安乡县发展生态农业的实践

安乡县通过推广测土配方施肥技术、农作物病虫害专业化统防统治技术和农作物秸秆还田技术，实施水循环工程，倡导水产标准化健康养殖，禁止大水面投肥养鱼，开展“四禁一压”与种质资源保护，加强畜禽养殖污染治理、森林城镇建设和湿地保护，较好地发展了生态农业。     

2005～2014年苏州市农业面源污染源强变化特征

利用清单分析的方法,对2005～2014年苏州市农业面源污染排放量进行了计算,分析该地区农业面源污染源强的时间变化特征.研究结果表明,2014年苏州市农业面源污染化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的排放总量分别为131 843.8 t、6 150.2 t、20 848.5 t和2 922.8 t,属于畜禽养殖型和农村生活双重污染区.而近十年苏州市农业面源污染总体呈现逐年下降趋势,较2005年分别降低38.40％、21.80％、17.13％和25.26％.同时,选用等标污染负荷法分析了苏州市的农业面源污染风险,按照污染物等标排放量TN＞TP＞COD,而按照行业等标排放量畜禽养殖＞农村生活＞种植业＞水产养殖.近十年苏州市农业面源污染等标污染排放量从554.1亿m3降至420.6亿m3,降低24.09％,污染风险降低.随着工业经济的逐年提升,苏州市农业面源污染排放量逐渐下降,但农业面源污染风险依旧存在,TN污染风险最高,且污染来源复杂,应加强各行业的协同减控.     

福建主推三种生态农业发展模式

记者日前从福建省农业厅获悉,福建省将把控制农业面源污染作为发展生态农业重要措施,主推节约型农业生产、畜禽生态养殖和能源生态三种模式。福建省农业厅相关负责人告诉记者,2013年,全省要新建农村户用、养殖小区、联户集中供气沼气3万户,新建大中型沼气工程20处,新建畜禽养殖污染治理示范点100个,新建"猪—沼—果(稻、菜、茶)"能源生态模式示范点1万处,新建农产品产地土壤重金属污染治理修复试点3个。     

常德农业生态环境保护问题刍议

近些年，常德市农业生态环境得到有效保护和改善的同时，也存在农业自然资源严重短缺与资源严重浪费，耕地资源数量不足、质量下降，水资源不足和区域分布不均，生物资源减少与多样性丧失严重，农业面源污染不断加剧等问题，其主要原因是工业“三废”，农业投入品及其包装废弃物，畜禽粪便、生活垃圾和污水的破坏，农作物秸秆以及外来入侵物种的破坏。因此，应开展宣传，提高环境保护认识；搞好监测，掌握环境变化趋势；依法管理，源头控制农业污染；采取措施，防治农业面源、工业“三废”、城市生活垃圾污染以及外来入侵物种破坏农业生态环境。     

生物炭对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥的影响研究进展

随着畜禽养殖业规模的快速稳定发展,集约化、规模化畜禽养殖模式逐渐扩大,养殖过程中产生的畜禽粪便也随之增加,对环境造成的污染越来越严重。畜禽粪便直接还田会对农田土壤理化性质产生不良影响,堆肥可以使畜禽粪便中的污染物含量减低。传统的堆肥方法容易造成粪便营养成分的流失,在堆肥过程中添加生物炭可以调节并控制堆肥过程中重金属、温室气体等的排放,不仅可以减少对环境的污染,在堆肥施用后也可以有效活化土壤养分,改善土壤的理化性质。本文综述秸秆生物炭对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中堆体理化性质、气体排放、重金属钝化以及堆肥施用后对土壤性状的影响研究进展,对未来生物炭在畜禽粪便堆肥领域的发展趋势进行展望。     

慈利县农村环境污染现状及治理对策

农业投入品、生活垃圾、畜禽粪便和工业"三废"等成了当前慈利县农村的主要污染源。通过分析当前全县农村环境污染现状,治理污染所面临的困难,并在财政投入、制度建设、清洁生产技术推广、舆论宣传、基础设施建设等方面提出了切实可行的治理方案。     

双向订单模式下水稻秸秆饲料化及基料化利用新模式的探索与实践

上海市水稻种植面积约为9.34万hm²,水稻秸秆绝大部分直接还田。为解决大量秸秆还田导致的土地自然发酵能力不足问题,上海桑磊蔬果种植专业合作社探索了水稻秸秆综合利用新途径,建立了以水稻打捆机为核心的水稻秸秆饲料化和基料化技术体系,形成以畜禽养殖场/菌类种植基地—合作社—水稻种植农户的双向订单模式的完整产业链。日平均处理秸秆250 t,年平均与上海各相关牧场签订销售订单6 000 t,平均每年可解决667 hm²水稻秸秆的饲料化和基料化利用。该模式是一个可复制、可推广的水稻秸秆高效利用模式,既保护上海大城市郊区环境,合作社也有客观的经济收益,实现了生态效益和经济效益统一。详细介绍了双向订单模式下水稻秸秆饲料化及基料化利用新模式的系统过程及取得的成效。     

吉林省玉米秸秆资源化利用的问题与对策研究

从玉米秸秆资源总量、分布情况以及秸秆利用情况3个方面分析吉林省玉米秸秆资源的基本情况。当前吉林省在玉米秸秆利用方面存在综合利用附加值低、产业化程度不高、秸秆收集贮运体系尚未建立、农户处理秸秆成本过高及秸秆资源化利用利益机制不完善、长效机制有待健全等问题。针对吉林省玉米秸秆资源化利用中存在的问题,提出多元利用秸秆资源、推进秸秆还田、发展秸秆养畜等建议。     

