辛基酚对鲤的雌激素效应

研究了辛基酚对鲤的雌激素效应。经10、50、100、300和500μg/L辛基酚暴露32d后,鲤存活率和肥满度与对照组无差异;性腺指数变化明显,雌鱼性腺指数随暴露剂量的增大而增大,雄鱼性腺指数随暴露剂量的增大而减小;50μg/L及以上暴露组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。辛基酚能诱导鲤雄鱼产生卵黄蛋白原,暴露剂量为10μg/L组有部分雄鱼肝脏匀浆和血液中检出卵黄蛋白原,50、100和300μg/L组卵黄蛋白原含量随辛基酚浓度的增大而显著增大,500μg/L组卵黄蛋白原含量低于300μg/L组、高于100μg/L组,均为极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

卵黄蛋白原在剑尾鱼体内不同组织的分布及雌激素作用对其表达的影响

为研究卵黄蛋白原(vitellogenin,vg)在剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)不同组织器官的表达情况,以及了解雌激素对不同组织中Vg表达的诱导作用,将成年雌、雄剑尾鱼及幼鱼暴露于50 μg/L的17β-雌二醇(E2)溶液中20 d,未暴露的剑尾鱼作对照,采用免疫组化法对各处理组剑尾鱼进行Vg的组织定位研究.结果表明,剑尾鱼Vg主要分布于成熟雌鱼的肝脏、脾脏和肠的血管、淋巴管,在正常幼鱼及雄鱼的以上各组织中均不表达.17β-雌二醇暴露下,剑尾鱼雌、雄成鱼和幼鱼的肝脏以及肾、脾、肠等组织的血管及淋巴管均呈Vg阳性.但Vg颗粒只在肝实质细胞中观察到,在其他组织中如脾脏、肠固有结缔组织等,Vg颗粒仅出现于血管,在细胞内未观察到.以上结果表明,剑尾鱼Vg在肝细胞中合成,通过血液循环到达其他组织;雌激素可诱导雌、雄剑尾鱼及幼鱼肝组织中Vg的表达.剑尾鱼幼鱼及雄鱼Vg的非正常表达可应用于环境雌激素效应评价.     

彭泽鲫F_1、F_2代雌雄鱼VtgB和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量差异研究

雌核发育彭泽鲫后代理论上应为全雌群体,前期研究发现实验室养殖彭泽鲫F1代(相比池塘养殖)和实验室高密度养殖F2代(1.28尾/L,相比低密度0.64尾/L)组中出现了高比例的雄鱼。之前研究认为Vtg B和ZP2基因是雌性特异性表达的基因,本试验对F1、F2代雌雄鱼Vtg B和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量差异进行研究,结果发现,实验室养殖F1代雄鱼性腺中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著和显著高于雌鱼(P0.01,P0.05);池塘养殖F1代雄鱼性腺中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代低密度养殖组中雄鱼性腺中ZP2的表达极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。实验室养殖F1代雄鱼肝胰脏中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);池塘养殖F1代雄鱼肝胰脏Vtg B和ZP2的表达均极显著低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代雄鱼肝胰脏中Vtg B和ZP2的表达极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。F1代实验室养殖雄鱼全鱼卵黄蛋白原含量极显著低于雌鱼(P0.01);F1代池塘养殖雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏中卵黄蛋白原含量分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏中卵黄蛋白原含量极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。本研究表明,彭泽鲫Vtg B和ZP2基因并非雌性特异性表达,且不同的养殖方式、密度影响雌雄鱼Vtg B和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量。     

卵黄蛋白原的发生、结构及功能研究现状

卵黄蛋白原(Vitellogenin,Vg)是一种普遍存在于卵生非哺乳动物血液中的蛋白,是几乎所有卵生动物中卵黄蛋白(Yolk protein)的前体[1]。Vg最初是Pan(1969)等对雌性昆虫血液淋巴蛋白的特称,后来广泛的把这种在卵生动物的卵黄形成过程中,雌性个体血浆中大量存在的含糖、磷、脂的大分子蛋白描述为卵黄蛋白原[2]。卵黄蛋白原不仅被认为是一种理想的雌激素和类雌激素标志物,近年来被广泛应用于环境的内分泌干扰物的筛选及环境毒理、污染调查等研究中[3],它还可为正在发育的动物胚胎提供氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、磷、硫及微量元素等营养…     

