复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉对半滑舌鳎生长、生理生化指标和肠组织结构的影响

实验以6种植物蛋白源(谷朊粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、花生粕和玉米蛋白粉)配比成复合植物蛋白源,以其替代半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Güntuer)饲料鱼粉蛋白,共设计9种实验饲料,分别为全鱼粉组(FM)以及替代鱼粉蛋白水平分别为20%(PP20)、30%(PP30)、40%(PP40I、PP40II、PP40III和PP40IV)、60%(PP60)和80%(PP80)组,旨在最大限度替代舌鳎饲料中鱼粉蛋白,而不影响鱼体生长、生理生化指标和肠组织结构形态。以初重为(255.21±0.79)g的半滑舌鳎为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行9周摄食生长实验,每个处理设3个重复,每桶放养15尾鱼。结果表明,各处理组实验鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、摄食量、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率和成活率均无显著性差异(P0.05);复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉后对鱼体粗蛋白和水分含量以及血浆甘油三酯含量无显著影响(P0.05);但当复合植物蛋白源替代高比例鱼粉蛋白时,显著降低鱼体粗脂肪和血浆胆固醇含量(P0.05),且肝体比随植物蛋白源的添加而降低,PP30组显著低于FM组(P0.05);另外,4个PP40组相比,PP40III组的脏体比显著高于其他3个40%替代组。复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉比例不超过60%时,对半滑舌鳎后肠组织结构无损伤或仅有轻微损伤,而PP80组后肠绒毛出现严重损伤现象。以上结果表明,复合植物蛋白源可以有效替代80%的鱼粉蛋白而不影响半滑舌鳎的生长性能和饲料利用率,但综合考虑鱼体生理生化和肠道组织结构指标,认为在半滑舌鳎饲料中复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的比例不宜超过60%。     

条纹锯鮨胃排空特征和适宜投喂频率研究

适宜的投喂频率是水产养殖中保障养殖对象正常生长、优化水产养殖经济效益的关键因素。以条纹锯鮨(Centropristis striata)幼鱼为实验对象,研究了胃排空率和不同投喂频率对其生长、存活率、饲料系数、营养成分及酶活性等相关指标的影响。结果显示,在水温22℃条件下,条纹锯鮨胃含物湿重在4 h内下降明显,随后下降趋于平缓,最后降到0;比较线性模型、指数模型和平方根模型3种数学模型拟合条纹锯鮨胃排空率的结果表明,平方根模型的拟合效果最好,方程为Y~(0.5)=2.050-0.084t。水温22～26℃条件下,设置4个投喂频率处理组:F1(1次·d~(-1))、F2(2次·d~(-1))、F3(3次·d~(-1))和F4(4次·d~(-1)),进行8周养殖实验。结果显示,条纹锯鮨幼鱼的体质量、增重率、特定生长率和肥满度均随着投喂频率增加而增加,且F1组与其他各组差异显著(P0.05)。随着投喂频率的增加,饲料系数先降后升;其中,F1组饲料系数最高,F2组饲料系数最低。随着投喂频率的增加,各组鱼体内水分、灰分、粗蛋白、蛋白质效率和蛋白质生产值呈降低趋势,粗脂肪呈升高趋势。F1组血清总蛋白与其他各组间差异显著(P0.05);白蛋白各组间没有显著性差异(P0.05);F2组球蛋白最高,葡萄糖和甘油三酯值随投喂频率的增加而升高,谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶值随投喂频率增加先升高后降低。综合胃排空率、生长性能、饲料系数、营养成分等指标,在本实验条件下,条纹锯鮨幼鱼的适宜投喂频率为2次·d~(-1)。研究结果可为养殖生产实践中饲料投喂频率管理提供理论指导。     

饲料中发酵啤酒酵母添加水平对大口黑鲈生长、饲料利用效率和水质的影响

通过养殖实验评价了饲料中发酵啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)添加水平对大口黑鲈(Micropterus sal-moides)生长、饲料利用效率和水质的影响.以鱼粉含量为40％的饲料为背景(RF),利用棉籽浓缩蛋白替代饲料RF中60％的鱼粉(CH0);在饲料CH0的基础上,分别按1％(CH1...     

