实地氮肥管理下的水稻生长发育和养分吸收特性

 以代表性水稻品种为材料，研究了实地氮肥管理模式下水稻的生长发育和养分吸收规律。与农民习惯施肥方法相比，实地氮肥管理在产量不降低甚至有所提高的前提下可以较大幅度地降低施氮量。实地氮肥管理水稻有效穗数有所下降，但其分蘖成穗率明显提高。穗分化前实地氮肥管理水稻叶面积指数和根质量低于农民习惯施肥法，抽穗后结果则相反。实地氮肥管理提高了抽穗期水稻的有效叶面积和高效叶面积的比率、抽穗至成熟的干物质积累、抽穗后根冠比和剑叶的光合速率以及齐穗期群体透光率。实地氮肥管理水稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收高峰均出现在穗分化至抽穗期，此阶段氮、磷、钾的吸收量约占最终总吸收量的45.6%~46.2%、39.6%~43.6％和44.2%～45.2％，均明显高于农民习惯施肥方法。对实地氮肥管理产量提高原因及养分吸收规律进行了讨论。     

不同施氮量对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响

为探讨免耕移栽稻的氮肥管理措施和比较不同耕作方式下移栽稻的生长规律,研究了不同施氮量处理对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响.结果表明,无论翻耕或免耕,增施氮肥可以促进分蘖的发生和叶面积的扩展;在水稻各生育时期,随着氮肥用量的增加,干物质的积累量有增加的趋势,每穗粒数和收获指数逐渐减少;水稻总吸氮量和实际产量逐渐增加,而氮肥吸收利用率、生理利用率和农学利用率及偏生产能力逐渐减小.翻耕移栽稻的分蘖能力、有效穗数和吸氮量显著高于免耕移栽稻,但翻耕和免耕对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响差异不显著,免耕移栽稻的氮肥生理利用率显著高于翻耕移栽稻.     

直播早稻优化氮肥施用研究

在浙江省金华市对直播早稻优化氮肥施用进行了田间试验研究。试验结果表明,同农民常规的施肥实践相比较,精细养分管理的施肥技术能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可以显著提高氮肥的利用效率和水稻产量。在施氮量达到100 kg/hm2 时,表观肥料回收率达到0.36,氮肥农业效率达到15.24,同时可获得6 t/hm2的产量。     

Changes in Grain Yield of Rice and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields after Application of Organic Fertilizers Made from Maize Straw

A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, to study the effects of organic fertilizers made from maize straw on rice grain yield and the emission of greenhouse gases. Four organic fertilizer treatments were as follows： maize straw （MS）, compost made from maize straw （MC）, methane-generating maize residue （MR）, and black carbon made from maize straw （BC）. These organic fertilizers were applied separately to paddy fields before rice transplanting. No organic fertilizer was applied to the control （CK）. The effects of each organic fertilizer on rice grain yield and emission of greenhouse gases were investigated under two conditions, namely, no nitrogen （N） application （ON） and site-specific N management （SSNM）. Rice grain yields were significantly higher in the MS, MC and MR treatments than those in CK under either ON or SSNM. The MS treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency. However, no significant difference was observed for these parameters between the BC treatment and CK. The changes in the emissions of methane （CH4） carbon dioxide （CO2）, or nitrous oxide （N20） from the fields were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments during the entire rice growing season. The application of each organic fertilizer significantly increased the emission of each greenhouse gas （except N20 emission in the BC treatment） and global warming potential （GWP）. Emissions of all the greenhouse gases and GWP increased under the same organic fertilizer treatment in the presence of N fertilizer, whereas GWP per unit grain yield decreased. The results indicate that the application of organic fertilizer （MS, MC or MR） could increase grain yield, but also could enhance the emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy fields. High grain yield and environmental efficiency could be achieved by applying SSNM with MR.     

