盆栽散尾葵标准化生产中肥料与基质的应用研究

采用盆栽试验,研究不同肥料和基质在盆栽散尾葵标准化生产中的应用效果。结果表明,盆栽散尾葵在E基质(泥炭∶火炭灰∶花生壳=2∶2∶1)中的生长表现最好,在F基质(火炭灰∶桉树皮=1∶1)中的生长表现最差。结合E基质分别进行自配肥(复合肥+花生油渣)、奥绿肥、复合肥追肥处理,均对散尾葵的生长具有较好的促进作用,其中以复合肥+E基质处理的散尾葵生长综合评价指数最高,较适于在散尾葵标准化生产中应用。     

建设三位一体可持续发展休闲农庄的思考

对甘蔗渣与牛粪,鸡粪和尿液等不同含氮物质混合堆肥过程进行研究,同时与分别添加城市污水处理中的活性污泥组进行对比,研究其对腐熟度的影响。结果表明：甘蔗渣与不同含氮的物质牛粪、鸡粪和尿液等进行混合堆肥均可以满足堆肥腐熟度的标准要求;堆体添加城市活性污泥可以在一定程度上促进腐熟,综合其对堆体温度、含水率、pH值、有机质变化以及发芽率等参数的影响、可以使堆肥时间平均减少5～7 d。     

不同配比基质对屋顶盆栽白蜡的影响

[目的]筛选出适合白蜡屋顶盆栽的理想轻型混合基质。[方法]采用玉米秸秆发酵基质、炉渣、珍珠岩3种材料,以不同的体积比配成5种混合基质,研究不同配比基质对屋顶盆栽白蜡的影响。[结果]结果表明,处理⑤（玉米秸秆发酵基质∶炉渣∶珍珠岩=3∶1∶2）盆栽白蜡的株高、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量和净光合速率等最高,分别为52.04 cm、3.255 mg/g、0.034 mg/g、9.27μmol/（m2.s）,均优于对照;处理⑤基质的容重、总孔隙度和电导率分别为0.41 g/cm3、88.26%、1.08 ms/cm,优于其他处理。[结论]处理⑤（玉米秸秆发酵基质∶炉渣∶珍珠岩=3∶1∶2）复配基质可以作为屋顶盆栽白蜡较理想的轻型混合基质。     

不同栽培基质对牛大力根系发育的影响

以不同比例泥土、砂、椰糠、草炭混合作为牛大力栽培基质，并进行盆栽试验，研究不同栽培基质条件下，基质的养分特征及其对牛大力根系生长和膨大状况的影响。结果表明：由草炭＋泥土(体积比2∶1)及草炭＋椰糠＋砂(体积比1∶2∶1)混合的基质pH值较适中，有机质含量与氮磷钾养分含量均较高，养分状况较理想，牛大力根系发达，但膨大块根较少；而泥土与砂混合基质各项指标均比较低，养分比较贫乏，牛大力根系发达，但块根膨大明显。在本研究条件下，基质养分不是根系膨大的关键因素，泥土含量高的基质可能因为较为理想的通气和热量条件而有利于块根的膨大。     

不同基质对中苗期红掌生长及体内氮、磷、钾、钙、镁养分吸收利用的影响

通过不同体积比的粗砂、椰衣、椰糠、花生壳、谷壳的组合对中苗期红掌品种“热情”的处理,研究了不同基质配比对中苗期红掌植株的生长以及N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分吸收利用的影响,结果表明：配方为V椰糠∶V谷壳∶V花生壳＝2∶1∶1的栽培基质其各项理化性状更优,且最有利于中苗期红掌的生长及干物质的积累;中苗期红掌地上部及地下部N、P、K、Ca、Mg的利用率之间无显著规律性,但上述元素的积累量也在配方为V椰糠∶V谷壳∶V花生壳=2∶1∶1的栽培基质上最高。     

不同基质配方对蔓性千斤拔漂浮育苗幼苗生长的影响

在漂浮育苗条件下,采用甘蔗渣替代草炭基质,研究比较了不同基质配方对蔓性千斤拔幼苗生长特性的影响。结果表明,不同基质配方对蔓性千斤拔幼苗个体形态指标均有不同程度的影响,其中基质配方A(甘蔗渣∶珍珠岩∶河沙=4∶1∶1)培育的幼苗素质最好,与CK比较,其幼苗的株高显著降低12.7%,叶片数无显著差异,主根长和一级侧根数分别显著增加10.4%和26.0%,单株干物重和根冠比分别显著增加了70.3%和23.4%,有利于培育优质壮苗。其次是基质配方B和C,均在个体结构指标上具有极显著的比较优势;基质配方D与CK间无明显差异;配方E的育苗效果较差。     