辅酶渣替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长及肠道菌群的影响

为探究饲料中辅酶渣替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长性能、健康情况和肠道菌群的影响，以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹(0.70±0.01g)为研究对象，分别以等蛋白的辅酶渣替代基础饲料中鱼粉的0%(对照组，含20%鱼粉)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%(记为C、T20、T40、T60、T80、T100)的饲料投喂8周。结果显示，与C组相比，T40组生长性能无显著改变，T60组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著降低。T80组、T100组生长性能、体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著降低；与C组相比，替代组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、甘油三酯(TG)水平未见显著差异，总蛋白水平(TP)在T100组显著降低。血清葡萄糖(Glu)在替代组中显著降低。T60、T80、T100组的血清总胆固醇(T-CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著降低，T80、T100组的血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著降低；与C组相比，各替代组肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著差异，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著上升，T100组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低；C、T40、T80组肠道菌...     

利用γ-射线辐照提高玉米蛋白粉替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉的潜力

通过8周饲养实验检验了γ-射线辐照处理对利用玉米蛋白粉替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉的影响。采用2×3实验设计。对照饲料(C)中鱼粉含量为250 g/kg。用玉米蛋白粉或γ-射线辐照玉米蛋白粉分别替代饲料C中鱼粉的20%、40%或60%,配成6种等氮等脂饲料(R20、R40和R60:以玉米蛋白粉为鱼粉替代物;IR20、IR40和IR60:以γ-射线辐照玉米蛋白粉为鱼粉替代物)。实验鱼初始体质量为(31.9±0.2)g。结果显示,饲料鱼粉替代水平显著影响鱼体增重(WG)、摄食率(FI)、饲料系数(FCR)、氮储积效率(NRE)、磷储积效率(PRE)和鱼体磷含量,而γ-射线辐照处理显著影响鱼体的磷含量。无论以何种玉米蛋白粉作为鱼粉替代物,FI和WG均随饲料鱼粉替代水平增加而下降。在相同替代水平下,使用玉米蛋白粉或γ-射线辐照玉米蛋白粉作鱼粉替代物对FI、WG、FCR、NRE、PRE和鱼体组成(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分)无显著不同的影响。摄食饲料R20的鱼FI、WG、FCR和NRE与摄食饲料C的鱼相比无显著性差异,表明通过添加玉米蛋白粉可将卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉含量降低至200 g/kg。研究表明,通过γ-射线辐照处理不能提高玉米蛋白粉替代饲料鱼粉的水平。     

饲料中豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血液生化指标的影响

试验分别以豆粕替代0(对照组)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的鱼粉蛋白设计出6种等氮等能的饲料配方, 按照配方配制试验饲料(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5和A6)。将540尾体质量为(14.67±0.51) g的齐口裂腹鱼随机分为6个试验组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复30尾试验鱼, 分别投喂6种不同的试验饲料, 养殖时间为45 d。结果表明, 豆粕蛋白替代水平对齐口裂腹鱼的生长有显著影响。豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白的比例为60%时, 试验鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料蛋白效率(PER)均达到最高(分别为118.08%、1.95%/d和207.22%), 饵料系数(FCR)最小(1.27)(P<0.05)。与其余各试验组相比, 替代比例为100%的试验组的WGR、SGR、PER显著降低, FCR显著升高(P<0.05)。通过二次多项式回归分析可知, 齐口裂腹鱼生长性能最佳时豆粕蛋白替代比例为34.25%~45.46%; 随着豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例的增大, 鱼体水分、粗灰分、肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05), 粗蛋白在豆粕蛋白替代水平为60%时达到最高(15.53%), 但在豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时试验鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05), 肝体指数则随豆粕蛋白替代水平增加而增大, 但在0~80%之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着豆粕蛋白替代比例的增加, 超氧化歧化酶(SOD)的活性有一定的波动, 在豆粕蛋白替代比例为40%达到最高, 豆粕蛋白替代比例在20%~60%时, 溶菌酶(LSZ)的活性逐渐升高, 但各组间及与对照组间的差异不显著(P>0.05), 谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)随着豆粕替代比例增加而逐渐升高, 但豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。豆粕蛋白替代比例为100%时AST、ALT活性显著高于其余各试验组(P<0.05)。说明饲料中豆粕替代一定比例的鱼粉蛋白可促进齐口裂腹鱼的生长, 提高对饲料蛋白的代谢和免疫能力, 但豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例超过80%则可引起肝损伤或组织病变。在本试验条件下, 综合考虑其生长指标、体成分及免疫指标, 齐口裂腹鱼的饲料中豆粕对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代比例为80%, 当其替代比例为34.25%~45.46%时可获得最佳生长效果。     