玉米秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量与米质的影响

 以中熟粳稻扬粳4038为材料,在大田试验条件下研究了玉米秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。三年（2009—2011）试验结果表明: 1）玉米秸秆还田能提高稻田土壤全氮和有机质含量; 2）在不施氮条件下,玉米秸秆还田处理较对照产量提高了18.9%~32.0%; 3）在实地氮肥管理模式下,玉米秸秆还田处理较对照施氮量下降了7.4%~16.7%,但产量提高了0.5%~11.0%,氮肥偏生产力提高了18.0%~31.7%; 4）在不施氮或实地氮肥管理条件下,玉米秸秆还田均较对照显著提高了整精米率、最高黏度和崩解值,降低了垩白粒率、垩白度、最终黏度和消减值;玉米秸秆还田对水稻的出糙率、精米率、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度无显著影响。在不施氮条件下,与对照相比,玉米秸秆还田提高了籽粒中蛋白质含量。上述结果表明,玉米秸秆还田有利于培肥土壤,采用实地氮肥管理将有助于进一步降低水稻施氮量,提高产量和改善米质。     

实地氮肥管理对不同氮响应粳稻品种产量和品质的影响

【目的】本研究旨在阐明实地氮肥管理对不同氮响应粳稻品种产量、氮肥利用效率和稻米品质的影响。【方法】以4个粳稻品种(淮稻5号、连粳7号、宁粳1号和扬粳4308)为材料,设置了氮空白、农民常规施肥和实地氮肥管理3个氮肥处理,观察了不同氮肥处理下产量构成、氮肥利用效率和稻米品质的变化特征。【结果】与农民常规施肥相比,实地氮肥管理显著提高了水稻的产量和氮肥利用效率。实地氮肥管理显著提高了水稻的整精米率、胶稠度、热浆黏度和崩解值,显著增加了稻米中清蛋白和谷蛋白的含量,显著降低了垩白度、直链淀粉含量和糊化温度。依据不同品种在较低施氮量下产量和氮肥利用效率的响应,将供试品种分为A型(淮稻5号和连粳7号)和B型(宁粳1号和扬粳4038)。与氮响应B型品种相比,氮响应A型品种的整精米率、清蛋白和谷蛋白含量、崩解值较高,垩白度、直链淀粉含量、消减值较低。【结论】实地氮肥管理可以提高不同粳稻品种的产量和氮肥利用效率,对氮响应A型品种的效果更为明显,其米质对氮肥的响应更为敏感。     

免耕套种与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响

在稻麦两熟条件下,研究了麦田免耕套种水稻与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响。与移栽稻相比,免耕套种水稻株高较低,单茎叶面积略小,生物量低,但生育后期干物质累积量增加迅速。第1年免耕套种秸秆还田的产量最高,翻耕移栽秸秆还田的产量略高于移栽秸秆不还田的产量,但随着连续免耕时间的延长,第2年免耕套种的产量降低。在单位面积穗数相差不大的情况下,免耕套种水稻每穗实粒数较少,千粒重较高,套种水稻可获得较高产量。水稻免耕套种可明显改善稻米的加工品质和外观品质,提高出糙率、精米率和整精米率,降低垩白率和垩白度。翻耕移栽秸秆还田也能提高整精米率,降低垩白率和垩白度。水稻免耕套种和秸秆还田可提高稻米蛋白质含量,降低直链淀粉含量,使胶稠度变软,稻米品质变优;而水稻移栽秸秆还田条件下蛋白质含量提高,直链淀粉含量略增,胶稠度变硬,食味品质有变劣的趋势。     

