献发表时间、国家分布、载文期刊分布、经典文献等5个方面反映该时期河流修复领域的研究情况。河流修复主要集中在河流地貌特征修复、以水坝或水库为中心的河流连通性修复、河岸修复以及水环境修复等方面。统计表明,国外对修复效果进行评估的研究比较少。未来的河流修复应以恢复生态系统功能为目标,需要更好的规划,以及全面、面向过程的修复。我国的河流生态修复应注重预评估河流生态状况、注重河流整体的生态系统修复以及监测河流修复过程与结果等。     

基于四大家鱼产卵需求的汉江中下游生态流量研究

针对汉江中下游梯级电站开发后水文节律变化造成四大家鱼栖息地生境质量降低的问题,分别通过几种常用水文学法和栖息地模型计算了汉江中下游河道最小生态流量和四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量,并在最小生态流量的基础上,结合四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量以及生态水文特征在5-8月进行了脉冲设计,综合确定出了满足四大家鱼产卵需求的生态流量过程。结果表明,Lyon法和7Q10法最适宜汉江中下游最小生态流量的计算,流量为294~863 m3/s;通过栖息地模型计算,彭市和仙桃江段四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量为1233~3950 m3/s;流量日涨幅在139.1~534.8 m3/s,持续5 d的涨水过程可为四大家鱼产卵提供良好的条件。该研究从考虑四大家鱼产卵需求的角度,为汉江中下游梯级电站的生态调度提供科学参考。     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区鱼类生境特征初步研究

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区是我国最长的河流型自然保护区,保护了多种珍稀特有鱼类,具有重大的生物多样性保护价值。随着金沙江梯级开发的实施,长江上游保护区鱼类栖息条件将受到不同程度的影响。本研究基于长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区的地形、地貌、水文、水动力等条件,提出了保护区鱼类生境特征表征指标体系,并根据该指标体系初步分析了保护区栖息地生境特征。研究结果可为长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区鱼类资源保护措施的制定提供参考依据。     

张家口市河流筑坝与硬化的生态系统健康影响研究

研究筑坝与硬化对河流生态系统健康的影响,为人工改造河流的生态修复和管理优化提供科学依据。以张家口市清水河—洋河干流5个不同程度筑坝与硬化的河段为研究对象,构建了包括河道结构、河床底质、水文特征、水质参数和水生生物5类指标的河流生态系统健康指数(RHI),评估了筑坝与硬化对河流健康的影响。结果表明,河道轻微疏浚或具拦砂坝河段的生态系统健康等级为好(RHI 30~40),具溢流堰河岸硬化河段为中等健康(RHI 20~30),筑坝和河床河岸全硬化的河段生态系统健康等级为差(RHI 10~20)。筑坝与硬化改变河流物理结构,进而影响河床底质组分和水文特征,其与RHI的变化显著相关(P<0.05),是损害河流生态系统健康的主要原因;此外,总磷、有机质污染及较低的水生生物多样性对河流的健康均有不利影响,仅在夏季植物大量生长和污染物质被稀释时,RHI有所提高。为了改善河流生态系统的健康状况,需要恢复自然的河岸和缓冲带,改善河流水动力,并加强外源污染控制。     

Are River Styles ecologically meaningful? A test of the ecological significance of a geomorphic river characterization scheme

• 1. Classification is a useful tool for researchers and managers wishing to group functionally similar sites or to identify unique or threatened habitats. A process‐based river classification scheme that successfully integrates physical and biological aspects of lotic form and function would enhance conservation and restoration efforts by allowing more meaningful comparisons among sites, and improving functional understanding of lotic ecosystems.
• 2. The River Styles framework provides a geomorphological river characterization scheme in which assemblages of geomorphic units vary for differing River Styles, presenting differing arrays of aquatic habitat diversity for each style.
• 3. The ecological significance of the River Styles framework is tested by comparing the macroinvertebrate assemblages and habitat characteristics of pool and run geomorphic units for three different River Styles on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia.
• 4. Multivariate ordinations and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure differed between Bedrock‐Controlled Discontinuous Floodplain rivers and Gorge rivers, and between Bedrock‐Controlled Discontinuous Floodplain and Meandering Gravel Bed rivers, especially in pools. Differences between Gorge and Meandering Gravel Bed rivers were less apparent, largely due to variations within the Meandering Gravel Bed rivers group.
• 5. The variability in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure among geomorphic units was most strongly related to variability in substrate and hydraulic variables. Substrate composition differed significantly among all River Styles and geomorphic units, but other habitat variables showed few consistent differences among River Style groups.
• 6. These results suggest that the ecological similarity of macroinvertebrate communities within River Styles may presently be limited because some important large‐scale drivers of local habitat conditions are not included in River Styles designations. Integrating River Styles classification with other large‐scale variables reflecting stream size, temperature and hydrological regime may produce a process‐based physical classification capable of identifying river reaches with similar ecological structure and function.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Challenges in developing fish-based ecological assessment methods for large floodplain rivers