饲料蛋白水平对宝石鲈增重和体成分的影响

用5种不同蛋白质水平(分别为30.89%、36.67%、40.08%、44.90%、49.14%)的饲料分别饲喂宝石鲈(Scortum bacoo)幼鱼25 d,每组3重复(每重复30尾鱼),室内网箱饲养试验结果表明:40.08%组的日增重、特定生长率显著高于30.89%组(P<0.05),饲料转化率极显著高于30.89%组(P<0.01);不同组间的肝体指数、脏体指数和肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05);饲料蛋白水平对宝石鲈幼鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分及肝脏的水分、粗脂肪无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

消化酶活力在千年笛鲷幼鱼不同消化器官中的比较研究

测定和比较了千年笛鲷(Lutjanussebae)幼鱼不同消化器官的消化酶活性。结果表明,蛋白酶比活力为:肠>胃>肝胰脏(P<0·01);淀粉酶比活力为:肠>肝胰脏>胃(P<0·01);脂肪酶比活力为:肠>肝胰脏>胃,胃和肝胰脏间差异不显著(P>0·05),但二者和肠之间差异极显著(P<0·01)。千年笛鲷幼鱼肠道对食物的整体消化能力始终较强,肝胰脏和胃是消化食物的辅助器官。     

鸡枞菌多糖对鲫的生长性能、抗氧化及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨鸡枞菌多糖(TAP)对鲫(Carassius auratus)的生物学活性,以饲料里添加1%的黄芪多糖(APS)为对照,连续14 d在鲫饲料里分别添加0.1%、0.5%和1%的TAP,观察其在第7和14天对鲫肥满度、肝体比、头肾体比、肝胰脏中MDA、CAT、SOD以及LZM的影响。结果显示:实验第7天,TAP高剂量组的肥满度极显著高于其余各组,其余各组在实验期间的肥满度与肝体比均无显著差异。与空白组比,实验第7天,APS组与TAP中剂量组的肝胰脏MDA含量分别极显著和显著降低;在给药期间两种多糖均使CAT和SOD水平有不同程度的升高。与空白组比,给药期间,TAP和APS均能不同程度提高鲫头肾体比,且二者差异不显著;TAP高剂量组的LZM水平显著提高,且显著高于APS组。结果表明,TAP对鲫连续给药14 d的促生长作用不显著,但可通过上调CAT、SOD来降低MDA,且对非特异性免疫功能有显著提高。     

饥饿与再投喂对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

在室内水温23～26℃的条件下,将中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼分装于6个饲养桶中,试验设计分为两组,每组3个平行,并依次编号为A、B、C、D、E、F,将两组同时饥饿20 d,分别在饥饿0、3、5、10、15、20 d对A、B、C取样。而D、E、F饥饿20 d后进行16 d的恢复投喂,并在再投喂3、7、12、16 d进行取样,分别测定其体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数以及肝胰脏、前后肠消化酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶)活性的变化。结果表明:(1)在饥饿过程中,中华倒刺鲃幼鱼体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数均呈下降趋势;恢复投喂后,三者均有不同程度的恢复。(2)肝胰脏蛋白酶活性在饥饿过程中呈下降趋势,并在20 d降到最低,恢复投喂后其活性逐步回升到正常水平;而肠蛋白酶活性饥饿过程中先升高,并在5 d达到最高值而后呈下降趋势,恢复投喂后达到正常水平。(3)饥饿过程中,肝胰脏和前后肠脂肪酶活性迅速升高,在10 d达到最值,并显著高于饥饿前的水平,而后逐步下降,恢复投喂后脂肪酶活性仍持续维持在较高的水平。(4)肝胰脏和前后肠淀粉酶活性在饥饿过程中逐步下降,恢复投喂后其活性恢复至正常水平。     