控释尿素减施对双季稻田氨挥发损失和氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】研究连续控释尿素减施对双季稻籽粒产量、N肥利用率和NH₃挥发损失的影响,以期为水稻稳产条件下减少双季稻田氮素损失提供理论依据和技术方法。【方法】以中早39（早稻）和泰优390（晚稻）为材料,设置不同控释尿素N用量的等N量控释尿素(CRU₁)、控释尿素减N 10%(CRU₂)、控释尿素减N 20%(CRU₃)、控释尿素减N 30%(CRU₄)以及尿素(U)和不施肥对照(CK)的6个处理,采用密闭室间歇通气法监测双季稻田NH₃挥发特征,同时测定水稻产量和N含量。【结果】普通尿素(U)处理和控释尿素(CRU)处理施基肥和分蘖肥后早稻NH₃挥发发生在施肥后的8~9 d内,峰值分别于第1~2天和第2~4天出现;晚稻NH₃挥发发生在施肥后的6~7 d内,峰值分别于第2~3 天和第3~4 天出现。早、晚稻生长季U处理总计NH₃挥发损失量(率)最高,分别为47.2 kg/hm² (26.4%)和61.9 kg/hm²(28.7%),产量分别为5.5 t/hm²和6.2 t/hm²,N肥利用率分别为23.0%和20.0%;早、晚稻生长季CRU处理总计NH₃挥发损失量(率)分别为22.8~32.3 kg/hm²(14.6%~16.5%)和30.4~42.1 kg/hm²(15.9%~17.6%),产量分别为5.8~6.3 t/hm²和6.6~7.5 t/hm²,N肥利用率分别为34.3%~40.5%和33.8%~39.2%;其中,CRU₂处理在早、晚稻生长季总计NH₃挥发损失量较U处理降低40.9%、38.3%,产量增加14.9%、20.9%,N肥利用率提高75.6%、96.0%。早、晚稻生长季及双季稻整个生长季CRU处理总计NH₃挥发损失量及籽粒产量与施N量呈显著线性关系。【结论】施用控释尿素显著减少双季稻田NH₃挥发损失,增加籽粒产量,提高N肥利用率,以减N 10%处理效果最明显。     

Site-specific nutrient management for intensive rice cropping systems in Asia

Irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield increases in Asia have slowed down in recent years. Further, yield increases are likely to occur in smaller increments through fine-tuning of crop management. On-farm experiments at 179 sites in eight key irrigated rice domains of Asia were conducted from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate a new approach for site-specific nutrient management (SSNM). Large variation in initial soil fertility characteristics and indigenous supply of N, P, and K was observed among the eight intensive rice domains as well as among farms within each domain. Field- and season-specific NPK applications were calculated by accounting for the indigenous nutrient supply, yield targets, and nutrient demand as a function of the interactions between N, P, and K. Nitrogen applications were fine-tuned based on season-specific rules and field-specific monitoring of crop N status. The performance of SSNM was tested for four successive rice crops. Average grain yield in the SSNM increased by 0.36 Mg ha⁻¹ (7%) compared to the current farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) measured in the same cropping seasons or 0.54 Mg ha⁻¹ (11%) compared to the baseline FFP yield before intervention. Average nutrient uptake under SSNM increased by about 10% in the same seasons or by 13% (N) and 21% (P, K) compared to the baseline data. Yield increases were associated with a 4% decrease in the average N rate, but larger amounts of fertilizer-K at sites where the previous K use was low. Average N use efficiencies increased by 30–40%, mainly through the use of improved in-season N management schemes. Across all sites and four successive rice crops, profitability increased by US$ 46 ha⁻¹ per crop or 12% of the total average net return. The performance of SSNM did not differ significantly between high-yielding and low-yielding climatic seasons, but improved over time with larger benefits observed in the second year. Average profitability increased from US$ 32 ha⁻¹ pre crop in the first year to US$ 61 ha⁻¹ pre crop in the second year due to improvements in the SSNM approach and re-capitalization of P and K applied in the first year. SSNM required little extra credit for financing, and remained profitable even if rice prices are somewhat lower than current levels. Further, scope for improvement exists at many sites by alleviating other crop management constraints to nutrient use efficiency. Profit increases ranged from US$ 4 to 82 ha⁻¹ per crop among eight rice domains. However, profit decreases occurred in about 25% of all cases, indicating that a certain minimum level of crop care is required for SSNM to be profitable. Yields at sites with labor-saving direct-seeding of larger fields were about 1 Mg ha⁻¹ lower than those achieved at sites with labor-intensive transplanting and good management, raising concern about future trends in rice production. SSNM has potential for improving yields and nutrient efficiency in irrigated rice to close existing yield gaps. The major challenge for SSNM will be to retain the success of the approach while reducing the complexity of the technology as it is disseminated to farmers. The nature of the approach will need to be tailored to specific circumstances in different countries. In some areas, SSNM may be field or farm specific, but in many areas it is likely to be just region and season-specific.     