Abstract  Large European floodplain rivers have a great diversity in habitats and fish fauna, but tend to be heavily modified. The complexity of these river systems and their multiple human impacts pose considerable challenges for assessment of their ecological status. This paper discusses: (1) the application of historical information on fish fauna and habitat availability to describe reference conditions; (2) responses of fish assemblages to human disturbance by comparing various rivers and river segments with different impacts and/or time series within rivers; (3) the role of floodplain water bodies in ecological assessment; and (4) monitoring of large rivers using different gears and sampling designs for main channels and floodplain habitats. The challenge for the future is to standardise and calibrate sampling methods and data to enhance the potential for ecological assessment of large rivers.     

The role of coarse woody debris in forest aquatic habitats: Implications for management

• 1 Throughout the Temperate Forest biogeographical zone, river valleys were once heavily wooded. Fallen trees had a major impact upon river systems by ponding water and storing sediments, and valley floors were characterized by extensive wetlands with networks of minor channels linking to the main channel. Concern for environmental conservation and for the rehabilitation of damaged aquatic ecosystems has led to research on the links between river channel dynamics and vegetation, and an interest in the use of dead wood for environmentally sensitive engineering approaches to river management.
• 2 Accumulations of coarse woody debris (CWD) have an impact on the hydrological, hydraulic, sedimentological, morphological and biological characteristics of river channels. These impacts are very significant for the stability and biological productivity of river channels in forested catchments.
• 3 As a result of the geomorphological and ecological importance of CWD in river channels in forested catchments, such debris requires careful management. In particular indiscriminate removal of CWD should be avoided.
• 4 In the context of commercial forestry, a sequence of linked management options can be employed to control sediment and organic matter transport within river systems and to enhance channel stability and physical habitat diversity. These management options include selective removal of less stable debris, addition of debris to the river where the natural supply is inadequate, the maintenance of buffer strips of riparian trees which can act as a source of CWD, and the active management of woodland buffer strips to provide a wide range of physical habitat characteristics including light, temperature, flow, sediment transport and substrate conditions, thereby promoting high biological diversity within the river environment.

     

Effects of river regulation and diversion on marine fish and invertebrates

The effects of freshwater regulation and diversion on the adult and larval stages of fish and invertebrates in coastal marine waters are reviewed. Potential impacts of river modification are highlighted based on our present understanding of the role of fresh water on the physical, chemical and biological processes on the marine environment. These include effects on migration patterns, spawning habitat, species diversity, water quality and distribution and production of lower trophic levels. The effect of dams on anadromous and catadromous fish are also presented. We discuss in detail the marine response to specific river regulation projects on the Nile, Indus and rivers flowing into the Black Sea, San Francisco Bay and James Bay in Canada. A decline in some coastal fisheries with an overall negative impact on the biota is generally associated with reductions in freshwater flow. Extensive ecological considerations are needed during the planning stage of large-scale freshwater modification projects to minimize potential impacts.     