水解蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理代谢的影响

分别以水解鱼粉及水解大豆浓缩蛋白全部替代饲料中的鱼粉,投喂体质量(58.50±0.65) g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼56 d,研究水解蛋白替代鱼粉对其生长及生理代谢的影响。结果表明:水解蛋白替代鱼粉降低了试验鱼的生长性能,提高了饲料系数,但对成活率无显著性影响;各组鱼的脏体比、肝体比和肠体比均无显著性差异;水解蛋白提高了肌肉中的水分含量,降低了粗蛋白含量;水解蛋白提高了血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力,降低了总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TCHO)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量,而对血清中生长激素(GH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、己糖激酶(HK)含量没有显著性影响。水解鱼粉显著提高了血清中皮质醇(COS)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)含量,降低了补体3(C3)含量;水解大豆浓缩蛋白提高了免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,降低了去甲肾上腺素(NE)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)含量。研究表明,水解蛋白完全替代鱼粉会降低试验鱼的生长性能,造成肝脏功能受损,改变鱼体内分泌。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理生化指标的影响。5种饲料分别含有0、12.0%、25.0%、37.0%和49.5%的SPC以替代相应的鱼粉,并分别添加0、0.83%、1.65%、2.48%和3.30%的必需氨基酸混合物(L-lysine∶DL-methionine∶L-leucine∶Lvaline∶L-threonine=18∶6∶3∶2.5∶2)以平衡各组饲料的氨基酸组成。每种饲料投喂3个水族箱(300 L),每个水族箱放养实验鱼16尾,实验鱼初始体质量为(31.1±0.1)g。经过9周生长实验,结果显示随着饲料中SPC替代水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率、特定生长率均显著下降(P0.001)。然而,当使用0~37.0%的SPC替代鱼粉时,各处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率未出现显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率之间也未出现显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下SPC不能作为大菱鲆饲料中替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,造成SPC替代效果较差的主要原因是其对大菱鲆饲料适口性的显著影响。     

蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对罗非鱼生长、肌肉组成和肝脏非特异性免疫指标的影响

为探讨以蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉组成和肝脏非特异性免疫指标的影响,将450尾初始体质量为(80.26±7.36)g的吉富罗非鱼随机分为6组,每组3个平行,进行了饲养对比试验。试验组分别用蝇蛆粉替代基础饲料中20 %、40 %、60 %、80 %和100 %的鱼粉,对照组投喂基础饲料,养殖周期60 d。试验结果,以蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉,各替代水平组试验鱼的终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、肥满度、成活率、饲料系数、肌肉中粗蛋白、水分含量、肝脏丙二醛含量无显著差异(P＞0.05)。除20 %替代组外,其它各试验组鱼的肝体比、脏体比与对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05)。随着蝇蛆粉替代水平的增加,罗非鱼肌肉中粗灰分、总磷的含量显著降低(P＜0.05)。替代水平不超过40 %时,各替代组试验鱼肌肉中粗脂肪、钙及肝脏超氧化歧化酶的含量无显著差异(P＞0.05);当替代水平不小于60 %时,试验鱼肌肉中粗脂肪、钙的含量显著降低(P＜0.05),但肝脏超氧化歧化酶含量显著升高(P＜0.05)。结果表明,在本试验条件下,以生长性能、肌肉成分和肝脏非特异性免疫作为评价指标,蝇蛆粉可完全替代罗非鱼饲料中的鱼粉。     

脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

本实验旨在探讨脱脂黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉(FM)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响。实验设计6组等氮(粗蛋白45%)等脂(粗脂肪10%)饲料,用黑水虻脱脂虫粉分别替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,分别记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。选用2160尾平均体重为(50.08±3.31)g的大黄鱼幼鱼随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复120尾,在室内水泥池(2 m×1 m×1 m)进行为期7周的投喂实验。结果表明:(1) G100组大黄鱼幼鱼存活率显著低于其他实验组, G40组大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)均显著高于其他组(P0.05);(2)大黄鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量随着DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而下降,替代40%及以上鱼体粗蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);肌肉的粗脂肪和粗灰分含量则随DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而升高,其中替代60%及以上鱼体粗脂肪和粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);(3)随着替代水平的升高(40%),大黄鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著上升(P0.05),甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHOL)水平显著下降(P0.05);(4)G20组大黄鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及G40组实验鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均为最高,G40组大黄鱼肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量最低。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着DBSFLM替代FM水平升高呈现下降趋势,替代40%及以上CAT活性显著下降(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代饲料中40%鱼粉蛋白对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长性能、体成分及健康状况无负面影响。     

Replacement of fishmeal by soy protein concentrate with taurine supplementation in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

Two 7‐week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the capacity of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) to use soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a dietary fish meal substitute. In trial I, fish were fed with a control diet (C) containing 400 g kg^?1 fish meal and other four diets in which the fish meal in diet C was replaced by SPC at 20 (R20), 40 (R40), 60 (R60) and 80% (R80). In trial II, a 3 × 2 design was used, and 40 and 80% of the fish meal in diet C were replaced by SPC, with or without 5 g kg^?1 taurine supplementation (six diets, C + T, R40 + T, R80 + T, C, R40 and R80, were formulated). In trial I, no significant difference was found in the feed intake between feeding treatments. The weight gain and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) decreased, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and phosphorus retention efficiency (PRE) increased, with decreasing dietary levels of fish meal. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, FCR and NRE between fish fed diets C and R20, whereas fish fed diets C and R20 had higher weight gain than those fed diets R40, R60 and R80. In trial II, no significant differences were found in the feed intake, weight gain, FCR, NRE and PRE between fish fed diets C + T and C. No significant differences were found in the feed intake, weight gain and NRE between fish fed diets R40 and R40 + T or between fish fed diets R80 and R80 + T. At the end of trial II, no significant differences were found in the condition factor, hepatosomatic index and body composition between fish fed diets C and C + T, or between fish diets R40 and R40 + T, or between fish fed diets R80 and R80 + T, except that fish fed diet R40 had lower body protein content than that of fish fed diet R40 + T. The present study reveals that taurine supplementation can elevate fish meal replacement level by SPC in the golden pompano diets. Fish meal can be reduced from 400 to 320 g kg^?1, if fish meal is substituted by SPC without taurine supplementation, and can be further reduced to 240 g kg^?1, if fish meal is substituted by SPC with 5 g kg^?1 taurine supplementation.     

Optimizing dietary protein sources for Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) with an emphasis on using poultry by‐product meal to substitute fish meal

This study evaluated the potential of using poultry by‐product meal (PBM) to replace fish meal in diets for Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Fish (initial body weight 8.5 g fish^?1) were fed six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets in which fish meal level was reduced from 400 g kg^?1 (diet C) to 320 (diet PM1), 240 (diet PM2), 160 (diet PM3), 80 (diet PM4) or 0 g kg^?1 (diet PM5), using PBM as the fish meal substitute. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, nitrogen retention efficiency, energy retention efficiency and retention efficiency of indispensable amino acids were higher in fish fed PM1, PM2, PM3 and PM4 diets than in fish fed diets C or PM5. The phosphorus retention efficiency was lower in fish fed PM3, PM4 and PM5 diets than in fish fed C, PM1 or PM2 diets. Fish fed diet PM5 had the highest feed conversion ratio, total nitrogen waste output (TNW) and total phosphorus waste output (TPW) among the treatments. No significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index or body contents of moisture, lipid and ash among the treatments. Fish fed diet C had lower condition factor and viscerosomatic index than those of fish fed PM1, PM3, PM4 and PM5 diets. The results of this study indicate that using fish meal and PBM in combination as the dietary protein source produced more benefits in the growth and feed utilization of Japanese sea bass than did using fish meal or PBM alone as the dietary protein source. The dietary fish meal level for Japanese sea bass can be reduced to 80 g kg^?1 if PBM is used as a fish meal substitute.     

