大黄鱼刺激隐核虫病组织中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的检测分析

由刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)感染引发的"白点病"为大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)养殖业带来重大损失,但仍未找到安全、有效的治疗方法。本研究应用免疫组织化学方法,对健康大黄鱼和患刺激隐核虫病大黄鱼肠、脾、头肾与肝组织中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)蛋白进行检测,研究刺激隐核虫病大黄鱼组织中MIF的表达情况及其对预后的影响。结果表明,MIF在健康大黄鱼肠、脾、头肾、肝各组织中均无表达;MIF在刺激隐核虫病大黄鱼各组织中高表达,表达强度从弱到强依次是肠、肝、脾、头肾,MIF表达阳性率分别为54%、80%、86%、90%。推测MIF在大黄鱼刺激隐核虫病发病过程中发挥作用。     

刺激隐核虫病

刺激隐核虫病,俗称海水小瓜虫病或海水白点病,是由刺激隐核虫寄生引起海水硬骨鱼类的一种致死性寄生虫病,以病鱼皮肤、鳃和眼出现大量小白点为特征。为我国二类疫病。一、病原学病原为刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans),属于前口目(Prorodontida)隐核虫科(Cryptocaryonidae)隐核虫属(Cryptocaryon)成员。海水小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius marinus)是同物异名。     

刺激隐核虫病因分析及防控措施探讨

海水鱼刺激隐核虫病,又名"海水小瓜虫病"。由于寄生刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的海水鱼皮肤、鳃和眼出现大量白点为症状,在水产养殖行业俗称"海水鱼白点病"。该病流行的海水鱼种类多,传染速度快、防治难度大,死亡率高,对海水鱼养殖业危害极大。本文借鉴众多学者对刺激隐核虫的研究,从刺激隐核虫的发现、病原、症状、流行、致病原因等方面进行概括,探讨了海水鱼刺激隐核虫病的防治措施。     

刺激隐核虫α-微管蛋白基因的克隆、原核表达及在生活史不同阶段的mRNA表达

从本实验室已有刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)转录组数据中筛选获得α-微管蛋白基因片段,利用5'RACE和3'RACE技术首次克隆获得其cDNA,全长为1602 bp,包含1356 bp的开放阅读框,编码451个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为49.78 kD。生物信息学分析表明α-微管蛋白为亲水性非跨膜蛋白,氨基酸序列的第142～148位有特异且保守的GTP核苷酸结合位点(GGGTGSG)。对刺激隐核虫α-微管蛋白氨基酸序列进行同源性比对及进化树分析,发现其与间日疟原虫(Trypanosoma vivax)、丹氏锥虫(Trypanosoma danilewskyi)、八肋游仆虫(Euplotes octocarinatus)、尾刺耐格里原虫(Naegleria gruberi)、眼虫(Euglena gracilis)等的序列一致性高达94%～95%,且在系统进化树上聚为一支。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对α-微管蛋白基因在刺激隐核虫3个生活史阶段的表达进行检测,结果显示α-微管蛋白基因的表达量在纤毛虫时期显著高于包囊和滋养体时期(P0.05)。我们进一步构建了α-微管蛋白重组表达载体,并转化至大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21(DE3)和Rosetta(DE3)中进行原核表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明,诱导表达的重组蛋白分子量约为50 kD,与预测的结果一致,即成功诱导表达α-微管蛋白。本实验结果为后续制备α-微管蛋白有效亚单位疫苗防治刺激隐核虫病奠定了基础。     

海水观赏鱼的刺激隐核虫病

海水观赏鱼的刺激隐核虫病又称白点病，对水产养殖和海水观赏鱼的养殖危害很大。本文就刺激隐核虫的分类地位及形态特点；生活史；感染的典型症状以及刺激隐核虫病的治疗进行了描述。并对铜离子治疗海洋水观赏鱼白点病及剂量控制；淡水浴或低盐度溶液疗海水观赏鱼白点病；刺激隐核虫不同株的研究和刺激隐核虫的繁殖进行了讨论。同时对引发海水观赏鱼白点病的原因及机理以及水族箱中新进鱼和老鱼同时发生白点病进行了分析。     

