淮北市小麦肥效研究

[目的]获取适宜淮北市小麦的肥效处理组合。[方法]2009—2010年在濉溪县百善镇开展＂3414＂小麦肥效试验,利用专业软件统计分析试验处理。[结果]获得较好精度的二元回归方程,回归方程检验达显著水平,其产量预测精度达到0.988 2。由产量和效益分析得出N2P2K（3N 240 kg/hm2,P2O5 150 kg/hm2,K2O 225 kg/hm2）和N3P2K（2N360 kg/hm2,P2O5 150kg/hm2,K2O 150 kg/hm）2处理具有较好的表现,方程推荐N 360 kg/hm2,P2O5225 kg/hm2,K2O 225kg/hm2组合能够获得较好的理论产量。[结论]研究结果为县域小麦生产测土配方施肥提供了理论参考。     

全程液体配方肥追肥对膜下滴灌马铃薯的减肥增效作用

田间液体配肥站模式下,根据内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市马铃薯的施肥现状,以马铃薯'黄心226'为试验材料,设置了常规底肥和中耕肥+滴灌追肥(总养分1200.5 kg/hm2)(CK),不施底肥、全程滴灌追肥且追肥总养分分别为398.3 kg/hm2(T1)和531.0 kg/hm2(T2)3个施肥处理,探究不施底肥,全程液体...     

氮磷钾配施对马铃薯产量及耐贮性的影响

采用二次回归三因子五水平饱和D-最优设计方法,研究了氮肥(N x1)、磷肥(P2O5 x2)、钾肥(K2O x3)对马铃薯品种‘大西洋’产量及耐贮性的影响。氮、磷、钾肥与产量和耐贮性的回归模型方程分别为Y产量=5 120.36+2167.19x1+478.94x2+1213.65x3+716.24x1x2+1450.95x1x3-237.30x2x3-2840.03x12+1013.08x22-1363.52x32(-1≤xj≤1),Y耐贮性=102.95+35.27x1+12.11x2+12.69x3+17.34x1x2+17.93x1x3-5.24x2x3-65.18x12-1.01x22-6.72x32(-1≤xj≤1);从产量效益来看,最高产量的施肥量为:N=204.07 kg/hm2,P2O5=90.58 kg/hm2,K2O=211.28 kg/hm2,三种肥料的养分配比为N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.44:1.04,最佳施用量为:N=110.40 kg/hm2,P2O5=90.58 kg/hm2,K2O=105.64 kg/hm2,最优产量将出现在7 040.45~8 893.21 kg/hm2范围内;从耐贮性效益来看,最高耐贮性的施肥量为:N=198.00 kg/hm2,P2O5=157.93 kg/hm2,K2O=151.95 kg/hm2,三种肥料的养分配比为N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.80:0.77,最佳施肥量为:N=127.57 kg/hm2,P2O5=78.97 kg/hm2,K2O=75.97 kg/hm2。提高马铃薯的耐贮性,就应适当降低氮肥和钾肥的比例。     

不同处理对柱花草种子的产量和质量的影响

以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究了不同的底肥、种植密度、追肥、灌水次数和采收方式对柱花草种子产量和质量的影响。结果表明,3个底肥(磷肥)水平种子产量和质量均高于未施磷水平,0.07 kg/m2处理磷肥水平产量最高,为358.50 kg/hm2,且3个处理相差不大。净度和千粒重最低的处理是0.13 kg/m2磷肥水平,分别为8.87%和2.42 g。种植密度为0.5 m×1.0 m产量最高,为448.63 kg/hm2,种植密度行距为1 m的种子净度、千粒重和出苗率均高于株行距为0.5 m的,净度为9.12%,千粒重为2.63 g,出苗率为74.33%。未追肥条件种子产量最低,为339.96 kg/hm2,种子净度、千粒重和出苗率变化较小。3个灌溉处理种子产量差异较小,未灌溉处理种子千粒重和出苗率最低,分别为2.48 g和42.44%。铺膜采收种子处理种子产量最高,为370.79 kg/hm2,成熟后刈割收种处理种子产量和千粒重最低,分别为197.42 kg/hm2和2.47 g。试验为云南柱花草生产及草业的发展提供理论依据。     

石门县柑橘施肥指标体系的建立及效果评价

柑橘“3415”(氮、磷、钾3因素4水平15处理)施肥试验结果表明:柑橘的最佳经济施肥量为:N109.4kg/hm2,P2O5103.8 kg/hm2,K2O30.2 kg/hm2,最佳产量为21 252.5 kg/hm2,最佳施肥比例为N∶P∶K=1:0.87∶0.28.根据柑橘“3415”试验结果,初步建立柑橘产量与N、P、K三要素之间的关联数学模型为:y=1268.94-6.27N+47.78P+ 11.64K+2.05 NP+2.76NK-0.64PK-0.51N2-4.08P2+0.91K2.     

安徽东至县棉花缓控释肥高效施肥技术比较

通过对"司尔特牌"缓释肥和"红四方"牌控释肥配合安徽省农业科学院棉花研究所与东至县土壤肥料部门提出的施肥方法在安徽东至县进行大田示范比较,以考察棉花农艺性状、产量性状及经济效益等效果。结果表明:处理1(总施肥量是N为360 kg/hm2、P2O5为90 kg/hm2、K2O为225 kg/hm2)比处理3(当地常规施肥,CK)增产0.86%、增收2061.5元/hm2(其中肥料投入节省610.5元/hm2,减少用工费用1200元/hm2),节本增效明显,适合在当地推广应用。     

非石灰性潮土水肥耦合对夏玉米产量效应的影响

通过水、氮、钾3个因素的耦合作用,研究了对夏玉米产量效应的影响。结果表明:当灌水量2 700m3/hm2、施氮量270 kg/hm2、施钾量180 kg/hm2时,夏玉米产量最高,为12 053.32 kg/hm2。由三元二次回归方程得出,水、氮、钾的最佳用量为灌水量3 069 m3/hm2、施氮量285 kg/hm2、施钾量176.4 kg/hm2,最佳产量为12 111.6 kg/hm2;3个因素对产量影响的顺序为水氮钾。水氮耦合、水钾耦合对产量的影响显著,且均为正效应。     

旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果研究

研究了豫西褐土区旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果。结果表明,施钾量（K2O）在0～112.5 kg/hm2的范围内,随施钾量增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重逐渐增加,各生育期总茎数及干物质积累量明显增加。施用钾肥对旱地冬小麦有显著的增产效果,增产幅度为7.9％～15.7％,最高产量（4 336kg/hm2）的施肥量（K2O）为114.2 kg/hm2,经济最佳产量（4 275.7 kg/hm2）的施肥量为77.4kg/hm2。     

硅酸盐菌剂在玉米生产上的应用

以华甜1号超甜玉米为试验材料,设置4种施肥处理,对施用硅酸盐菌剂的肥效进行了研究。结果表明:采用KCl(112.5kg/hm2) 硅酸盐菌剂(30kg/hm2)处理的玉米产量明显提高,玉米株高、叶面积、干重等生长指标均为最高值。     

新疆甜菜高产高效益优化农艺措施

采用3因素5水平二次通用旋转回归试验设计方法,选取密度、种肥量、追肥量3项对甜菜高产、高效益起关键作用的农艺措施进行量化分析,提出直播方式下的高产、高效益模型,获得了60t/hm2以上和净收益7000元/hm2以上的优化农艺措施组合方案为:密度8.42～8.34万株/hm2,种肥222～248.4kg/hm2,追肥383～408.6kg/hm2。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥（圈肥和豆饼）与无机肥（三料复合肥）配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。