不同品质类型小麦戊聚糖含量及其与品质的关系

为给小麦品质的遗传改良提供依据,选用不同品质类型的7个小麦推广品种和1个密穗小麦,研究了戊聚糖含量及其与品质的关系.结果发现,中强筋小麦品种具有比弱筋小麦品种更高的戊聚糖含量,且不同筋力的推广品种戊聚糖含量表现出较大差异.弱筋小麦的水溶性戊聚糖含量与延展性、饼干直径呈极显著和显著负相关;非水溶性戊聚糖、总戊聚糖与饼干直径亦呈极显著负相关;与吹泡示功仪参数、RVA参数也具有较为丰富的相关性.本研究进一步证实宁麦9号和扬麦13具有良好的饼干品质.密穗小麦具有较低的戊聚糖含量,同时其饼干直径、厚度、直径/厚度均与弱筋小麦品种相近,可能是一个优良的弱筋、低戊聚糖含量的饼干小麦资源.     

扬麦系列小麦品种的饼干品质分析

为了解扬麦系列小麦品种的饼干加工品质,明确弱筋小麦育种程序中简单实用的品质评价指标,以26个扬麦系列小麦品种为试验材料,测定其籽粒和面粉的理化品质及其曲奇和酥性饼干的品质,并进行理化品质与饼干品质的相关性分析。结果表明,26个扬麦小麦品种曲奇饼干的直径为15.03～18.50 cm,厚度为15.99～23.10 mm、直/厚比为0.66～1.14;酥性饼干的硬度为522.66～1520.00 g,脆性为36.30～38.82 mm,感官评分为81.81～84.29分。根据饼干品质评价,26个扬麦小麦品种可被分为三类:第一类为扬麦10号、扬麦158等6个中强筋品种,曲奇饼干直径小、厚度大、直/厚比小,酥性饼干的硬度大、感官评分相对稍低;第二类为扬麦9号、扬麦13等14个弱筋品种,曲奇饼干直径大、厚度小、直/厚比大,酥性饼干硬度小,感官评分高;第三类为扬麦4号、扬麦6号等6个品种,曲奇和酥性饼干品质介于上述两类之间。相关性分析表明,碳酸钠溶剂保持力(solvent retention capacity, SRC)、水SRC、乳酸SRC、蔗糖SRC、吸水率、籽粒硬度、SDS沉淀值与曲奇饼干的直径、直/厚比和酥性饼干感官评分呈极显著负相关,而与曲奇饼干的厚度、酥性饼干的硬度和脆性呈极显著正相关。综合曲奇和酥性饼干品质,26个扬麦系列多数小麦品种的饼干品质较好,以扬麦9号、扬麦13、扬麦15、扬麦20、扬麦24表现最为突出;扬麦158、扬麦10号、扬麦16、扬麦17、扬麦23、扬麦28的饼干品质相对稍差;籽粒硬度、粉质仪吸水率、SDS沉淀值、碳酸钠SRC、乳酸SRC、水SRC和蔗糖SRC是评价弱筋小麦的关键指标。     

59份江苏小麦品种（系）的抗赤霉病评价与农艺性状分析

赤霉病是小麦的重要病害,严重影响小麦产量和品质。为发掘赤霉病的抗性种质资源和抗性基因,本研究分别以苏麦3号、扬麦158、扬麦15和安农8455为高抗、中抗、中感和高感赤霉病对照品种,于2016-2017和2017-2018连续2年对来自江苏的59份小麦品种（系）采用单花滴注接种法进行田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与 Fhb1 、 Fhb2 、 Fhb4 、 Fhb5 和 QFhs.crc-2DL 连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行检测,并对赤霉病表现为稳定中抗及以上水平品种（系）的千粒重、株高、穗粒数等农艺性状进行调查。结果表明,59份供试小麦品种（系）中,19份在两个年度均表现为中抗。分子标记检测发现,9份小麦品种（系）仅携带 Fhb1 ,平均病小穗率为22.21%;10份小麦品种（系）仅携带 QFhs.crc-2DL ,平均病小穗率为27.82%;携带 Fhb2 、 Fhb4 和 Fhb5 基因的品种（系）较少。镇麦12号、宁麦1529、宁麦27、镇麦13322、宁麦17110、镇麦13、宁麦17108和宁麦17396的赤霉病抗性和综合农艺性状均较好,可以作为小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良的种质资源。     

