芸薹属种子休眠特性的研究——Ⅲ.不同发芽促进剂及热震荡对油菜种子的破眠效果

本文研究了不同发芽促进剂及热震荡对芸薹属的不同种质的破眠效果,结果表明:(1)野生或自生种质的种子与栽培种质相比,均有较深的休眠性,其中尤以云南野生白菜(Brassiacampestris L.)及新疆毛芥(B.xinjiangensis Y.Z.Lan)的休眠性为强。(2)GA_2结合其他发芽促进剂与单独GA_2处理,对种子的萌发都有明显的促进作用,破眠程度(DBE)值在0.78—0.86之间,两者之间不存在显著差异,但是不同种质的DBE变化较大,以较深休眠的自生芥菜(B.juncea L.)效果最差。(3)热震荡对于解除芸薹属自生芥菜种子休眠的效果更差,劣于200ppm GA_3。     

越冬粳稻品种"东野一号"的选育

“东野一号“是由江西省农业科学院水稻研究所选育成的越冬粳稻新品种,该品种的强耐冷性来自东乡野生稻.1992年利用具有强耐冷性的东乡野生稻与栽培梗稻0298品种(02428/029)杂交,回交一次,收获大量BC1F2代种子,把种子播种在装有泥巴器皿中,在恒温箱30℃发芽至生长2叶1心,放在常温下练苗1～2d,再放入冰箱或生物培养箱内0℃低温处理72小时(可见器皿中的水结冰),移出放置常温下5d,其成活苗移栽到大田,成熟时分单株收获,编号挂牌,将收获株系在海南加代,其相应禾蔸在南昌自然越冬(南昌N28.41‘,每年冬天出现0℃以下的下雪结冰天气),次年再入选能越冬的稻株.通过这种“双重低温加压“筛选方法的连续选择,于1998年选育成耐冷性强的“4913-1“稳定越冬株系,1999年进行株系比较试验,表现产量水平好,株叶形态好,后期落色好;2000年在本所进行品比试验,该品系比对照增产显著;2001-2003年在省内外进行多点试验示范,2003年12月通过了江西省农作物品种审定(赣审稻2003027).     

野生二粒小麦种子休眠特性分析

为给野生二粒小麦资源利用提供依据,对分别来自以色列北部湿润山区的Mt.Hermon、北部加利利(Galilee)附近地区的Gamla、Ammiad和Tabigha、中部山地区的Mt.Gerizim以及南部内盖夫沙漠北缘的J'aba地区的6个自然群体野生二粒小麦种子的休眠与萌发特征进行了研究.结果表明,以色列野生二粒小麦成熟的种子均具有明显的休眠习性;高温(40℃)储藏可加快野生二粒小麦种子的后熟过程,从而可以迅速地打破种子的休眠;不同群体野生二粒小麦休眠的程度不相同,由深至浅其休眠顺序为:Mt.Gerizim＜Mt.Hermon＜J'aba＜Ammiad＜Tabigha＜Gamla.进一步的方差分析结果显示,同一小穗上,上、下部两粒种子的休眠和萌发特性也存在着极显著的差异.     

同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的后效性研究

利用亚洲栽培稻中的4份同源四倍体水稻(O.sativa,2n=4x=48)和相应的4份二倍体水稻(O.sativa,2n=2x=24)为母本,以4份非洲栽培稻(O.glaberrima,2n=2x=24)为花粉供体进行远缘杂交后,对其杂种后代的分离动态进行了研究.结果表明,不同倍性的普通栽培稻与非洲栽培稻之间杂交后代的结实率以二倍体普通栽培稻的较高.在配制的32个杂交组合中,其杂种第1代群体均表现出明显的营养生长优势.从群体的生长势来看,杂种第2代群体比杂种第1代群体要弱一些;在杂种第2代群体中,以同源四倍体水稻为母本的杂交组合的分离现象比以二倍体水稻为母本的杂交组合的分离现象更明显.在各杂交组合的第3代群体中,从植株的株叶形态和生育期来看,株系间的差异和株系内的变异依然很明显,变异频率更宽,变异种类更多.在普通栽培稻与非洲栽培稻的杂交组合中,育性变异、生长势变异、株叶形态变异、染色体变异和结实性变异等是较易发现的变异现象.     