我国农作物秸秆综合利用现状及其技术进展

我国秸秆资源丰富，但胡乱丢弃、吞控焚烧、直接还田和加工粗饲料等传统的处理方式存在着“三低一重”的缺点，即秸秆利用率低、转化率低、经济效益低、环境污染严重。介绍了秸秆综合利用技术的最新进展，包括腐熟还田技术、饲料转化技术、能源化技术及秸秆在工业上的各种应用。认为农作物秸秆的综合利用是保护生态环境、节约可再生资源的需要，也是缓解农村饲料、肥料、燃料和工业原料的紧张状况、促进农业可持续发展的要求。     

黑龙江省水稻秸秆还田现状及展望

黑龙江省是农业大省,也是秸秆产出大省.目前,黑龙江省秸秆综合利用以还田为主,燃料化、饲料化为辅.但由于当地平均气温低、还田技术粗糙等因素导致水稻秸秆处理难、利用率不高.本文总结了黑龙江省秸秆资源化利用的几种方式,综述了不同秸秆还田方式对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响,并对水稻秸秆还田利用进行了展望.     

香蕉园化肥施用现状、面源污染风险及其养分综合管理措施

肥料在农业生产中具有重要作用,但过量施用化肥不仅影响作物产量,而且会造成一定环境污染。本文分析世界主要生产国香蕉生产、施肥现状和存在问题,对香蕉园过量施肥带来的面源污染进行总结,并提出减少环境风险的蕉园养分综合管理技术,包括施肥原则、酸性土壤改良、测土配方平衡施肥、新型肥料与灌溉施肥技术,为我国香蕉园科学施肥和面源污染防控提供参考。     

黑龙江省玉米秸秆综合利用问题与对策研究

玉米秸秆含有丰富的营养和可利用的化学成分,可用作畜牧业饲料的原料,也可直接用于还田,起到恢复地力的作用。黑龙江省许多地区将玉米秸秆进行焚烧,不仅浪费资源,同时秸秆焚烧造成严重的大气污染。通过对黑龙江省玉米秸秆综合利用现状的分析,系统论述玉米秸秆在直接还田和离田利用中存在的问题,提出强化政府工作职能,科学规划还田比例,切实可行的保护政策,加大科研攻关及宣传力度等对策建议。     

秸秆还田对水稻生长发育和稻田温室气体排放的影响

秸秆是一种传统的能源物质,营养丰富,秸秆还田可培肥地力,增加作物产量。本文综述了秸秆及其制成的有机物料还田对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响及其生物学机制、秸秆还田对培肥土壤的作用和稻田温室气体排放的影响,讨论了秸秆还田存在的问题和今后研究的重点。     

Effect of supplementation of rice straw with biogas residual slurry manure on the yield, protein and mineral contents of oyster mushroom

Popularity of oyster mushroom is increasing for its ease of cultivation, high yield potential as well as its high nutritional value. Laboratory experimentation followed by farm trial with a typical oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor caju revealed that the yield potential of these mushrooms can be increased significantly when grown on a lignocellulosic crop residue—rice straw supplemented with biogas residual slurry manure in 1:1 ratio as substrate. Residual slurry manures obtained from biogas plants utilising either cattle dung, poultry litter, jute caddis or municipal solid waste as substrates for biogas production were all effective in increasing the yield of Pleurotus sajor caju significantly although to different extents. Disinfection of straw and manure by means of 0.1% KMnO₄ plus 2% formalin solution in hot water caused 42.6% increase in yield of Pleurotus sajor caju over control, i.e., when disinfection done with hot water. In addition to increased yield, the above treatments caused significant increase in protein content, reduction in carbohydrate and increase in essential mineral nutrients in mushroom sporophores. Thus, it is concluded from the study that supplementation of rice straw with biogas residual slurry manure has strong impact in improving the yield potential, protein and mineral nutrient contents of Pleurotus sajor caju mushroom in Indian subcontinent or similar climatic conditions.     

The Chemistry and Agronomic Effectiveness of Phosphate Fertilizers

Summary

Plants take up P from soil solution, so water-soluble P fertilizers are generally more effective than poorly soluble forms. The original sources of P used for agriculture were poorly soluble materials, including manures, bones, guano and phosphate rock. In contrast, highly soluble monocalcium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate are the major compounds present in modern, manufactured solid fertilizers containing water-soluble P. This paper describes how the water-soluble P fertilizers are made, the dissolution of P in the granules of the fertilizers, the reactions of the fertilizer solution with the soil as P moves out of the granule into the soil, the agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizer in the year of application, and in the years after application (residual value).     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

甘蔗渣与不同材料混合堆制后作为盆栽基质对散尾葵生长的影响

将添加鸡粪、牛粪、稻草秆、羊粪分别堆制的甘蔗渣和无添加材料直接堆制的甘蔗渣,分别与园土按1 ∶ 1的体积比混合,将其作为基质开展盆栽试验,以木薯皮 ∶ 园土 ∶ 火炭灰=2 ∶ 1 ∶ 1（V ∶ V ∶ V）的基质为对照,考察了不同材料堆制的甘蔗渣对散尾葵生长的影响。结果表明：以牛粪堆制的甘蔗渣混合基质中的散尾葵生长最好,其株高、冠幅、茎粗、小叶长、地上部分干、鲜重等分别比其他处理平均高出了22.09％、16.84％、14.28％、13.64％、59.34％、59.06％,其综合评价得分最高。在使用甘蔗渣作为散尾葵盆栽基质时,可优先考虑添加牛粪对其进行堆沤腐熟处理。