Replacement of Fishmeal with a Blend of Poultry Byproduct Meal and Soybean Meal in Diets for Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.     

Replacing fish meal with a blend of poultry by‐product meal and feather meal in diets for giant croaker (Nibea japonica)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal with poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and feather meal (FEM) in giant croaker (Nibea japonica) diet. The control diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by a blend of PBM and FEM (PBM: FEM = 7:3) in diets B20, B40, B60 and B80, respectively. The weight gain and feed intake of fish fed diet C did not differ from those of fish fed diets B20 and B40 (p > .05), but were higher than those of fish fed diets B60 and B80 (p < .05). Phosphorus retention efficiency was lower in fish fed diets C, B20 and B40 than in fish fed diets R60 and R80 (p < .05). No significant differences were found in feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, body composition and nitrogen waste among the treatments (p > .05). Ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production linearly declined with the decrease in dietary fish meal level. This study indicates that dietary fish meal for giant croaker could be reduced to 240 g/kg by inclusion of the blend of PBM and FEM.     

Replacement of dietary fish meal by soybean meal supplemented with crystalline methionine for Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

Two 8‐week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate soybean meal (SBM) as a fish meal substitute in diets for Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicas. In trial I, a control diet (C) contained 400 g kg^?1 fish meal, and 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the fish meal were replaced with SBM, supplied with 3 g kg^?1 DL‐methionine and 2 g kg^?1 L‐lysine (S20, S40, S60 and S80). In trial II, 60% and 80% of the fish meal in diet C were replaced with SBM, supplied with DL‐methionine at 3 g kg^?1 (S60, S80) or 6 to 7 g kg^?1 (RS60, RS80). The feed intake was lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets S20, S40, S60 and S80 (trial I). No significant differences were found in the weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency and body composition between fish fed diets C, S20, S40 and S60 (trial I), between fish fed diets S60 and RS60 or between fish fed diets S80 and RS80 (trial II). This study indicates that dietary fish meal level for Japanese seabass can be reduced to 160 g kg^?1 by using SBM as a fish meal substitute.     

Replacement of Dietary Fish Meal with Poultry By‐product Meal and Soybean Meal for Golden Pompano,Trachinotus ovatus,Reared in Net Pens

Two 8‐wk feeding trials were conducted to examine the effect of replacing dietary fish meal with poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and soybean meal (SBM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition, and wastes output of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (initial body weight 16.7 g), reared in net pens. A control diet (C) was formulated to contain 35% fish meal. In Trial I, dietary fish meal level was reduced to 21, 14, 7, and 0% by replacing 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the fish meal in diet C with PBM. The weight gain (WG), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE) decreased, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and total waste output of nitrogen (TNW) increased, with the fish meal level reducing from 35 to 21%. No significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index, viscersomatic index, and body composition between fish fed diet C and test diets. In Trial II, a 2 × 2 layout was established, and 40 and 60% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by either PBM or SBM. At the same fish meal replacement level, the WG and NRE were higher and the FCR and TNW were lower in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by PBM than in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by SBM. The results of this study indicate that more than 21% fish meal must be retained in diets for golden pompano when PBM or SBM is used alone as a fish meal substitute.     

Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles

A 12‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate corn gluten meal as an alternative protein source to fish meal in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles. The experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to have 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of fish meal protein, the only protein source in the control diet, replaced by corn gluten meal. At the end of the growth trial only the group fed the diet with 80% corn gluten protein exhibited significantly reduced growth and feed efficiency compared with the fish meal‐based diet. This was most likely due to a dietary amino acid deficiency in that diet. A trend was noticed for feed efficiency to improve with the replacement of fish meal protein in the diets up to 60%. There were no significant differences among groups in protein and energy retention (as percentage of intake). At the end of the trial whole body water content of the experimental groups was significantly lower and the lipid content of groups including 60% and 80% corn gluten protein was significantly higher than that in the control. No other differences were observed in whole body composition among groups. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets were evaluated in a separate trial. The ADC of dry matter of the experimental diets was significantly higher than in the control diet; there were no significant differences among diets in the ADC of energy and protein, except for the ADC of protein of diet with 80% corn gluten protein, which was significantly lower than the control. The results of this study indicate that corn gluten meal can replace up to 60% fish meal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles with no negative effects on fish performance.     

Effects of partial substitution of dietary fish meal by fermented soybean meal on growth performance,amino acid and biochemical parameters of juvenile black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, amino acid profile, body composition, morphological parameters, activity of antioxidant and digestive enzymes of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) juvenile. Five isonitrogenic and isolipidic diets were prepared with levels of 0 (control), 80, 160, 240 and 320 g kg^?1 FSM. Triplicate groups (40 fish per tank) of juvenile black sea bream with initial weight of 1.17 ± 0.04 g were hand‐fed to visual satiation at three meals per day for 8 weeks. The fish fed diets containing different levels of FSM had no significant differences regarding survival and specific growth rate compared with control group. Feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed diet containing 320 g kg^?1 FSM were significantly lower than those of control group. Daily feed intake and daily protein intake of fish fed diet containing 240–320 g kg^?1 were significantly higher than those of control group. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not affected by different dietary FSM level. Fish fed diets containing 240–320 g kg^?1 FSM had significantly higher visceral somatic index than control group. Whole body proximate and amino acid compositions of fish were not affected by dietary FSM level. The activity of digestive enzymes in the intestine was not affected by dietary FSM level. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver was significantly higher for fish fed the diet containing 160 g kg^?1 FSM compared with control group. This study showed that up to 40% fish meal in the diets of juvenile black sea bream could be replaced by fermented soybean meal with supplementation of methionine, lysine and taurine.     

Dietary Protein Requirements of Juvenile Black Sea Bass,Centropristis striata

A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the dietary protein requirement for juvenile black sea bass. Six isocaloric diets were formulated to contain varying levels of crude protein (CP) ranging from 36 to 56% (36, 40, 44, 48, 52, and 56%) by substituting a mixture of carbohydrates and lipid for fish meal. The feeding experiment was carried out in 18‐75 L aquaria stocked at a density of 15 juveniles (initial average weight 6.7 g) per tank. Fish were fed test diets in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 wk. Whole‐body proximate composition was analyzed after the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the 44% CP diet were not significantly different from those fed the 48, 52, and 56% CP diets, but were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those fed the 36 and 40% CP diets. Feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly affected by dietary protein level. The dietary requirement of protein for maximum growth of black sea bass juveniles, estimated using broken‐line regression analysis on weight gain, was 45.3% and maximum weight gain occurred at 52.6% based on polynomial regression analysis.     

Minimizing Fish Oil and Fish Meal with Plant‐based Alternatives in Sunshine Bass Diets without Negatively Impacting Growth and Muscle Fatty Acid Profile

We determined whether canola oil could spare menhaden oil (MO) in diets containing minimal fish meal without affecting sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, production. Seven isonitrogenous, isocaloric (41.7% crude protein and 14.6% crude lipid) diets containing graded levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100%) of menhaden to canola oils with 20% menhaden meal (MM) or 100% canola oil with 20% lipid‐extracted MM were fed to sunshine bass (initial weight 9.3 ± 0.16 g; mean ± SD) twice daily to apparent satiation for 10 wk. Sunshine bass fed less than 40% of their dietary lipid as MO exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed intake and growth rates. Increased concentrations of saturated, n‐3, and n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (FA) in the fillet were associated with MO‐rich diets, while monounsaturated and n‐6 FA were most common in fillets from fish fed diets rich in canola oil. Reducing MO to 40% of the dietary lipid in diets containing minimal fish meal allows for efficient utilization of marine resources without negatively impacting juvenile sunshine bass production.