适雨灌溉下氮肥运筹对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响

【目的】为合理利用水稻生长期间的降雨，改善江汉平原地区稻田氮肥管理。【方法】采用田间小区试验，研究了常规淹灌(FI)和适雨灌溉(RAI)条件下，农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释掺混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对降雨利用率、水稻产量、光合特性、干物质积累及氮吸收利用的影响。【结果】1)RAI能在节省水资源同时提升稻田对雨水的储蓄和利用能力，与FI相比可减少田间灌溉水量41.7%，各生育阶段水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)、干物质积累、氮素吸收以及产量均有不同程度的增加；2)两种水管理方式下，与FFP处理相比，OPT-N处理水稻在分蘖期的Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、干物质积累和氮素吸收显著降低，但在孕穗期-灌浆期有所增加，对最终产量形成影响不大；RAI结合30%N+70%CRF处理有利于水稻生育前期Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr的增加，提升生育中后期干物质积累量，氮素吸收量在分蘖期显著高于OPT-N和FFP，在齐穗期和成熟期显著高于FFP，有效穗数、穗长、千粒质量和结实率在各处理间表现最高，实际产量相较常规水肥管理可增产10.4%。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下，OPT-N不会显著影响水稻的生长及产量，30%N+70%CRF有助于水稻光合作用、氮素吸收及产量的增加。     

适雨灌溉下氮肥运筹对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响

【目的】为合理利用水稻生长期间的降雨,改善江汉平原地区稻田氮肥管理。【方法】采用田间小区试验,研究了常规淹灌(FI)和适雨灌溉(RAI)条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释掺混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对降雨利用率、水稻产量、光合特性、干物质积累及氮吸收利用的影响。【结果】1)RAI能在节省水资源同时提升稻田对雨水的储蓄和利用能力,与FI相比可减少田间灌溉水量41.7%,各生育阶段水稻叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)、干物质积累、氮素吸收以及产量均有不同程度的增加;2)两种水管理方式下,与FFP处理相比,OPT-N处理水稻在分蘖期的P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r、干物质积累和氮素吸收显著降低,但在孕穗期-灌浆期有所增加,对最终产量形成影响不大;RAI结合30%N+70%CRF处理有利于水稻生育前期P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r的增加,提升生育中后期干物质积累量,氮素吸收量在分蘖期显著高于OPT-N和FFP,在齐穗期和成熟期显著高于FFP,有效穗数、穗长、千粒质量和结实率在各处理间表现最高,实际产量相较常规水肥管理可增产10.4%。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下,OPT-N不会显著影响水稻的生长及产量,30%N+70%CRF有助于水稻光合作用、氮素吸收及产量的增加。     

Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits,Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting (MPST) rice, the seedlings of two rice cultivars, i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm² and straw return at 6 t/hm² in early seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment comprised of following treatments: CK (no fertilizer and no straw return), MDS (deep N fertilization and straw return), MBS (broadcasting fertilizer and straw return), MD (deep N fertilization without straw return), MB (broadcasting fertilizer without straw return). Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%?72.22% due to total above-ground biomass, leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%?55.80%, 38.52%?52.17% and 17.89%?28.40%, respectively, compared to the MB treatment. In addition, the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%?43.69%, N recovery efficiency by 141.45%?164.65%, N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%? 134.19%, nitrate reductase by 46.46%?60.86% and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%?31.02%, compared to the MB treatment. The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment. Hence, deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China.     

