斑鳠鱼种耗氧率和窒息点的测定

在水温 2 4 .4～ 2 6.0℃时对斑鱼种 (尾重 1.12～ 4 .61g )进行了耗氧率与窒息点测定。结果表明 :耗氧率与窒息点均随鱼体体重的增加而降低。平均尾重 4 .61g的斑耗氧率为0 .1580 mg/g.h ,窒息点为 0 .12 92 mg/L ;平均尾重 1.12 g的斑耗氧率为 0 .2 636mg/g.h ,窒息点为 0 .30 4 0 mg/L。白昼和夜晚耗氧率的差异不大     

暗纹东方鲀鱼苗耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

对暗纹东方鱼屯两个规格鱼苗的耗氧量、耗氧率和窒息点进行了测定。结果显示 :在水温 31～34℃ ,pH 6 5～ 6 8条件下 ,平均全长 2 36cm、体重 0 4 2 9g的鱼苗 2 4h平均耗氧量 0 32 1mg/ (尾·h) ,耗氧率 1 14 9mg/ (g·h) ,窒息点 1 30 9mg/L ;平均全长 3 4 9cm、体重 0 5 6 9g的鱼苗 2 4h平均耗氧量 0 837mg/ (尾·h) ,耗氧率 0 96 8mg/ (g·h) ,窒息点 1 4 86mg/L。     

杂交青虾“太湖1号”与日本沼虾耗氧率与窒息点比较

在水温21.5~23.0℃、pH 7.3的条件下,对平均规格分别为1.03±0.14、1.03±0.13、1.04±0.14和1.04±0.15 g/尾的杂交青虾"太湖1号"F1、F2、F3与日本沼虾进行耗氧率和窒息点的测定和比较。结果显示:①杂交青虾"太湖1号"F1、F2的耗氧率夜间高于白天,其变化符合虾类的昼夜节律性,而杂交青虾"太湖1号"F3与日本沼虾的耗氧率却是白天高于夜间。②试验虾的平均耗氧率与窒息点从低到高的排列为:F1F2日本沼虾F3。杂交青虾"太湖1号"F1代的生理机能显著优于日本沼虾,这一优势能保持到F2。     

宝石鲈耗氧率和窒息点的初步测定

在实验室内对2种规格宝石鲈的耗氧率、耗氧量及窒息点进行了测定。实验用水为曝气24 h以上的自来水,水温 25℃,pH值6.5-7．0,D04．9 mg/L。结果表明:宝石鲈的耗氧率随体重增加而降低,而耗氧量和窒息点随体重的增加而上升。平均体长4．77 cm、体重2．18g/尾的宝石鲈耗氧率为0．2561 mg/g·h,耗氧量0．5654 mg/尾·h,窒息点0．448 mg/L;平均体长6．09 cm、体重4．78 g/尾的宝石鲈耗氧率为0．2473 mg/g·h,耗氧量1．1840 mg/尾·h,窒息点0．632 mg/L。     

中华倒刺鲃鱼种耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

在一定水温条件下 ,对中华倒刺鱼种 (1 5 5～ 7 2 8g)进行了耗氧率和窒息点的测定 ,结果表明 :耗氧率随鱼体体重的增加而降低。平均体长 4 35cm ,均重 1 5 5 g的个体 ,平均耗氧率为 0 42 0 2mg/g·h ,窒息点为0 441 2mg/L ,平均体长 7 2 2cm ,均重 7 2 8g的个体 ,平均耗氧率为 0 2 2 2 2mg/g·h ,窒息点为 0 8831mg/L。水温与耗氧率呈正相关。     

河鲈鱼苗耗氧率和窒息点的测定

水温20～28%:,测定河鲈(Perca fluviatilus)鱼苗(全长7.25 cm,平均体重5.294 g)的耗氧率、耗氧量和窒息点.结果表明,河鲈鱼苗的耐低氧能力较弱,其平均窒息点为1.332 mg/L;耗氧率呈明显的昼夜变化,平均耗氧率为0.622 mg/g·h.耗氧率高峰出现在5:00和23:00.水温对河鲈鱼苗的耗氧率和窒息点均有显著影响.     

匙吻鲟幼鱼耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

在水温19.0～20.0℃,测定了匙吻鲟(体重156.42g±23.46g)的耗氧率和窒息点.结果表明:匙吻鲟幼鱼耗氧率具有昼夜节律性,耗氧率从1:00-17:00呈上升趋势,17:00至次日1:00呈下降趋势.匙吻鲟的昼夜平均耗氧率为0.23mg/g·h),耗氧率高峰值出现在15:00-19:00,低峰值出现在23:00-3:00.平均耗氧率7:00-19:00明显高于21:00-5:00(P<0.01).匙吻鲟幼鱼的窒患点为2.81 mg/L(以O2计).     

胭脂鱼幼鱼的耗氧率及窒息点研究

在自制的可控温密封式流水呼吸室内,对0+龄胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)的耗氧率和耗氧量进行了测定,并对0+龄和1+龄胭脂鱼的窒息点和窒息过程作了分析。结果显示,平均体重6~7 g的0+龄胭脂鱼在15℃时的平均耗氧率和耗氧量分别为0.0585 mg/(g.h)和0.3567 mg/(尾.h);20℃时的平均耗氧率和耗氧量为0.1176 mg/(g.h)和0.8232 mg/(尾.h);昼间耗氧率与夜间耗氧率未显差异。15、20、25和30℃下0+龄胭脂鱼的窒息点分别为0.4921、0.8319、0.9356和1.5144 mg/L,25和30℃下1+龄胭脂鱼的窒息点为1.0738和1.1027 mg/L。     

斑鳠鱼种耗氧率和窒息点的测定

在水温24.4-26.0℃时对斑Hui鱼种（尾重1.12-4.61g）进行了耗氧率与窒息点测定。结果表明：耗氧率与窒息点均随鱼体体重的增加而降低。平均尾重4.61g的斑Hui耗氧率为0.1580mg/g.h，窒息点为0.1292mg/L；平均尾重1.12g的斑Hui氧率为0.2636mg/g.h。窒息点为0.3040mg/L。白昼和夜晚耗氧率的差异不大。     

合浦绒螯蟹豆蟹耗氧率与窒息点的初步测定

对合浦绒螯蟹两种规格的豆蟹进行了耗氧率和窒息点测定。结果表明，豆蟹耗氧率与窒息点均随机体重增加而降低。平均体重1．25g的豆蟹耗氧率为0．28mg/(g.h),，窒息点为0．24mg/L，平均体重0．70g的豆蟹耗氧率为0．37mg/(g.h)，窒息点为0．33mg/L，合浦绒螯蟹豆蟹的耗氧率呈现出明显的昼夜变化规律。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.