蚕蛹替代鱼粉对框鳞镜鲤幼鱼生长性能、体成分及健康状况的影响

为研究蚕蛹替代鱼粉对框鳞镜鲤幼鱼生长性能、体成分及健康状况的影响,试验配制含10%鱼粉的基础饲料(CP 36.18%,EE 5.18%)和蚕蛹替代50%鱼粉蛋白的蚕蛹饲料(CP 35.38%,EE 5.06%),饱食饲喂饲养于室内循环水养殖系统中的框鳞镜鲤幼鱼(12.10±0.89)g 61 d,日投喂3次。结果显示,蚕蛹组与鱼粉组的末体质量、增重率、特定增长率、饲料系数、成活率等生长性能指标,肥满度、内脏指数、脾脏指数、肝胰脏指数、肠指数等生物学性状指标,以及全鱼、肌肉、肝胰脏的一般营养成分均无显著性差异(P>0.05);蚕蛹组全鱼Lys水平和肌肉Tyr水平,肌肉C14∶0、C16∶1n-7、C18∶1n-7水平显著低于鱼粉组(P<0.05),C18∶3n-3、∑n-3PUFA水平显著高于鱼粉组(P<0.05),肝胰脏C18∶3n-3、C22∶5n-3水平显著高于鱼粉组(P<0.05),动脉粥样硬化指数(IA)和促凝血指数(IT)差异不显著(P>0.05);蚕蛹组和鱼粉组血清生化指标无显著性差异(P>0.05);蚕蛹组和鱼粉组的前肠和中肠肠道褶皱高度、褶皱密度、褶皱宽度、粘膜下层厚度没有明显差异(P>0.05),蚕蛹组前肠肌层显著较鱼粉组薄(P<0.05),中肠没有显著差异(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,综合考虑其生长指标、体成分、血清生化指标及肠道组织结构形态,蚕蛹替代框鳞镜鲤日粮中50%鱼粉蛋白对机体氨基酸和脂肪酸组成有一定影响,但不影响框鳞镜鲤的健康状况,且有促进生长及饲料利用的趋势。     

丁(鱼岁)不同发育阶段鱼体营养成分和氨基酸组成的比较分析

对丁(鱼岁)不同生长阶段鱼体肌肉中营养成分、氨基酸组成和含量进行了比较分析.结果表明:丁(鱼岁)成鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于幼鱼和亲鱼,成鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于幼鱼与亲鱼;亲鱼肥满度显著大于幼鱼和成鱼.幼鱼肌肉组氨酸含量显著高于成鱼,成鱼肌肉脯氨酸含量显著高于幼鱼,肌肉中其他各氨基酸含量三个阶段均无显著差异.三个不同生长阶段丁(鱼岁)肌肉中必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量无显著差异.     

Growth response,body composition,plasma metabolites,digestive and antioxidant enzymes activities of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii,Brandt, 1869) fed different dietary protein and carbohydrate: lipid ratio

Knowing the effect of dietary nutrients on physiological parameters, especially oxidative stress, during fish rearing can be useful to improve fish health and optimize production in aquaculture. In this study, four iso‐energetic (2 × 2 factorial design) diets differing in nutrient composition were submitted to the Siberian sturgeon juveniles, to analyse biochemical and physiological responses. The juveniles were fed for as long as 10 weeks with the following diets: low protein–high carbohydrate (CHO): lipid ratio (LP‐St), high protein–high CHO: Lipid ratio (HP‐St), low protein‐low CHO: Lipid ratio (LP‐L) and high protein‐low CHO: Lipid ratio (HP‐L). It was shown that HP‐L diet significantly induced higher growth performance in the juveniles than LP‐L; however, there was not a significant difference between them with other treatments. HSI was increased by higher dietary CHO: L ratio. The result obviously showed the higher dietary fat led to an increase in sturgeon body fat content. In addition, dietary protein and CHO: lipid ratio significantly affected plasma metabolites (glucose, cortisol, cholesterol and triglyceride) but did not affect IGF‐1 and insulin levels. Based on enzyme activities results, incorporation of high protein (44%) in the diet induced lower amylase activity and carbohydrate digestion in the sturgeon juveniles. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activities in this species were more influenced by lipid than other nutrients. In conclusion, using appropriate carbohydrates (~30%) in the sturgeon diet helps to spare protein. Furthermore, it is suggested to decrease the amount of lipid in high protein diet, to improve higher sturgeon fillet quality and less oxidative damage in liver.     