Agronomic and economic evaluation of Sesbania rostrata green manure establishment in irrigated rice

Research on crop establishment methods may improve green manure performance, reduce costs, and increase the adaptability of pre-rice green manure technology in lowland rice-based cropping systems. A two-season field experiment was conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines in 1991–1992 to compare four establishment practices of Sesbania rostrata green manure (zero tillage, with tillage, relay cropping in rice for 2 or 4 weeks) with four mineral N fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg urea N/ha) in an intensive irrigated lowland system with three rice crops per year. S. rostrata was grown twice a year during the 43-day dry-wet and wet-dry transition periods between the wet and dry season rice crops.

Grain yield potential and fertilizer responsiveness of rice was generally highest in the dry season. On the other hand, S. rostrata growth was more vigorous in the wet season (long-day period) than in the dry season, regardless of establishment method. Green manure N accumulation was lowest with zero tillage (30 and 90 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively) and highest when it was relay-cropped for two weeks (60 and 180 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively). Land preparation for Sesbania ensured best green manure stand (> 100 plants/m² vs 20–40 plants/m² at no-till establishments) but increased costs of green manuring by US$16/ha compared with other establishment methods. A quadratic response function between mineral fertilizer equivalence and green manure N indicated that up to 75 kg N/ha, lowland rice uses green manure N more efficiently than urea. Depending on season and establishment method, S. rostrata substituted for 35 to 90 kg of split-applied urea N. Benefit-cost ratios indicated that pre-rice green manure use in the wet season under the current fertilizer and labor prices in the Philippines was a less attractive economic option than mineral N fertilizer. This was true for all establishment methods. In the dry season, S. rostrata established by relay cropping gave the highest rate of return. The 2-week relay cropping of green manure with irrigated rice gave highest green manure N accumulation and rice grain yield, and may be economically viable where fertilizer prices are higher or labor costs are lower than in the Philippines.     

不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响

以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为3∶3∶4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为5∶3∶2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥=3∶3∶4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47*~0.90**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。     

实地氮肥管理对氮肥利用率及稻米品质的影响

以牡丹江地区代表性品种牡丹江28和空育131为材料,研究了水稻实地氮肥管理(SSNM)的氮肥利用效率及其对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,SSNM的施氮量较常规施肥方法(FFP)降低了54.2%～61.5%,产量提高了1.6%～8.6%。SSNM的氮肥吸收利用率和农学利用率分别较FFP提高了42.7%～72.9%和132.1%～242.5%。此外,实地氮肥管理提高了稻米的加工品质,还明显降低了直链淀粉含量,提高了胶稠度,降低了糊化温度和蛋白质含量,改善了稻米的食味品质。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source and season on grain quality of IR64 rice

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source (prilled urea, urea supergranule, fresh azolla, rice straw or sesbania or rice straw compost and their combinations) on grain quality were studied in the 1987 crops of variety IR64 at IRRI. Although fertilizer application improved grain yield, it improved protein content only in the case of urea supergranule, azolla and rice straw. Lysine contents of brown rice protein were similar in samples with no N fertilizer and those with the highest protein content in both seasons. Fertilizer treatment regardless of source tended to decrease weight and increase translucency of brown rice in both seasons. Effects on other grain properties were not consistent in both seasons. Season affected more grain properties than fertilizer treatment did, particularly translucency which was higher in the dry season than in the wet season.     