杭州城市河道生态治理实践及成效

评估杭州市城市河道生态治理成效,为更好地指导城市河道生态修复工作提供借鉴。后横港、沿山河、新塘河和南大河位于杭州市中心城区,水质都处于劣V类,蓝藻水华和黑臭暴发频繁,从2014年开始,分别开展了一系列生态修复工程。测定氨氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧指标判断水质改善情况,分析浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物判断水体生态修复程度。氨氮后横港下降超过80%,沿山河和南大河下降60%左右;总磷后横港下降接近70%,其他河道下降23%~55%;后横港、沿山河、新塘河高锰酸盐指数进一步降低,部分河道高锰酸盐指数能达到II类水水平;溶解氧浓度都明显上升,均能达到III类以上水平。南大河的浮游植物密度达到了水华暴发的水平;各条河道的原生动物和轮虫类密度都较高,但Shannon多样性指数普遍在1~2;枝角类和桡足类密度偏低;底栖动物Shannon指数均低于1,指示河道处于严重污染状态。杭州市城市河道生态治理工作的中心是:沉水植物恢复及以沉水植物恢复为基础、包含浮游动物和底栖动物等在内全水域生物多样性恢复的生态系统恢复。     

赤水河弯曲河段地貌特征参数统计分析

探究弯曲河段的地貌演变规律,揭示河流蜿蜒形态发展机理和地貌形态发育过程,可为西南山区河道保护与生态修复提供定量参考。选取赤水河干流自然蜿蜒的125 组弯曲河段,应用统计学原理,归纳分析蜿蜒波形波长、蜿蜒河道波形振幅、曲率半径、中心角、半波弯曲弧线长度、横向偏移度、河道转向角、河道平滩宽度及弯曲率共9 项指标的参数分布规律,并基于经验关系公式求算赤水河干流地貌特征系数值范围。结果表明,赤水河左右两岸的弯曲发育有较强的对称性,干流弯曲河段的河道类型主要为微弯型,各指标参数的分布规律与赤水河地形地势变化密切相关。赤水河水系发育情况统计的经验公式中,弯曲河段蜿蜒波形波长和河道平滩宽度系数k1主要变化为[13.2, 20.4],曲率半径与河道平滩宽度系数k2主要变化为[3.0, 5.7],半波弯曲弧线长度与河道平滩宽度系数k3主要变化为[13.8, 23.5]。研究表明,经验公式适用于赤水河地貌特征,且推断平原河道与山区河道所对应的系数值范围具有不同的变化规律。     

The role of floods and droughts on riverine ecosystems under a changing climate

Floods and droughts are key driving forces shaping aquatic ecosystems. Climate change may alter key attributes of these events and consequently health and distribution of aquatic species. Improved knowledge of biological responses to different types of floods and droughts in rivers should allow the better prediction of the ecological consequences of climate change‐induced flow alterations. This review highlights that in unmodified ecosystems, the intensity and direction of biological impacts of floods and droughts vary, but the overall consequence is an increase in biological diversity and ecosystem health. To predict the impact of climate change, metrics that allow the quantitative linking of physical disturbance attributes to the directions and intensities of biological impacts are needed. The link between habitat change and the character of biological response is provided by the frequency of occurrence of the river wave characteristic—that is the event's predictability. The severity of impacts of floods is largely related to the river wave amplitude (flood magnitude), while the impact of droughts is related to river wavelength (drought duration).     

Environmental and spatial processes: what controls the functional structure of fish assemblages in tropical rivers and headwater streams?

In this study, we investigated functional structure patterns of tropical headwater and river fish assemblages. We hypothesised that environmental conditions are primarily structuring headwater streams leading to functionally clustered assemblages, whereas processes that favour functional overdispersion would guide river assemblages. For 27 headwater streams and 22 rivers, we used eight functional traits for calculating two functional indexes: mean pairwise distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI). We performed linear regressions between indexes and species richness, a multiple regression between NRI and eight environmental variables and a variation partitioning to disentangle the role of environment and space on NRI. Our findings indicate that fish assemblages of headwaters are structured by environmental conditions as most assemblages in this habitat displayed a tendency to clustering and MPD/NRI were not correlated with species diversity, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for river habitat. Four environmental variables (channel depth, water velocity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity) explain 56% of functional structure variation. These variables seem to function as selective filters in headwaters, whereas channel depth may be determinant for functional overdispersion of river fish assemblages. Components associated with space are also influencing the functional structure. Limitations of species dispersal through space (between both habitat types) appear as a possible cause to this. In this sense, both environmental conditions and processes linked with space are capable of influencing the functional structure of tropical headwater streams and river fish assemblages.