不同基质对西藏林芝地区杂交兰‘春蕙’品种光合和生理指标的影响

在西藏林芝地区,利用当地常见的腐熟牛粪和羊粪、柳树下采集的腐殖土、半腐熟的玉米和油菜秸秆以及碎石为材料,根据各种材料的特点设计出5个不同的基质配方,以单纯腐殖土作为对照,对杂交兰‘春蕙’品种进行盆栽试验。综合叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和干物质的积累量等指标来看,腐殖土∶碎石=3∶1是‘春蕙’品种更适宜的基质配方,可在西藏林芝地区推广应用。     

不同配比香菇菌渣基质对鲜食黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究不同堆沤处理香菇菌渣复合基质对鲜食黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。[方法]采用A、B、C 3种堆沤方法对香菇菌渣进行处理,测定和分析发酵过程中菌渣温度和EC值变化,将处理后的菌渣与草炭、珍珠岩、蛭石组成复合基质,并以“鼎丰98F1”鲜食黄瓜为供试品种进行育苗试验。[结果]采用B方法进行堆沤处理温度高时间短,腐熟效果较好;复合基质T5和T6的理化性质基本都在理想基质范围值内;除在出苗率方面低于对照外,处理T5（腐熟菌渣∶珍珠岩∶蛭石＝1∶2∶1）在株高、根长和干鲜重等方面均明显高于对照（CK）,处理T6（腐熟菌渣∶珍珠岩∶蛭石＝2∶1∶1）在根冠比和壮苗指数值上均为最大,且明显优于对照（CK）。[结论]复合基质T5和T6可以作为鲜食黄瓜的无土育苗基质在生产中应用。     

2个淮山品种的微体扦插繁育技术

以"桂淮2号"、"桂淮6号"2个淮山品种的-叶-芽微体植株为试验材料.比较不同生长素种类及浓度处理,以及不同无土栽培基质配比对植株生根和微型薯生长的影响,以建立淮山微体扦插繁育技术体系.结果表明:"桂准2号"、"桂淮6号"2个淮山品种在植物非试管快繁技术大棚内可不经生长素处理直接进行微体扦插,生根率分别达到98.3%、95.8%;泥炭土:珍珠岩(1:1,体积比)、泥炭土:甘蔗渣(1:1,体积比)分别是"桂淮2号"、"桂淮6号"微体扦插生产微型薯的较优基质配方:微体扦插植株茎伸长生长长度分别与薯长及薯鲜重间存在明显的正相关性.     

不同微生物菌剂及牛粪对麦糠发酵的作用

为给园艺植物有机栽培基质麦糠的生产选择适宜的发酵剂,在麦糠中添加不同微生物菌剂及牛粪进行发酵试验,测定发酵过程中温度、pH值、C/N比、全P、全K含量。结果表明,在麦糠中添加了金宝贝牌菌剂（菌剂1）的处理1和处理2,在发酵过程中最高温度都稍高于50℃,而添加了有机物料腐熟剂（菌剂2）的处理3和处理4略低于50℃,未添加微生物菌剂的CK1 和CK2则接近46℃;各处理的pH值一直保持在 7.0～7. 9,均在适宜微生物生长的范围内;添加了牛粪的处理2、处理4和CK2的C/N比一直明显低于未添加牛粪的处理1、处理3和CK1;处理1和处理2的C/N比下降趋势明显大于处理3和处理4,处理2的C/N比下降速度最快,且最终C/N比值最低;各处理的全磷、全钾含量总体呈上升趋势,加过发酵剂的处理明显比对照的含量高。总体来看,菌剂1的发酵效果较好,处理2是最优处理。     

Steam explosion pretreatment reproduction and alkaline delignification reactions performed on a pilot scale with sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production

This work was focused on the steam explosion pretreatment reproduction and alkaline delignification reactions on a pilot scale for the ethanol production, through different varieties of natural sugarcane bagasse, pretreated bagasse and delignified pretreated bagasse (cellulosic pulp). The possible chemical composition differences of the various types of bagasse, as well as the chemical composition variations of the materials in the 20 processes of pretreatment and delignification on the pilot scale were verified. The analytical results of the 20 samples of most diverse varieties and origins of natural sugarcane bagasse considering planting soils, planting periods and weather; show no significant chemical differences. It is evident that only with the chemical composition it is not possible to verify the differences between the varieties of sugarcane bagasses. The research results may offer some evidences of these varieties, but it is not a reliable parameter. The pilot process of steam explosion pretreatment and the alkaline delignification process of pretreated material showed through analytical results a good capacity of reproduction, as the standard differences were below 2.7. The average allowed in the pretreatment and alkaline delignification processes were 66.1 ± 0.8 and 51.5 ± 2.6 respectively, ensuring an excellent reproduction capacity of the processes obtained through chemical characterizations.     

