苏中稻区单季稻900kg／667m^2精确定量栽培技术探讨

通过对江苏省姜堰市沈高镇双徐村单季稻903．3kg／667m^2攻关田栽培技术的研究,笔者认为,要使苏中稻区水稻获得高产,需采取适宜的精确定量栽培技术,以适宜的群体穗数与较大的穗型协同产出足够的群体总颖花量,并保持正常的结实率和千粒重,因种形成相应的高产结构,看群体叶色、苗情施好穗肥和定向调控水分。     

超高茬麦套稻单产700kg／667m^2群体指标及精确定量栽培技术研究

本文在总结2004—007年麦套稻高产栽培技术的基础上,通过分析示范方和典型高产田块产量与其构成因素的关系、基本苗对茎蘖动态的影响、单株成穗数与穗粒数的关系,提出了实现麦套稻单产700kg／667m^2的产量构成指标和群体质量指标,总结了超高茬麦套稻精确定量栽培技术,为实现麦套稻高产、超高产提供理论依据和技术支持。     

优化肥水管理对直播稻产量形成及群体质量的影响

以武运粳23号为材料,研究比较了优化肥水管理和常规肥水管理对直播稻产量形成与群体质量的影响。结果表明,在获得适宜穗数的基础上,优化肥水管理增加了直播稻的每穗总粒数和千粒重,平均实产达619.5 kg/667 m2,比常规肥水管理增产44.5 kg/667m2,增幅达7.74%;优化肥水管理通过合理的水肥管理,控制主茎低位分蘖发生和促进中位分蘖成穗,降低了高峰苗数,提高了成穗率,促进了壮秆大穗和抽穗后干物质积累,显著提高了直播稻产量。     

常州机插稻不同产量水平群体生长特性的研究

以2010年常州市58块机插水稻苗情哨定点田块为考察对象,按照常州市大面积水稻单产水平进行产量等级分类,对不同产量水平田块的产量及其构成因子、部分群体质量指标及生长特性等方面进行了比较研究,结果表明,高产群体的有效分蘖更加早生快发,高峰苗数量少,成穗数更多,成穗率更高;不同产量水平群体之间的经济系数变异小,高产群体在拔节之前干物质积累增加不明显,但生育中期(拔节至齐穗)和后期(齐穗至成熟)的干物质积累量显著高于低产群体,高产群体在三个阶段干物质积累量占总干物质量的比重以15%、50%和35%为宜;随着产量水平提高,株高变高,穗长变长,一次枝梗略增,二次枝梗明显增加,主要功能叶叶长增加;在常州市大面积生产上,机插稻产量由600 kg/667 m2增加到650 kg/667 m2可以靠增大穗实现,而产量由650 kg/667 m2增加到700 kg/667 m2时,不仅要攻取大穗,同时要通过栽足丛数增加有效穗数。     

不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量及群体光合物质生产的影响

以常规粳稻品种云粳41为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究不同密度下水稻一次性施用控释肥和分次施用尿素对直播稻产量及其构成因素、群体光合物质生产的影响,并探讨了不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量性状和产量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下,密度相同时,分次施肥的处理比控释肥一次性基施的处理和不施肥对照增产,产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,分次施肥处理的产量显著高于控释肥一次性基施的处理;在相同氮肥条件下,直播稻产量随着直播密度的增加而降低,以基本苗2万/667 m~2的处理产量最高,6万/667 m~2的处理产量居中,10万/667 m~2的处理产量最低。(2)在施用控释肥的处理中,密度相同时,增加施氮量能够显著提高直播稻的有效穗数和每穗颖花数;施氮量相同时,单位面积有效穗数随密度的增加而提高,每穗颖花数刚好相反。单位面积颖花量和实际产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。在形成适宜穗数的基础上提高每穗颖花量,从而增加单位面积的颖花量是提高直播稻产量的主要途径。(3)当密度相同时,抽穗至成熟期总干物质积累量、群体生长率、群体叶面积和总颖花数都随着施氮量的增加而提高。本试验中,以精确定量栽培技术为核心的分次施肥A1RPQ4处理的群体结构优于其他处理,群体茎蘖消长动态最为平稳,抽穗期至成熟期的总干物质积累量、颖花/叶比和粒质量/叶比最大,产量最高,达到875.14 kg/667 m~2。     

肥密措施对寒地不同类型水稻品种产量的影响

选用典型的穗数型和穗重型品种,研究肥密因素对寒地不同类型水稻品种产量的影响。结果表明,穗数型品种垦鉴稻6号在中等肥力较密(尿素300 kg/hm2、23丛/m2)条件下产量达到682.2 kg/667 m2,高产原因是单位面积获得较多穗数;而穗重型品种龙粳18在较高肥力略稀(尿素350 kg/hm2、20丛/m2)条件下产量达到658.8 kg/667m2,高产原因是穗较大、穗粒数较多。     

华瑞稻1号特征特性及高产栽培技术

水稻新品种华瑞稻1号于2011年通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。生育期适中,株型紧凑,茎秆弹性好,穗粒结构协调,米质较优,综合抗性好。2 a区试平均产量613.6 kg/667 m2,比对照镇稻88增产2.3%。生产中注意适期播种,培育带蘖壮秧;扩行减苗,优化群体结构;科学肥水管理,促＂穗、粒、重＂协调发展;综合防治病虫草害等高产栽培技术。     

扬粳9538单产650kg/667m2以上群体质量指标的探讨

研究表明,水稻单产与抽穗期干物重、抽穗期LAI、成熟期穗数呈二次曲线相关,与成熟期干物重、抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量呈直线相关。扬粳9538单产650 kg/667m^2以上适宜的群体质量指标为：抽穗期的干物重780.2 kg/667m^2,LAI为7.47,成熟期适宜穗数24.41万/667m^2;并着力提高成熟期干物重和抽穗至成熟期干物质积     

苏中稻区早熟晚粳机插稻700kg/667m~2栽培技术规范

结合近十年来生产实践,总结出苏中稻区机插早熟晚粳产量达700 kg/667 m2适宜品种、产量结构指标、群体质量调控指标、精确定量栽培技术等要点,供苏中及沿江稻区参照实施。     

苏中稻区早熟晚粳机插稻700kg/667m^2栽培技术规范

结合近十年来生产实践,总结出苏中稻区机插早熟晚粳产量达700 kg/667 m^2适宜品种、产量结构指标、群体质量调控指标、精确定量栽培技术等要点,供苏中及沿江稻区参照实施。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.