慢性氨氮胁迫对史氏鲟幼鱼生长及其肝脏抗氧化、免疫指标的影响

该研究以史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼为实验对象,在实验室内营造了0.01 mg·L^?1(对照组)、0.50 mg·L^?1(低浓度组)、1.00 mg·L^?1(中浓度组)、2.00 mg·L^?1(中高浓度组)和4.00 mg·L^?1(高浓度组)5个氨氮浓度组,对史氏鲟胁迫养殖60 d后取样测定其生长、抗氧化和免疫功能的相关指标,初步揭示史氏鲟幼鱼对慢性氨氮胁迫的生理响应。结果显示,随氨氮浓度升高,史氏鲟幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、脏体比(VSI)和肝体比(HSI)均显著下降(P<0.05),但肥满度(CF)无显著变化。在抗氧化指标中,随着氨氮浓度的增加,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量呈下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势。免疫指标中,肝脏溶菌酶(LZM)活性和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量受氨氮胁迫影响显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,慢性氨氮胁迫显著抑制了史氏鲟幼鱼的生长,降低了鱼体的抗氧化能力和免疫能力。建议在史氏鲟实际养殖过程中,养殖水体中氨氮质量浓度应控制在≤0.5 mg·L^?1,以避免其对史氏鲟造成损伤。     

Dietary protein requirement of the high altitude's representative teleost juveniles Schizopygopsis younghusbandi (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

A 60‐day trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein on growth, whole‐body composition, hepatopancreas enzymes, digestion and absorption in the juveniles of Schizopygopsis younghusbandi. Six graded levels of dietary protein (200.0, 248.7, 303.5, 351.2, 395.8 and 449.3 g/kg diet) were formulated and assigned to triplicate groups of 60 fish (8.16 ± 0.02) for each aquarium. Results showed a significantly increased specific growth rate (SGR) in fish fed protein containing 351.2 g/kg diet (p < .05). Besides, intestinal ratio (IR), intestinal somatic index (ISI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were decreased and the condition factor (CF) was increased with dietary protein up to 351.2 g/kg diet, then altered reversely. Fish fed the optimal dietary protein showed the highest crude protein calcium, phosphorous and lowest crude lipid contents of the whole body in fish. Additionally, plasma ammonia content (PAC), and activities of GOT and GPT were enhanced by dietary protein levels (p < .05). The digestive enzymes of hepatopancreas were generally increased with the quadratic response to dietary protein levels. Optimal dietary protein level increased the intestinal enzyme activities of Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) and creatine kinase (CK). Based on the 2‐slope broken‐line model analysis of PWG, dietary protein requirement was determined to be 349.6 g/kg diet.     

饥饿不同时间后投喂对许氏平鮋生长及体成分的影响

在室内水温21.8~25℃条件下,将初始体质量为(8.87±0.16)g的许氏平鮋Sebastes schlegeli放养在50cm×50cm×100cm网箱中,饥饿0(S0)、3(S3)、6(S6)、9(S9)和12d(S12)后分别投喂30d、27d、24d、21d和18d,每组3个重复,测定其体质量、肥满度、脏体指数、肝体指数、摄食率、食物转化率及全鱼和肝脏主要生化组成的变化。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,幼鱼体质量逐渐降低,各饥饿组鱼体质量显著低于同期对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,S3组体质量、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组S0(P0.05),S6与S0组无显著差异(P0.05),而S9与S12组未能达到S0水平(P0.05)。S3组食物转化率(FCE)显著高于其余各组(P0.05),S9、S12组则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。饥饿状态下,各饥饿组鱼肝体指数与脏体指数显著小于S0组(P0.05));恢复投喂后各组肝体指数、脏体指数与对照组无显著差异。随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05),水分与粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势(P0.05)。饥饿6d后,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组,饥饿12d时粗脂肪含量比饥饿前降低了19.33%(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,各试验组间鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。S9和S12组中肝脏粗脂肪含量显著低于S0组(P0.05)。     

Optimal dietary protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles fed isoenergetic diets in floating net cages

