全国及主要刺参养殖省份刺参养殖状况分析

本文对最近6年全国及7个刺参主要养殖省份（山东、辽宁、河北、江苏、浙江、福建、广东）刺参养殖产量及养殖面积进行了研究分析。结果表明,6年中,全国刺参绝对产量呈递增趋势,由2006年的75 725 t增加到2011年的137 754 t,其中2010年产量增加较大,比2009年增加28 144 t。全国刺参产量在全国海水养殖产量的比重逐年增大,由2006年的0.52%增大到2011年的0.89%。全国刺参绝对养殖面积2007年最小为64 386 hm2（公顷）,2009年最大为153 626 hm2。全国刺参养殖面积占全国海水养殖面积百分比先升高后降低,2006年最低为4.75%,2009年最高达到8.35%。全国刺参单位面积产量2007年最高,2009年最低。辽宁省、山东省是刺参养殖两大省份,其刺参产量之和占全国刺参产量的91.4%~98.1%,并且逐年下降;其刺参养殖面积之和占全国刺参养殖面积的92.6%~99.0%,也呈逐年下降趋势。南方各省刺参产量占全国刺参产量的比重正在逐年增大,尤其是福建省2011年已成为继山东、辽宁之后的第三大刺参养殖大省。     

水产养殖固体废弃物减量化与资源化利用

水产养殖作为我国农业结构调整的目标产业,近年来得到了飞速发展。养殖面积、养殖品种和产量连续多年居世界第一,2004年我国水产养殖产量达3.209×107t,分别占我国水产品总量的65%和世界水产养殖产量的70%;目前我国水产养殖品种已超过160种,其中海、淡水种类分别有100和60多种[     

葫芦岛市工厂化养鱼产值突破亿元

设施渔业作为渔业养殖新的生产方式 ,在我省得到全面推广 ,工厂化面积和产值不断提高。葫芦岛市积极开展工厂化养殖 ,2 0 0 3年 ,该市工厂化养鱼面积达到 19 2× 10 4 m2 ,比上年增加 11 1× 10 4 m2 ,增加了138% ,产量可达 12 5 0t ,产值突破 1亿元。其中海水养鱼面积要比上年     

2004年全国水产养殖生产仍保持着较好的发展势头

根据对全国二十个省(市、区)的不安全统计，2004年1～11月间海水养殖产量达到1，050．6万t．淡水养殖产量达到1，699．6万t，分别比去年同期增长4．2％和5．9％。能取得这样好的成绩，体现以下几个特点：     

我国海水养殖疾病防控策略

近20年来，我国的水产养殖业发展迅速，其中海水养殖的增长速度最为显著，养殖规模日益扩大，养殖种类不断增多。到2007年上半年为止，全国海水养殖总面积达1846．02千hm^2，占水产养殖总面积的23．45％，海水产品产量1185．37万t，占水产品总产量的53．02％。与此同时，海水养殖疾病造成的危害日趋严重。     

淡水网箱养殖对环境的影响

1我国淡水养殖的现状1.1养殖产量2002年我国水产品总产量为4.56×107t,淡水产品总量为1.92×107t,其中淡水养殖产量为1.69×107t,占淡水产品总量的88.3%[2]。湖北省地处长江中游,洞庭湖以北,境内水系发达,作为我国的渔业大省,它是淡水渔业发展最快,淡水鱼产量最高的省份,其产量     

我国海水养殖及其可持续发展的对策

20世纪以来,由于人口的大量增长和社会经济的快速发展,人们对海产品的需求量大大增加,基础研究成果的不断积累,进一步促进了海水养殖业的迅猛发展,与此同时也带来了水域污染问题。特别是80年代中期以来,我国沿海养殖区赤潮频繁发生,对虾、扇贝等病害严重。笔者就近年来国内外在这方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为我国海水养殖的可持续发展提供理论依据[1]。1　我国海水养殖的现状我国的海水养殖业有着悠久的历史,近50年来发展很快。改革开放20多年来,我国海水养殖业一直处于稳步发展态势:一是养殖产量不断增加面积不断扩大,占世界海水养殖…     

海水养殖虾夷扇贝供应链可追溯管理体系的探讨

我国是海水贝类养殖大国,根据《中国渔业年鉴2010》 [1]的统计,2009年全国海水贝类总产量达1.120×107 t,占水产品总产量的21.9％.其中,海水贝类养殖产量为1.054×107t,占贝类总产量的95.6％.我国海水贝类无论是养殖规模还是产量均居世界首位. 1996年12月18日,欧盟委员会的97/20/EC号决议生效,该决议列出了双壳软体动物、棘皮动物、被囊动物和海产腹足动物的生产和投放市场方面履行等效条件的第三国清单,中国未被列入该清单中[2].1997年欧盟食品兽医办公室使团对我国水产品企业和水产养殖海域检查后,作出97/368/EC号决议,决定不再从中国进口贝类产品,中国贝类对欧盟的出口藉此终止至今[3].     

甲壳类酪氨酸酶促褐变的研究进展

甲壳类的虾、蟹以其味美及营养价值高而深受人们喜爱.虾、蟹既是我国渔业经济中的重要产业,又是出口创汇的主要产品之一.近年来,我国虾、蟹养殖业发展迅猛,已经成为渔业经济发展的一大产业.2005年,我国甲壳类生产量达到3.2406×106 t,占水产品总产量的近10%,其中,海水养殖产量8.285×105 t,淡水养殖产量3.108×106 t.但是,由于虾、蟹在常温保存中容易褐变,生产者为延长货架期往往在加工中过量使用添加剂,从而导致二氧化硫超标的现象时有发生;此外,腌制梭子蟹在低温保存加工中也容易发生褐变.这些不仅严重影响产品本身的经济价值,而且亚硫酸盐等不适当的添加还给食品安全埋下了隐患.因此,深入开展虾蟹等甲壳类防褐变保鲜技术的研究显得尤为重要和迫切.     

市场呼唤深水网箱

随着近海海洋鱼类资源日益枯竭，国家保护资源措施不断出台；限制渔船数量、马力，划定禁渔区，设定并延长禁渔期等均得到有效实施，使沿海已无规模捕捞可言。远洋及跨洋捕捞业也因国际资源的保护与竞争之加剧，而使生产成本不断上升与纠纷不断，运营正举步维艰。为此沿海海水养殖从海域、面积、养殖品种与产量都呈迅速增长之态势。如 １９９７年比 １９７８年海水养殖面积扩大８．４倍，１９９８年又比１９９７年增长７％，已超１００万公顷。产量也逐步增加，１９９８年海水养殖产量达８６０万吨，已占总产量的２２％。但我国海水养殖仍处…     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。