Improving the value of sugarcane bagasse wastes via integrated chemical production systems: an environmentally friendly approach

Xylitol production by chemical or enzymatic routes generates massive amounts of hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse as a residue. This biomass is a renewable feedstock for the production of added-value chemicals from its lignocellulosic constituents. In this work, chlorine-free, α-cellulose pulp and acetic acid were produced from hydrolyzed bagasse. Soda/AQ and oxidative processes were developed to remove lignin from the biomass. Lignin-rich liquid effluents (mixed black liquors) were converted into acetic acid via wet peroxide oxidation (WPO). Transition metals (Fe, Cu, and Mn) present in the liquor were used as homogeneous catalysts. Experimental results demonstrate the technical feasibility of converting hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse into α-cellulose, chlorine-free pulps, and acetic acid via environmentally friendly integrated processes.     

Effects of washing, milling and loading enzymes on the enzymatic hydrolysis of a steam pretreated sugarcane bagasse

Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated sugarcane bagasse was performed to investigate the production of glucose and xylose. A blend of industrial enzymes (Novozymes) was used. The enzymes were used either without having been washed or having been washed with water or 1% aqueous NaOH solution. The influence of the size of sugarcane bagasse and the proportion of the enzymatic cocktail, which was composed of endoglucanases/cellobiohydrolases (Celluclast 1.5L) and β-glucosidase (Novozym 188) cellulases mixtures, was investigated. The tests were performed at a temperature of 50 °C and at a pH of 4.8 during a period of 72 h. The assays that were conducted with a pretreated sugarcane bagasse that was washed with a 1% aqueous NaOH solution without milling led to the largest amounts of glucose after 72 h, which was independent of the proportions of enzymes used in experiments with the smallest amounts of enzymes. The largest amount of xylose was obtained with a pretreated sugarcane bagasse that was not washed.     

Urea and composted cattle manure affect forage yield and nutritive value in sandy soils of south‐central Vietnam

Improved forage management can support increased production in smallholder beef systems. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of mineral nitrogen (urea) and composted cattle manure on Brachiaria cv. Mulato II yield and nutritive value in south‐central coastal Vietnam. Study design was a randomized complete block on six farms (blocks), with treatments derived from the factorial combination of five rates of composted cattle manure (0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 Mg DM ha^?1 year^?1) and three urea rates (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), split into six yearly applications. Yield was measured from 2011 to 2013 with 36‐day average harvest intervals. Forage nutritive value was measured in September 2011 and December 2012. Highest yields were achieved when both compost and urea were applied at high rates. The initial yield and tiller responses to urea application were not sustained over the duration of the study when no compost was applied. Compost applied in isolation did not increase yield. Compost application increased ash concentration. Urea increased nutrient yield for all forage nutritive value parameters measured. Composted cattle manure combined with urea benefits grass yield, but high application rates are needed for sustained high yields on sandy soils.     

甘蔗机械采收杂质对甘蔗加工性能及成本的影响

随着国际糖价的下跌,国内人工成本的大幅提高,使甘蔗种植收益变少,甘蔗机械化采收是降低甘蔗生产成本的重要途径。由于机械采收产生的蔗梢、蔗叶和沙土会随着收获机进入原料,进而影响后续的生产加工过程。本文基于甘蔗机械采收产生的杂质种类和含量,综述了国外甘蔗机械采收产生的杂质对糖厂加工性能和成本核算的研究成果,表明:废叶含量增加1%时,甘蔗原料破碎率均呈现下降趋势,下降0.8~3.4个百分点;蔗汁总糖分总体呈现减少变化,减少0.1~0.3个百分点;工厂蔗渣的含水量会有小幅度(0.12%~0.35%)的增加;杂质含量下降1%,利润明显增加,运输成本可以直接降低。这将对我国制糖企业开展甘蔗机械采收的杂质对原料成本及后续加工性能的影响提供借鉴参考。     

配施生物基质肥料对茶园土壤酸度的改良效应

通过连续4年（2009~2012）田间定位试验,研究配施不同比例生物基质肥料（养猪场发酵床垫料）对茶园土壤酸度的影响,探讨生物基质肥料降低茶园土壤酸度机制。试验设置生物基质肥料替代化肥比例的5个处理：0（CK）、25%、50%、75%和100%。结果表明：与CK相比,配施生物基质肥料处理的0~20βcm土层土壤有机碳含量提高3.00%~22.74%,pH值提高0.22~0.72个单位,土壤交换性酸降低16.01%~73.64%,盐基离子总量增加39.29%~248.21%,盐基饱和度提高43.90%~254.21%;20~40βcm土层土壤有机碳含量提高0.99%~11.48%,pH值提高0.14~0.59个单位,土壤交换性酸降低8.75%~32.15%,盐基离子总量增加46.03%~301.59%,盐基饱和度提高51.79%~252.95%。配施生物基质肥料处理能有效降低茶园土壤酸度,改良效果随着生物基质肥料施用比例的提高而增大。配施生物基质肥料能提高酸化土壤的盐基离子浓度和盐基饱和度,降低土壤交换性酸含量是生物基质肥料改良茶园土壤酸度的重要原因。     

