青蛤的种质、养殖及其开发利用研究进展

青蛤(Cyclina sinensis),俗称黑蛤,铁蛤,圆蛤和牛眼蛤等,隶属于瓣鳃纲（Lamellibranchia）、异齿亚纲 （Heterodonta）、帘蛤目（Venerida）、帘蛤科（Veneridae）,青蛤亚科（Cyclina）,广泛分布于朝鲜,日本和中国沿海的滩涂及河口地区。青蛤味道鲜美,具有较高的营养价值,且受重金属污染程度较低,是我国南北沿海重要的养殖品种。本文首次从青蛤的生物学与渔业生态学两大角度,系统的综述了迄今为止有关于青蛤的大部分研究,肯定前人研究成果的同时,也为今后有关青蛤的研究提供了研究方向,旨在为相关领域的科研和生产提供较为丰富的参考材料,增进人们对青蛤的认知。     

青蛤人工育苗技术研究

青蛤（Cyclina sinensis）俗称哈蜊、牛眼蛤、黑蛤，隶属于双壳纲，帘蛤目，帘蛤科，青蛤属，是栖息于潮间带泥沙底质或沙泥底质的埋栖型双壳贝类，分布区域广泛，为广温广盐性品种，是我国沿海重要的经济养殖贝类之一，市场需求量大，并可出口创汇。浙江省现有青蛤养殖面积3.3万hm^2，年产量约4.5万t。乐清市青蛤养殖历史悠久，但苗种来源基本依赖于江苏等外省的自然苗。     

青蛤工厂化苗种培育技术

青蛤俗称蛤蜊、圆蛤、黑蛤、牛眼蛤等,为亚热带种类,属帘蛤科,广泛分布于我国沿海,生活于高中潮区的沿海泥沙滩中,并多在有淡水注入的河口附近。青蛤经济价值比较高,是沿海主要的养殖品种。     

黄河三角洲青蛤生产性全人工育苗试验

青蛤Cyclina sinensis(Gmelin),俗称蛤蜊、圆蛤,属帘蛤科、暖水种,是我国沿海习见的经济贝类,尤其是黄河三角洲地区的地方优势品种。近些年,由于滥采酷捕,其自然资源不断下降,而市场价格和需求量在不断上涨,这就使青蛤人工养殖悄然兴起,青蛤苗种日趋紧张。为了恢复资源,加速青蛤养殖步伐,自     

虾蟹池塘混养青蛤技术

<正>青蛤(Cyclina sinensis Gmelin),属瓣鳃纲(Lamellibranchia),异齿亚纲(Heterodonta),帘蛤目(Veneroida),帘蛤科(Veneridae),青蛤肉质鲜美,营养含量很高,拥有人体所需要的多种微量元素,是人们钟爱的海产品之一。青蛤可利用池塘中的残饵,降低其中的N、P元素浓度,从而起到净化水体的作用。青蛤的生长十分迅速,抗逆性强,加之单位面积产量较多,养殖品系优良,具有很好的养殖发展空间。     

6种帘蛤科贝类18SrRNA基因全序列比较分析

对文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）、青蛤（Cyclina sinensis）、江户布目蛤（Protothaca jedoensis）、薄片镜蛤（Dosinia corrugata）、紫石房蛤（Saxidomus purpuraus）和菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）6种帘蛤科（Veneridae）贝类的18S rRNA基因序列进行了PCR扩增并测序,以期获得这一序列的基本特征,评估其种间变异程度,探讨这一序列在种类鉴定和分子系统发育等研究中的应用价值。测序结果表明,文蛤、青蛤、江户布目蛤、薄片镜蛤、紫石房蛤和菲律宾蛤仔18S rRNA基因序列全长分别为1900bp、1838bp、1831bp、1831bp、1829bp和1833bp。序列中A、T、C和G碱基的平均含量分别为24.0%、24.0%、24.2%和27.8%。用MEGA软件对6种帘蛤18S rRNA基因全序列进行了分析,对位排列后的总长度1 906 bp,其中变异位点210个,简约信息位点28个,si/sv=1.4（46/32）。从GenBank下载了7种帘蛤科贝类18S rDNA全序列,与本研究实测的6种帘蛤一起用MegAlign软件对其18S rDNA序列进行了比对,物种间序列相似百分比为88.7%-99.7%。文蛤与其他12物种间序列差异较大,序列差异百分比均超过了10%,其他各物种间序列差异百分比不超过3%。以异韧带亚纲（Anomalodesmata）笋螂目（Pholadomyoida）的Lyonsia floridana和Cardiomya costellata为外群,采用相邻连接法（NJ）和最大简约法（MP）构建了帘蛤科贝类的系统发育树,其拓扑结构显示雪蛤亚科（Chioninae）、帘蛤亚科（Venerinae）和镜蛤亚科（Dosiniinae）的种类首先聚在一起,形成一个聚类簇;缀锦蛤亚科（Tapetinae）、卵蛤亚科（Pitarinae）、仙女蛤亚科（Callistinae）、青蛤亚科（Cyclininae）和文蛤亚科（Meretricinae）的种类先后分别单独聚成一枝;最后所有帘蛤科物种聚为一枝,与外群相区别,说明18S rDNA序列适合作为帘蛤科系统发育研究的分子标记。     

黄河三角洲青蛤生产性全人工育苗试验研究

青蛤Cyclina sinensis(Gmelin),俗称蛤蜊、圆蛤,属帘蛤科、暖水种,是我国沿海习见的经济贝类,尤其是黄河三角洲地区的地方优势品种。然而,近些年由于滥采酷捕,其自然资源不断下降,而市场价格和需求量在不断上涨,这就使青蛤人工养殖悄然兴起,青蛤苗种     

青蛤工厂化育苗技术在土池育苗中的应用

青蛤(Cylina sinensis)俗称黑蛤、牛眼蛤、蛤蜊等,属于软体动物门、瓣鳃纲、异齿亚纲、帘蛤目、帘蛤科、帘蛤属,是我国沿海常见的底栖贝类.青蛤肉味鲜美、营养丰富,是人们喜食的海鲜珍品.青蛤栖息在沿海滩涂泥滩地带,适应水温为2℃～37℃,适应海水密度1.006～1.025,为广温性和广盐性贝类.青蛤在7月～8月繁殖,雌雄异体,异体受精.     

渤海南部青蛤亲贝异地培育育苗研究

青蛤Gylina sinensis（Gmelin）俗称铁蛤、墨蛤、蛤蜊、石头螺等,是我国沿海常见的经济贝类,不仅肉味鲜美,营养丰富,而且具有药用价值,因此倍受消费者青睐。近十几年来,由于海洋污染和捕捞过度等因素影响,青蛤资源日益匮乏,青蛤人工育苗与养殖技术开发异军突起。目前,江苏、浙江等地青蛤人工育苗与苗种中间培育技术已十分成熟,而渤海南部此类技术研究尚处在启蒙阶段。     

四种帘蛤科贝类同工酶研究

文蛤、青蛤、菲律宾蛤仔和硬壳蛤隶属于软体动物门、双壳纲、帘蛤目、帘蛤科,广泛分布于朝鲜、日本及我国沿海,是我国重要的海水养殖贝类,2001年全国养殖产量已突破200万吨,仅次于牡蛎,在贝类中列第二位。目前,我国人工养殖蛤苗种大部分来源于天然,基本上没有经过系统的人工选育,其遗传基础还是野生型的,由于养殖上没有好的品种,一些种类经过累代养殖,出现生活力下降、个体变小和抗逆性差等问题,大面积死亡现象时有发     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.