弱筋小麦品质指标的相关性分析及筛选

为完善弱筋小麦的品质评价体系、筛选出有代表性的品质指标、明确弱筋小麦的优质栽培技术,本研究以弱筋小麦宁麦13为试验材料,设置不同栽培密度和氮肥运筹组合,通过主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析等方法对17个品质指标进行了分析。结果表明,稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量指数的变异系数较大,遗传性状不稳定。溶剂保持力(solvent retention capacityprofile,SRC)与品质指标间相关性显著,其中,水SRC值与饼干直径呈显著负相关,碳酸钠SRC值与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,蔗糖SRC值与出粉率和硬度呈极显著正相关。通过主成分分析,提取了6个特征值大于1的主成分,代表了85.47%的品质信息,水SRC值、蔗糖SRC值、出粉率、稳定时间、硬度、弱化度、粉质质量指数、饼干厚度和饼干延展系数可以作为弱筋小麦品质评价的重要指标。对主成分分析筛选的重要指标进行聚类分析,在距离15处将被测指标分为3类,品质性状较优的处理主要在第一类;筛选出指标符合国标弱筋小麦品质的处理,适期播种条件下,密度225万·hm~(-2)或300万·hm~(-2)、施氮量240 kg·hm~(-2)、氮肥运筹7∶1∶2∶0为本试验条件下宁麦13适宜栽培组合。     

栽培措施对软红冬小麦加工品质的效应

为了解长江中下游麦区大田栽培措施对软红冬小麦品质的影响,以宁麦9号和宁麦14为试材,于2010-2012年度研究了播期、密度和氮肥管理对小麦蛋白质含量、吹泡仪参数和糖酥饼干直径的效应。结果表明,气象条件对小麦品质性状影响较大;播期、密度和氮肥管理在不同年度对宁麦9号和宁麦14品质性状的影响不同,播期、密度和氮肥管理间的互作效应较小。2010-2011年度,播期、密度和氮肥管理等栽培措施对两个小麦品种的多数品质性状的效应不显著,仅晚播处理显著提高了宁麦9号的蛋白质含量,降低了宁麦9号和宁麦14的面团延展性。2011-2012年度,高密度和氮肥后移处理未显著影响宁麦9号的饼干直径,但显著提高了面团弹性;晚播、高密度和氮肥后移处理显著提高了宁麦14的面团弹性,降低了其饼干直径。长江中下游麦区现有的常规栽培措施不利于优质弱筋小麦的生产,应加强大面积推广品种的调优栽培技术研究。     

分子标记结合表型鉴定选育兼抗赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38

长江中下游麦区是中国弱筋小麦优势产业带,小麦赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病是该麦区主要病害,当前弱筋小麦主导品种综合抗性较弱,影响其生产安全。为培育多抗优质弱筋小麦品种,以高产中筋小麦品种扬麦16为轮回亲本,以兼抗白粉病、条锈病的软质小麦92R137为供体亲本,构建了BC₁群体,利用分子标记在BC₁F₂代基础农艺性状较优良的株行中筛选抗白粉病基因 Pm21、抗条锈病基因 Yr26和软质麦相关基因 Pinb-D1a均纯合的单株,并鉴定BC₁F₆代对赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病的抗性,同时检测籽粒硬度、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等重要品质指标以及小区产量,最终育成高抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病和高抗条锈病的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

97份安徽省种植小麦品种HMW-GS组成及品质分析

为探究安徽小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成及品质性状,对97份安徽省主要种植的小麦品种进行了HMW-GS组成及品质性状分析。结果表明,供试材料中共检测出10种HMW-GS亚基类型和19种亚基组合,在 Glu-A1位点检测出3种亚基类型,以1亚基（57.73%）和Null亚基 （40.21%）为主;在 Glu-B1位点共检测出3种亚基类型,以7+8亚基（52.58%）为主;在 Glu-D1位点共鉴定出4种亚基类型,优质亚基5+10占比最大,为45.36%;供试品种亚基组合品质得分在4~10分之间,10分的亚基组合1/7+8/5+10和1/17+18/5+10共19份材料（19.59%）,8分以下的共44份材料（45.36%）。对供试材料HMW-GS与品质性状进行相关分析发现, Glu-1的三个位点与硬度指数、溶剂保持力和吸水率相关达显著或极显著水平,对溶剂保持力影响表现为 Glu-A1> Glu-B1> Glu-D1;不同亚基组合对品质性状的影响存在差异,亚基组合为1/17+18/5+10的品种具有最高的硬度指数、4种溶剂保持力、吸水率、稳定时间和粉质质量指数,具有最低的L^*和W,该类品种有烟农19、泰农19、山农17和糯小麦1012;亚基组合为Null/7+9/4+12的品种具有最低的硬度指数、4种溶剂保持力、吸水率、稳定时间和粉质质量指数,具有最高的弱化度、L^*和W,该类品种有荃麦725、皖麦52和未来0818。     