6种中草药体外杀灭刺激隐核虫及乌梅预防效果研究

研究了6种中草药水提取物对刺激隐核虫(Crytocaryon irritans)的体外杀灭效果,发现用7.14 mg·m L–1的乌梅(Fructus mume)、槟榔(Areca catechu)、贯众(Dryopteris setosa)和石榴皮(Punica granatum)的水提取物分别处理幼虫5 min,幼虫死亡率达100%,用28.57 mg·m L–1处理包囊4 h,包囊死亡率达84.1%以上。为评估喂服乌梅水提物对珍珠石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♀×E.fuscoguttatus♂)预防刺激隐核虫病的效果,投喂第14天后对石斑鱼的增重、溶菌酶活性、补体旁路途径溶血活性和鱼体滋养体数量及死亡率进行测试和评估。结果显示,药物组石斑鱼的增重和旁路补体溶血活性与对照组没有显著性差异(P0.05),溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),感染刺激隐核虫后滋养体数量均显著低于对照组(P0.05);致死剂量攻毒后,药物组(11.4 g·kg–1、6.84 g·kg–1、3.42 g·kg–1)和对照组鱼的成活率分别为40%、20%、46.67%和0%。结果表明乌梅对预防刺激隐核虫病具有一定的开发前景。     

生姜制剂防治大黄鱼刺激隐核虫病研究

为探索生姜制剂预防和治疗刺激隐核虫病的疗效,采用外用、口服以及外用与口服相结合3种用药方法,对大黄鱼(平均体质量83.0 g)刺激隐核虫病的防治效果进行了研究。外用组采用生姜膏,口服组采用生姜粉,外用+口服组采用生姜膏+生姜粉,对照组不用药。结果表明,这3种用药方式对刺激隐核虫病均有较好的预防和治疗效果,其中外用与口服相结合,生姜膏20 g+生姜粉10 g组的预防效果最好,与对照组相比感染率降低了80%；生姜膏20 g+生姜粉20 g组的治疗效果最好,大黄鱼成活率达83%。     

龙胆石斑刺激隐核虫病防治技术研究

为研究龙胆石斑(Epinephelus lanceolatus)刺激隐核病的防治技术,从病鱼中分离出刺激隐核虫并进行体外培养,利用获得的各生活阶段刺激隐核虫进行了硫酸铜、铜铁合剂、甲醛和自制中草药剂的高、中、低浓度处理试验。结果表明,不同生活阶段的刺激隐核虫对药物的敏感性不同,甲醛对幼虫的杀灭速度最快,而自制中草药剂对包囊的杀灭效果最佳。对龙胆石斑进行了人工感染试验,并用甲醛和中草药剂进行治疗,试验结果,中草药剂在60 mg·L-1浓度下可完全杀灭包囊,且浸泡时间在龙胆石斑的耐受范围之内。     

大黄鱼刺激隐核虫病继发细菌感染致死原因的研究

为明确大黄鱼刺激隐虫病大量死亡的致死原因,从患刺激隐核虫（Cryptocaryon irritans）病的大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）肝脏中分离细菌,病情程度较轻的鱼未分离到细菌,非常严重的鱼分离到细菌;分离的菌株经纯化后鉴定为创伤弧菌（Vibrio vulnificus）,利用纯化后的菌株作回归感染试验,其感染率为100%,死亡率为80%。研究表明患刺激隐核虫病的大黄鱼体内的细菌为继发性感染,是导致大黄鱼大量死亡的致病菌,其感染途径为水→伤口→体内。     

金鲳感染刺激隐核虫(海水小瓜虫)的诊断和防治

<正>一、金鲳感染刺激隐核虫(海水小瓜虫)的症状广东省湛江市某海湾2010年8月发生刺激隐核虫(海水小瓜虫)病,导致海湾养殖的金鲳鱼、石斑鱼、篮子     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.