东乡野生稻自然群体内的形态性状变异调查

对东乡野生稻自然群体内植株的形态性状及生态进行调查,发现东乡野生稻完全是靠休眠芽(地下茎节或未枯死的地上茎节处)来进行无性繁殖,没有种子苗的出现,在生活史性状上也表现为多年生普通野生稻的特征,这表明东乡野生稻确为多年生类型的普通野生稻。然而其性状的主成分分析却揭示出它处于多年生—一年生分化的初始阶段,这种分化可能与其生境中的水分变化有关。生境中的水分状况还与植株的生长习性和芒的颜色有密切关系,匍匐、倾斜类型及具红色长芒的野生稻倾向于生长在常年有一定积水的地方。另外,林场和水桃树下两个群落之间在一些性状上存在相当的差异。     

不同花生品种种子休眠特性的研究

休眠性是作物重要的农艺性状之一。本研究对31个刚收获的花生品种(系)进行发芽试验,以评价不同品种的休眠特性。结果表明,发芽率和萌发率都可以作为评价种子休眠性的指标。不同品种种子发芽率的变异范围为0～71.11%,20个品种(系)的发芽率低于10.0%,其中,徐9641等6个品种(系)的发芽率为0,表现为较强的休眠性;启海花生的发芽率为71.11%,休眠性较弱。相关分析表明,种子休眠性强弱与荚果、籽仁形状和小叶长度有关,长粒型种子和小叶较长的品种休眠性较强,而与其他农艺性状相关不显著。     

东乡野生稻育性恢复性的鉴定与遗传分析

以东乡野生稻水桃树、东塘上2个居群与不同细胞质来源的5个水稻不育系(B06S、珍汕97A、协青早A、中97A和粤泰A）配组,根据F1结实率的高低对东乡野生稻育性恢复性进行鉴定。建立了10个组合的P1、F1、P2、F2群体,利用混合模型理论的Akaike信息准则(AIC),在F2代中鉴定影响数量性状的主基因存在与否,主基因存在时通过分离分析估计主基因和微效基因的遗传效应以及所占总变异的分量。F1代的结实率变化范围为45.98%~76.57%,表明东乡野生稻具有一定的育性恢复性。F2代中该性状符合1对主基因+多基因的遗传模式,主基因遗传率为56.63%~88.29%,多基因遗传率为2.74%~30.97%,总基因型遗传率为63.17%~94.01%。中9A /东塘上居群杂交组合的F2代中,主基因是加性遗传,无显性效应,其他9个组合主基因是完全显性遗传。     

东乡野生稻苗期抗寒性QTL的初步定位

以9311/东乡野生稻F2群体为材料,用108对SSR标记构建连锁图谱,以苗期分蘖叶片相对电导率为抗寒性鉴定指标,采用完备区间作图法检测抗寒性QTL.结果在第3号和11号染色体上定位到2个与抗寒性相关的QTL qSCR3和qSCR11,其表型贡献率分别为16.3％和19.2％.     

水稻低温发芽力的QTL定位

以珍汕97B与多年生稻种质AAV002863的DH群体(198个株系)构建了包含140个SSR标记的连锁图谱,检测了影响水稻低温发芽力性状的数量性状座位（QTL）。15℃下处理6 d,两亲本珍汕97B与多年生稻AAV002863的发芽率分别为79.7%和30.1%,DH群体间的发芽率变化在0%~100%。QTL定位分析检测到2个与低温发芽力相关的基因座,分别位于第3和第10染色体上,贡献率分别为12.6%和12.9%,增效等位基因分别来自多年生稻AAV002863和珍汕97B。上位性分析结果显示,第1与第10染色体上存在影响低温发芽力的互作位点,其互作可以提高低温发芽力,参与互作的第10染色体上的位点也具有加性主效应。     

东乡野生稻自然群体内的形态性状变异调查 

对东乡野生稻自然群体内植株的形态性状及生态进行调查，发现东乡野生稻完全是靠休眠芽（地下茎节或未枯死的地上茎节处）来进行无性繁殖，没有种子苗的出现，在生活史性状上也表现为多年生普通野生稻的特征，这表明东乡野生稻确为多年生类型的普通野生稻。然而其性状的主成分分析却揭示出它处于多年生—一年生分化的初始阶段，这种分化可能与其生境中的水分变化有关。生境中的水分状况还与植株的生长习性和芒的颜色有密切关系，匍匐、倾斜类型及具红色长芒的野生稻倾向于生长在常年有一定积水的地方。另外，林场和水桃树下两个群落之间在一些性状上存在相当的差异。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

A rapid method for the quantification of steroidal glycoalkaloids by reversed phase HPLC

Summary Methods were developed for clean-up of potato tuber extracts on solid phase extraction CN-cartridges and for analysis of steroidal glycoalkaloids by reversed phase HPLC. The alkaloids α-solanine, α-chaconine, α-solasonine and α-solamargine could be separated on C₈ or C₁₈ reversed phase columns using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/Tris-buffer (3∶2, v/v). The analysis time of tuber extracts containing these alkaloids was less then 4 min, if the pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 7.4 and run at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min.