分级固态发酵生产甘蔗尾梢饲料工艺研究

以甘蔗尾梢为主要原料,采用分级固态发酵技术研究生产甘蔗尾梢饲料的工艺条件,通过单因素和正交实验,对一级发酵工艺中接种量、水分含量、一级发酵时间和二级发酵工艺中精粗比、二级发酵时间5个因素进行了优化。结果表明：当接种0.15%发酵菌剂于一级发酵底物中,调整其水分含量为50%,密封常温发酵5 d后按3∶7比例将一级发酵料与新鲜甘蔗尾梢混合均匀,压实密封进行二级发酵,21 d后甘蔗尾梢饲料品质最佳。所得甘蔗尾梢饲料粗蛋白含量为15.24%,粗纤维含量为24.03%。分级固态发酵技术可快速、有效提高甘蔗尾梢饲料中粗蛋白含量,同时降解粗纤维,改善饲料适口性,可应用于甘蔗尾梢饲料的制备。     

新植蔗间作不同绿肥压青还田的试验研究及经济效益分析

为探讨减施化肥条件下,间作绿肥压青还田对甘蔗生长的影响及化肥的替代作用。试验设计了6个处理,处理1（CK）：甘蔗常规施肥;处理2（H-LY）：化肥减施25%+12%营养元素当量绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥;处理3（H-LQ）：化肥减施25%+全量绿豆绿肥还田;处理4（H-Y）：化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量有机肥;处理5（H-HD）：化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田;处理6（H-HQ）：化肥减施25%+全量黑豆绿肥还田。研究结果表明,间作绿豆绿肥和黑豆绿肥在生育前期甘蔗的分蘖和甘蔗总苗数都较常规处理降低,间作黑豆还降低了甘蔗的叶片宽度。甘蔗化肥减施25%条件下,间作绿豆绿肥全量还田、12%营养元素当量间作绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥替代的蔗茎产量和经济效益均达到常规对照水平。但间作黑豆压青还田导致甘蔗减产,降低经济效益。兼顾甘蔗产量、经济效益、资源消耗及蔗地的地力提升各方面,甘蔗间作绿豆绿肥全量还田可以替代25%的甘蔗化肥,是值得推广的一种模式。     

Effect of added organic matter on soil fertility after stripping-off Cs-contaminated top soil at Iitate village in Fukushima Prefecture

The agricultural fields were contaminated by the radionuclides ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs after the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima. Prior to the accident, local farmers had successfully established sustainable agriculture in Iitate Village using natural farming practices and recycling. Since 2011, decontamination work such as stripping-off the top soil has been ongoing on agricultural land. Although decontamination is essential, it could cause an unfortunate decrease in soil fertility. Here, we examined the use of organic matter as a means to quickly recover the fertility of the agricultural top soil. We transplanted rice crops into three paddy plots: one received rice straw that had been harvested there last year, another received composted manure, and the third (control) received no additives after decontamination. We applied 40 kg/10a of basal fertilizer and 20 kg/10a of KCl each plot. The rates of Cs concentration in unhulled rice/rice straw were around 0.001. Tendency of plant heights increase and leaf chlorophyll content decrease were similar in the three treatment plots. However, the numbers of stems on 111 days after the transplant were 21, 15, and 19, unhulled rice yield were 513, 462, and 310 g/m², in the rice straw, cattle manure compost, and control plots, respectively. Soil properties of three plots were similar. Radioactive Cs concentrations in the new rice from each treatment plots were lower than the maximum allowed level set by the Japanese government. These results revealed that treating soil with rice straw might have great potential to aid the recovery of a paddy field after stripping-off the top soil. Notably, this treatment significantly improved the yield of rice and supplied organic matter without additional labor.     

Hybrid chipboard panels based on sugarcane bagasse, urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resin

The expansion of Brazilian agricultural production was very important in the last decade. A number of waste residues were produced showing an enormous potential for industrial crops and products. Sugarcane bagasse is the most important one and it has been investigated for chipboard panel's preparation. In this sense, this work aims to develop, characterize and compare chipboard panels made with sugarcane bagasse with urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins. Panels were obtained with a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and particles, like pine or eucalyptus, with and without paraffin in the formulation. Nine different types of panels have been made, all with 9% in resin mix, under a pressing cycle of 4.0 MPa cm², and temperature of 160 °C. Under physical tests, the panels complied with the American Standard CS 236-66 for trading chipboards of medium density and, in most cases the results obtained were lower than the ones raised in the literature. Under mechanical tests, that same standard was not complied with and, in most cases the results were close to or higher than those obtained in the literature.