长期定位试验不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

以中嘉早17（早稻）和泰优390（晚稻）为材料,进行长期定位试验,研究不同耕作方式与秸秆还田耦合条件下水稻产量和品质的表现。结果表明,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田处理能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度为9%,“早稻旋耕+晚稻翻耕”处理对水稻增产效果最明显,周年产量高达15.8 t/hm²,较其他处理高5%~36%。秸秆还田与耕作方式互作对早、晚稻米垩白粒率、早稻RVA 谱特性、晚稻消减值具有极显著影响,而对其他外观、加工品质影响不显著。不同耕作方式下稻米外观品质差异不明显,“秸秆还田+早晚稻均免耕”处理稻米加工品质最优,而“秸秆还田+早稻旋耕+晚稻翻耕”处理稻米RVA 谱特性最佳。综合得出,“秸秆还田+早稻旋耕+晚稻翻耕”处理增产效果最好且蒸煮品质最优。     

免耕玉米秸秆覆盖水稻的生育特性

2002~2003年在大田条件下研究了玉米茬移栽稻不同耕作方式对杂交稻的产量和生长特性的影响。结果表明,玉米茬晚稻以免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理产量最高,免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理次之,分别比传统翻耕移栽增产121%~20.5%和7.5%~7.7%。主要表现在白根比例高,根系伤流量大,分蘖早生快发,干物质量高。玉米茬晚稻免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理各主要生育期叶面积指数大,叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率高,氮素的积累和吸收量大。免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理开花前生长较旺,但后期存在早衰现象。     

东北黑土区秸秆不同还田方式下玉米产量及养分累积特征

通过4年田间定位试验,研究均匀垄和宽窄行种植模式下秸秆不同还田方式对玉米产量、地上部养分累积的影响。结果表明,种植年份、种植方式和秸秆还田方式均对玉米产量影响显著。宽窄行种植模式下子粒产量较均匀垄种植模式下高5.4%;秸秆还田方式处理间以秸秆深翻还田处理下产量最高,较秸秆不还田处理和秸秆覆盖还田处理分别增幅5.3%和10.0%。在产量构成中,收获穗数是各处理间产量差异的主要因素。进一步分析表明,秸秆深翻还田处理下出苗率和成穗率均最高,且在部分年份处理间差异显著。秸秆深翻还田处理下植株生物量及氮磷累积量分别较秸秆覆盖还田处理增加8.9%、8.3%、19.6%,其子粒中氮累积量最高。研究表明,秸秆深翻还田可显著提高玉米田间保苗率与植株成穗率,显著增加植株对养分的吸收能力以及养分向子粒中的转运效率,进而促进植株生长与产量形成,实现玉米高产稳产。     

The effect of tillage,crop rotation and residue management on maize and wheat growth and development evaluated with an optical sensor

Crop growth and development as well as yield are the result of the efficiency of the chosen agricultural management system within the boundaries of the agro-ecological environment. End-of-season yield results do not permit the evaluation of within-season management interactions with the production environment and do not allow for full understanding of the management practice applied. Crop growth and development were measured during the 2004, 2006 and 2008 crop cycles with an optical handheld NDVI sensor for all plots of the different management treatments of a long-term (since 1991) sustainability trial in the highlands of Mexico. Cropping systems varying in (1) tillage (conventional vs. zero tillage); (2) residue management (retention vs. removal); (3) rotation (monocropping vs. a maize [Zea mays L.]/wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] rotation) were compared. The NDVI-handheld sensor was evaluated as a tool to monitor crop growth and development and was found to be an excellent tool for this purpose. There was a strong relation between NDVI and biomass accumulation of maize and wheat. The measurement with the handheld sensor was non-destructive and fast so that a representative plot area could be measured easily and time-efficiently. Zero tillage induced different crop growth dynamics over time compared to conventional tillage. Zero tillage with residue retention is characterized by a slower initial crop growth, compensated for by an increased growth in the later stages, positively influencing final grain yield. Also crop rotation influenced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after wheat than crops after maize. Zero tillage with residue removal had low NDVI values throughout the growing season. Zero tillage with retention of crop residues results in time efficient use of resources, as opposed to conventional tillage, regardless of residue management, and zero tillage with residue removal. The results indicated that different tillage, rotation and residue management practices influence crop growth and development. It is important to monitor and understand crop growth under different management systems to select the right varieties and adjust timing and practice of input supply (fertilizer, irrigation etc.) in a holistic way in each cropping system.