棉花“3414”肥料效应田间试验研究

[目的]研究安徽省地区棉花的最佳施肥量。[方法]通过"3414"回归最优设计原理设置棉花肥效试验,探索肥料效应函数方程,由此得到理论氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量。[结果]根据肥料效应函数方程,理论氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量N 264.75 kg/hm2,P2O590.45 kg/hm2,K2O359.55 kg/hm2,最佳产量4013.40 kg/hm2。综合分析不同的施肥量,当地中等肥力田氮、磷、钾推荐量分别为N 301.65 kg/hm2、P2O589.55 kg/hm2、K2O 391.65 kg/hm2。[结论]研究结果为科学指导棉花施肥提供了参考依据。     

中药材太子参氮钾肥料应用初探

[目的]研究不同氮钾施肥量对太子参产量的影响。[方法]以太子参为试材,采用3414不完全设计试验方案研究不同氮钾施肥量对太子参生育期、经济性状和产量的影响,确定最佳氮钾施肥量。[结果]不同的氮钾施肥量对太子参全生育期的影响较小。处理N2P2K2的经济性状表现最优,产量最高,为1535.55kg/hm2,较不施肥处理N0P0K0增产111.73%,较其他处理增产4.74%～44.20%。[结论]施秉县种植太子参最佳施肥组合为N2P2K2,施肥量分别为氮肥120kg/hm2、磷肥150kg/hm2、钾肥180kg/hm2。     

龙亢农场水稻“3414”肥料效应田间试验

[目的]探讨龙亢农场水稻的最佳施肥量。[方法]2017年5—11月在安徽省龙亢农场现代农业科技园进行水稻“3414”肥效试验。[结果]龙亢农场水稻最佳施肥量,N为150kg/hm^2,P2O5为60kg/hm^2,K2O为120kg/hm^2,可获得水稻9379.5kg/hm^2的产量。[结论]结果为构建龙亢农场水稻施肥模型提供了依据。     

平衡施肥对马铃薯肥产质量和品质的影响

[目的]为了研究不同肥料配比及不同气候类型对马铃薯养分吸收特性及产量的影响,以期调控其生长发育过程,为提高马铃薯产量及科学合理施肥提供理论依据[方法]2010年在陕西华县和陕北米脂县进行马铃薯肥效试验[结果]由于试验地土质和气候备件不同,肥料对产量的影响效果也不同华县表现为：N〉K2O〉P2O5,增施1kgN、P2O5、K2O可使马铃薯产量分别增加32．6、4．3、24．7kg,平衡施肥处理产量可达4．7916kg／hm2：而米脂县平衡施肥处理产量为26527kg／hm2,增施1kg、P2O5、K2O可使马铃薯产量分别增加16．8、4．7、21．6kg在同一生长期,植株地上部分的养分含量顺序为：K2O〉N〉P2O5[结论]华县施肥推荐量N、P2O5、K2O分别为363、86、301kg／hm2,米脂县为258、82、258kg／hm2。     

奶牛养殖粪水还田对苜蓿产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为明确规模化奶牛养殖场粪水发酵处理后还田对苜蓿生长和土壤的影响,试验设置了追肥(苜蓿专用配方肥N:P2O5:K2O为4:13:40)225 kg/hm2、追肥112.5 kg/hm2+粪水360 m3/hm2和只追施粪水360 m3/hm23个处理.结果表明,追肥112.5 kg/hm2+粪水360 m3/hm2处理下...     

氮钾固定配施下施磷量对小麦光合、干物质转运及产量形成的影响

为优化氮钾固定配施下小麦适宜的磷肥施用量,以郑麦7698为试验材料进行田间小区定位试验,在4个不同的氮钾配施方式[低氮低钾(N1K1,N 225 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2))、低氮高钾(N1K2,N 225 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 225 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮低钾(N2K1,N 300 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮高钾(N2K2,N 300 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 225 kg·hm~(-2))]下,设置0、150、225、300和375 kg·hm~(-2) 5个施磷(P_2O_5)水平(分别用P0～P4表示),研究不同氮钾固定配施下施磷量对小麦光合、干物质转运及产量的影响。结果表明,同一氮钾营养条件下,随施磷量的变化,小麦干物质转运、SPAD值、P_n及产量等指标的变化趋势基本一致,均表现为一定施磷范围(P_2O_50～225 kg·hm~(-2))内,随施磷量的增加,小麦花后同化物数量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率、SPAD值、P_n及产量均不同程度增加,当磷用量(P_2O_5)超过225 kg·hm~(-2)时,各指标又呈下降趋势,且均以P2处理最大。低氮低钾(N1K1)条件下各指标测定结果均较好。小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系呈抛物线型,二者极显著相关,施磷量在219.36～224.66 kg·hm~(-2)时小麦籽粒产量最高。综上所述,4个不同的氮钾营养条件下,以N 225 kg·hm~(-2)+P_2O_5 225 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 150kg·hm~(-2)(N1K1P2)配施组合最好。     

氮磷钾肥施用量及配比对棉花产量的影响

试验设计15个不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量及配比处理,研究其对棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响,结果表明,在江苏沿海地区抗虫杂交棉田氮、磷、钾肥最佳施用量为氮（N）300 kg/hm2、磷（P2O5）150 kg/hm2、钾（K2O）225 kg/hm2。     

响水县小麦“3414”施肥技术研究

通过测土配方施肥的"3414"回归最优设计原理设置的小麦肥料效应试验结果,获得肥料效应函数方程,分析得出响水县2011至2012年度沙土地区小麦N、P、K最佳施肥量及施用效果。结果表明:小麦施用N、P、K均增产增收,其效果为NPKNPK;结合本地区实际,推荐沙土地区小麦施肥量为氮(N)225~270 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)60~90 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)45~60 kg/hm2,P、K肥全部基施。     

黑龙江省高产红麻品种筛选与配套栽培技术研究

本文以国内最新品种在黑龙江双城进行品比试验和配套栽培试验.结果表明H305杂种麻干茎16222.5kg/hm2最高,中红麻11号14550.0kg/hm2居二,7804为14347.5kg/hm2第三.H305较7804等其他品种增产显著或极显著.播期表明共同趋势是随播期提早而增产,7804和H305杂种麻于4月底播种比5月初播种,分别增产19.0%、9.0%.肥料与密度试验以每hm2施N150kg、K2O150kg,产量较高,比高肥区施N225kg、K2O 225kg、P2O5 75kg,增产干茎1410kg/hm.     

马铃薯“3414”肥效试验

马铃薯施用N、P、K肥＂3414＂肥效试验表明,在厦门市翔安区当地试验条件下,N、P、K肥均影响马铃薯产量,且N、K肥对产量的影响较P肥大;通过建立回归方程并对回归方程进行分析显示,马铃薯产量与N、P、K施肥量之间存在显著的三元二次回归（F=8.1025〉F0.05=5.9988;R=0.9737＊＊）关系,推荐N肥马铃薯最高经济产量施肥量为277.64 kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.24∶1.93,最高经济产量36657.24 kg.hm-2;N肥最佳经济效益施肥量为229.32 kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.30∶1.85,最佳经济效益为36285.41元.hm-2。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.