An experiment to determine the optimal protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles was conducted in floating net cages (1.5 m × 1 m × 1.5 m). Six isoenergetic fishmeal–casein‐based experimental diets containing 350–600 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP) were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (10.7 ± 0.2 g) for 56 days. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary protein level from 350 to 450 g kg^?1 and then plateaued above these levels. Feed intake (FI) showed no significant difference among fish fed more than 350 g kg^?1 CP. Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found for fish fed 500 g kg^?1 CP but this was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 450 and 600 g kg^?1 CP. Lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) was found for fish fed 550 and 600 g kg^?1 CP. Fish fed the 600 g kg^?1 CP had the highest body protein and moisture contents but the lowest body lipid content. Body ash content was unaffected by protein level for fish fed >400 g kg^?1 CP. Dietary protein level had no significant effect on hepatosomatic index (HSI). Fish fed the 350 g kg^?1 CP had significantly lower condition factor (CF) and viscerosomatic index (VSI). Based on broken‐line regression analysis of SGR the optimal dietary protein requirement for E. coioides juveniles was determined to be close to 480 g kg^?1.     

Seasonal changes in hepatosomatic index,gonadosomatic index and plasma estradiol‐17β level in captively reared female rabbit fish (Siganus guttatus)

The seasonal changes in hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and plasma estradiol‐17β (E₂) level in female rabbit fish (Siganus guttatus) were investigated. The relationship between plasma E₂ levels with these indices and ovarian growth was also evaluated. Each month, at least 10 female broodfish were sacrificed to collect liver, ovary and blood for HSI, GSI and plasma E₂, respectively. GSI and HSI were calculated as percentage (%) of relative weight of gonad and liver to total body weight, respectively. Plasma E₂ level was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA). Ovaries were cut and stained for histological observation. The results included seasonal changes in plasma E₂ levels, stages of ovarian development, GSI and HSI. The highest level of E₂ was observed in June (1,445.62 pg/ml) and during vitellogenesis (2,305 pg/ml). GSI and HSI values significant fluctuated monthly. The highest HSI and GSI were 1.72% in May and 3.58% in June, respectively. The pattern of plasma E₂ levels showed a relationship with GSI and different stages of ovarian development. HSI was associated with ovarian stages. During vitellogenesis, the highest value (1.9%) of HSI was observed. Histological sections showed that rabbit fish is a multiple spawner. These results contribute to further understanding of female rabbit fish reproductive biology in captivity. Important reproductive parameters such as HSI, GSI and E₂ can be used to indicate maturation status of this fish species.     

Effect of dietary starch source (normal versus waxy) and protein levels on the performance of white sea bream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus) juveniles

An experiment was performed to evaluate the growth performance and feed utilization of white sea bream juveniles (initial weight, 14 g) fed diets of cornstarch of different origins (normal and waxy). Four experimental diets were formulated to be isolipidic and to contain normal and waxy starch (26% or 42%) at two protein (36% and 48%) levels. The growth trial lasted 15 weeks and, at the end of the trial, there were no differences in the growth rate among groups. At the highest dietary starch level – but not at the lowest level – the feed efficiency ratio and PER were significantly lower in fish fed the waxy starch diet. Protein efficiency ratio and N retention (% N intake) were not affected by starch source but were significantly higher in the diets with a lower protein content. No differences in energy retention (% energy intake) were observed among groups. Except for the protein content, which was significantly higher in fish fed diets with a high protein level, no other differences were observed among groups in whole‐body composition. Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) was significantly higher in fish fed high‐starch diets, but there were no differences in visceral indices among groups. The apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and energy were not affected by the dietary starch level, but were significantly lower in diets including waxy starch. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was higher in fish fed high‐protein diets, but it was not affected by dietary starch source. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were not different among groups. Glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase activities were not affected by the dietary starch level, but were significantly lower in fish fed waxy starch. The results of this study indicate that diets for white sea bream juveniles may include up to 42% starch without negative effects on fish performance. Moreover, normal starch appears to be more efficiently used as an energy source than waxy starch.     