小麦-黑麦抗条锈病1BL/ 1RS易位系8-2-1的鉴定

利用农艺性状优良的普通小麦品系W770B(2n=6x=42,AABBDD)与墨西哥黑麦(Secale cereale L. 2n=2x=14,RR)杂交,秋水仙素处理染色体加倍,再经过多次与W770B回交,筛选出若干性状优良的衍生系。在大田用抖粉法人工接种条锈病混合菌种(CYR31,CYR32)对衍生系进行多次鉴定,筛选出对条锈病混合菌种(CYR31,CYR32)高抗的衍生系8-2-1。为了明确小麦新种质8-2-1的遗传基础,为该种质的应用提供参考,采用细胞学、原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)、分子标记(SCAR,SSR)、SDS-PAGE、近红外谷物分析仪和农艺性状调查对其进行鉴定分析。细胞学鉴定结果表明,8-2-1具有42条染色体(2n=42=21II);以黑麦DNA为探针的原位杂交(GISH)鉴定结果表明,8-2-1具有黑麦染色体信号;黑麦特异SCAR标记和1RS上的SCAR标记能够同时在黑麦和8-2-1中扩增出特异条带;小麦各个基因组SSR分子标记鉴定结果表明,只有小麦1BS上的SSR标记不能在8-2-1中扩增出目的条带,表明8-2-1为小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位系。SDS-PAGE 结果表明,8-2-1亚基组成为Null、7+8、2+12,与W770B(Null,7+16,2+12)在Glu-B1位点编码的HMW-GS存在差异。8-2-1粗蛋白含量（干基）、面筋含量（湿基）达到中筋小麦标准;Zeleny沉降值符合弱筋小麦标准。农艺性状调查发现,8-2-1具有早熟、大穗、大粒等优点。因此,8-2-1可为培育高产、抗病和优质小麦新品种提供重要的中间材料。     

施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质形成的影响

为明确施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒产量与品质形成的影响，以弱筋小麦品种扬麦13和宁麦13为材料，设置不同施氮量（纯氮0、105、210和315 kg·hm^-2）处理，分析了施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、淀粉粒度分布与黏度参数的影响。结果表明，两个弱筋小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量均随施氮量增加而增加；与醇溶蛋白相比，氮肥对谷蛋白含量的影响较大。当施氮量为105 kg·hm^-2时，小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别为10.59%（扬麦13）、11.37%（宁麦13），达到弱筋小麦标准要求；施氮量为210 kg·hm^-2时，两个小麦品种的蛋白质含量均超过12.5%。增施氮肥能有效提高弱筋小麦籽粒灌浆中后期谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性。在施氮0~210 kg·hm^-2时，增施氮肥可提高B型（<10 μm）淀粉粒体积、表面积百分比，降低A型（>10 μm）淀粉粒体积、表面积百分比。施氮量对弱筋小麦B型、A型淀粉粒数目百分比无显著影响。淀粉峰值黏度、最终黏度在施氮0~210 kg·hm^-2范围内均随施氮量增加而增高。本试验条件下，要保证弱筋小麦籽粒品质和相对较高的产量，更为适宜的施氮量应在105~210 kg·hm^-2之间。     

新疆冬小麦磨粉品质与面粉及新疆拉面品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良提供理论依据,选用30个新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉（团）品质性状及新疆拉面加工品质的关系。结果表明,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质性状间关系密切,各性状之间相互联系、相互作用;磨粉品质对面粉（团）的主要品质性状具有显著影响,并通过影响面粉（团）品质性状进而影响新疆拉面加工品质,如出粉率、灰分、破损淀粉率通过对面团吸水率、形成时间、延展性、反弹值等品质性状的显著影响进而对新疆拉面表观、适口性、光滑性等产生间接影响。其中,出粉率与拉面的色泽、适口性、光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.396,0.466,0.475）,灰分与适口性、食味呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.364,-0.524）,破损淀粉率与适口性呈极显著正相关（r=0.485）,a^*值与食味呈显著负相关（r=-0.565）,而b^*值与食味呈显著正相关（r=0.402）。因此,冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良中应重视磨粉品质的改良,要注重提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉率,同时还应改良面粉色泽。对16个适合加工优质新疆拉面的冬小麦品种的磨粉品质性状研究后认为优质新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为：出粉率≥66.04%,灰分(14%MB)≤0.62%,破损淀粉率≤3.69%,面粉颗粒度≤104.28%,L^*≥90.78,a^*≥-0.81,b^*≤8.54。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.