河流生态系统修复阈值界定指标体系初步构建

生态阈值存在于各种生态系统中,在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,通过对生态阈值的理论研究及实践应用进行总结分析,指出生态阈值在河流生态系统中的研究不足之处。通过分析阈值在河流生态修复中的重要性,从新的角度探讨提出河流生态系统修复阈值概念,是依据河流生态系统自然属性和河流功能以及区域社会经济发展的需求界定退化到何种程度的水生态系统需要进行修复。通过对指标体系构建原则、筛选方法及阈值计算方法的总结,提出河流生态系统修复阈值确定技术路线,采用频度分析法和理论分析法相结合,从影响河流修复的6大要素（物理结构、水文条件、水质状况、水生生物、河流功能和社会经济）初步构建了河流生态修复阈值界定指标体系及阈值计算方法体系,为下一步河流生态修复阈值指标体系的定量筛选与阈值计算奠定了基础。     

基于河流生态系统健康的生态修复技术研究进展

随着人类对河流大规模开发利用,河流生态系统遭受严重破坏。近年来,生态修复引起了社会广泛关注,也取得了显著的进步。本文从河流生态系统特性和所受胁迫出发,介绍了河流健康概念和评价方法,回顾了国内外河流生态修复相关研究发展历程,归纳了河流生态修复的理念,并以河流健康因素为基础,总结了水量、连通性、水质、水生生物4个方面的生态修复技术及其实践案例,最后根据当前研究的不足,提出了河流生态修复的3个研究方向,以期为未来的修复实践提供参考和指导。     

国内外河流生态修复相关研究进展

河流生态系统是一个复杂、多变、非线性的系统,增加了河流生态修复工作的难度。如何真正修复河流生态系统,国内外许多学者进行了大量的理论和实践研究,取得丰硕的成果和宝贵的经验。总结国外城市化对河流生态的影响、河流生态修复技术、河流生态评价及河流生态修复后评估方面的成果,旨在为我国正在广泛开展的水生态修复工作提供参考;总结国内河流生态修复已有的成果和存在的问题,并展望我国今后河流生态修复工作应重点开展的工作内容。     

国内外河流生态修复相关研究进展

河流生态系统是一个复杂、多变、非线性的系统,增加了河流生态修复工作的难度。如何真正修复河流生态系统,国内外许多学者进行了大量的理论和实践研究,取得丰硕的成果和宝贵的经验。总结国外城市化对河流生态的影响、河流生态修复技术、河流生态评价及河流生态修复后评估方面的成果,旨在为我国正在广泛开展的水生态修复工作提供参考;总结国内河流生态修复已有的成果和存在的问题,并展望我国今后河流生态修复工作应重点开展的工作内容。     

太湖苕溪流域河流生态修复体系研究

太湖苕溪流域河流密布,湖泊众多,随着城市化水平的提高,城镇建设不断与河争地,河流中大量末端河道被封堵或填埋,河流水系自然形态结构受到影响,河流调蓄功能锐减,河流生态系统的健康状况受到严重的威胁,河流生态修复迫在眉睫。以河流生态修复理论为基础,就如何建立合理的太湖苕溪流域河流生态修复体系展开研究,以期为区域河流生态修复提供参考依据。     

太湖苕溪流域河流生态修复体系研究

太湖苕溪流域河流密布,湖泊众多,随着城市化水平的提高,城镇建设不断与河争地,河流中大量末端河道被封堵或填埋,河流水系自然形态结构受到影响,河流调蓄功能锐减,河流生态系统的健康状况受到严重的威胁,河流生态修复追在眉睫.以河流生态修复理论为基础,就如何建立合理的太湖苕溪流域河流生态修复体系展开研究,以期为区域河流生态修复提供参考依据.     

平原河网河流生态修复体系理论研究

平原河网地区多城市密集,随着城市化水平的提高,城镇建设不断与河争地,河网中大量末端河道被封堵或填埋,河网水系自然形态结构受到影响,河网调蓄功能锐减,河流生态系统的健康状况受到严重的威胁,河网河流生态修复问题的解决迫在眉睫。以河流生态修复理论为研究基础,就如何建立合理的平原河网河流生态修复体系展开研究,以期为平原河网地区的河流生态修复提供参考依据。     

国内外河流生态修复研究进展

随着社会的高速发展,人类活动对河流生态系统造成的不利影响逐渐显现,河流生态修复的理念应运而生.介绍国外河流生态修复理念和工程技术的发展历程,20世纪30年代-20世纪50年代是以污水处理和河流水质保护为主的生态修复理论雏形阶段,20世纪50年代-20世纪80年代是以“近自然河道治理工程学”为主要理论基础的生态修复理论形成阶段,20世纪80年代后河流生态修复的重点拓展为河流生态系统恢复,相关修复实践全面展开.阐述我国河流生态修复的现状及实践,自20世纪90年代我国开始河流生态修复技术的探索,目前在水质净化、生态河堤建设、生态景观设计和新材料应用等科研领域取得了大量成果.提出应该从河流特点、生态学过程、河流流域等方面综合考虑,开展河流生态修复研究.     

长江流域典型支流生境健康评价

河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。以长江流域典型支流雅砻江、赤水河、乌江以及汉江为研究对象,对各支流的生境状况进行调查评估,探索影响不同支流生境状况的主要因子,从而为长江流域河流生境保护和修复提供支撑。从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标,构建河流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系,2017年8-9月对4条支流的162个断面进行了调查并对河流生境进行了综合评估。评价结果表明,雅砻江、赤水河、乌江、汉江的河流生境综合指数（RHI）分别为124.7、158.5、137.8、135.5,其中赤水河评价等级为“优”,其他河流评价等级均为“良”。人类活动、河岸植被覆盖、河道蜿蜒度等是影响各支流生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议强化支流国土空间管控,建立自然保护区,对具有重要生态服务功能的支流河段开展生态修复。     

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数评价深圳茅洲河生态状况

对受人类活动强烈影响、几乎不存在常规参照点的城市河流开展生态评价存在很多困难。本研究以深圳市茅洲河为例,通过调查河流大型底栖无脊椎动物及水环境指标,用水体理化指标聚类法确定参照组、受损组样点,构建底栖完整性指数(Benthic index of biotic integrity, B-IBI)评价河流生态状况。研究发现：虽然茅洲河水环境质量整体较差,聚类分析仍然能将水质相对较好和较差的样点分成不同组。虽然底栖动物以颤蚓和摇蚊等耐污种为主,但底栖动物总分类单元数和集食者分类单元数对水环境变化较敏感。用这两个参数构建的B-IBI对各点的生态状况进行评价表明：12个位于干、支流上游或水库出水口附近的样点生态状况达到“好”等级;B-IBI主要受氮、磷营养盐、COD、溶解氧浓度的影响。建议参照 “好”等级样点的生态状况确定茅洲河现阶段修复目标,并以水质提升作为当前首要修复任务。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.