大豆浓缩蛋白对中华鲟幼鱼生长、血脂和体成分的影响研究

分别用大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代饲料中0(R0,对照组),15%(R15),30%(R30)和45%(R45)的鱼粉蛋白,配制成4组等氮等能饲料,喂养(58.00±2.69)g中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼10周,每组设3个重复,研究SPC对中华鲟幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用率,以及血脂和体成分的影响。结果显示,随替代比例的增加,中华鲟幼鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)逐渐降低,肥满度和肝体指数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。FE在R30组出现显著差异(P<0.05),WG、SGR和PER在R45组出现显著性差异(P<0.05)。随替代比例的增加,血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著变化(P>0.05),胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三脂(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量逐渐降低。CHOL、TG和LDL-C含量在R30组出现显著差异(P<0.05)。随替代比例的增加,肌肉和肝脏水分逐渐升高,脂肪逐渐降低,蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。R30和R45组的肌肉和肝脏水分含量显著高于R0组(P<0.05),脂肪含量显著低于R0组(P<0.05)。结果表明:在本试验条件下,综合考虑生长性能、饲料利用、血脂和体成分等指标,中华鲟幼鱼饲料中SPC替代鱼粉蛋白的比例可达30%。     

杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中有效磷需要量的研究

为研究杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)幼鱼对饲料中有效磷的需要量,实验以磷酸二氢钙为磷源,配制了有效磷水平分别为0.37%(对照组)、0.65%、0.96%、1.22%和1.48%的5组等氮等能饲料。每组饲料设置3个重复,每个重复22尾鱼,饲喂初重(10.06±0.39)g杂交鲟幼鱼8周。结果显示:(1)饲料中不同有效磷水平对实验鱼的成活率、肝体比、脏体比和肥满度均无显著影响。随饲料有效磷水平增加,实验鱼的增重率和特定生长率呈先升高后趋于平稳的趋势,0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组增重率和特定生长率均显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组;全鱼粗脂肪含量呈降低趋势;饲料效率和蛋白质效率均呈先升高后降低的趋势。(2)不同有效磷水平饲料对全鱼水分、粗蛋白和肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、磷含量均无显著影响。0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组全鱼粗灰分、磷含量和脊椎粗灰分、磷含量均显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组。(3)随饲料有效磷水平增加,实验鱼血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先升高后趋于平稳的趋势。0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组血清磷含量显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组,对照组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于其他组。(4)分别利用折线模型拟合分析实验鱼的增重率、全鱼磷含量和脊椎磷含量与饲料有效磷水平的相关性,得到饲料中适宜有效磷需要量分别为0.93%、1.02%和0.95%。综上所述,建议杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中有效磷添加水平为0.93%~1.02%为最佳。     

不同糖源膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、越冬及血清部分生化指标的影响

以商业配方为基础，研究不同糖源(小麦、大麦、玉米、白高粱、木薯)膨化饲料对大规格草鱼[初始体质量(400.77±7.45) g]生长、体成分、越冬及部分生理生化指标的影响。共设置5个处理，每处理3个重复，每个重复30尾鱼，养殖实验于水库网箱(2.0 m×2.0 m×2.0 m)中进行，饲养时间为16周，养殖实验结束后，每网箱保留15尾进行越冬实验，时间为16周。结果显示，玉米组草鱼增重率(WGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著低于其他各组，饲料系数(FCR)显著高于其他各组，其他4组差异不显著；肥满度(CF)小麦组最高，脏体比(VSI)玉米组最高，肝体比(HSI)和肠体比(ISI)木薯组最高；小麦组血糖(GLU)含量显著高于其他各组，大麦和白高粱组总胆固醇(T-CHO)含量显著高于其他3组，木薯组甘油三酯(TG)含量显著低于其他各组。小麦、大麦和玉米组的肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于白高粱和木薯组，木薯组的粗蛋白含量显著低于其他4组。白高粱和木薯组的肝糖原显著高于其他组，大麦和白高粱组的肌糖原显著高于其他组。越冬后，大麦组草鱼体质量下降幅度显著高于其他各组，HSI下降幅度显著小于其他各组，肝糖原含量显著升高，GLU下降幅度显著低于其他各组，肌肉粗蛋白含量下降幅度最高，其他各组越冬后体质量下降幅度差异不显著，小麦组CF下降比例最高，玉米和木薯组HSI下降幅度显著大于其他各组，玉米组的VSI下降比例最大。研究表明，在膨化工艺条件下，以生长、增重成本和越冬为评价指标，小麦、木薯和白高粱是大规格草鱼适合的糖源，木薯增重成本最低。