施磷量对高磷土壤小麦磷素吸收和土壤磷平衡的影响

为给高磷土壤小麦磷管理提供依据,在河南省温县速效磷为49.1 mg·kg^-1的土壤上开展2年田间试验,设置5个施磷量水平（0、45、90、135、180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）,研究施磷量对小麦产量、干物质积累、磷素吸收利用及土壤磷素平衡的影响。结果表明,随施磷水平的提高,小麦产量呈先增后减趋势,且两年分别在90和135 kg·hm^-2施磷量下最高。90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理显著提高小麦干物质积累量,施磷量进一步增加时干物质累积量无显著变化,叶片等各器官均表现出相似趋势。第一年小麦花后干物质转运量以90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理最高,转运效率为36.7%;第二年花后干物质转运量以135 kg·hm^-2施磷处理最高,转运效率为30.9%。小麦开花期和收获期磷素积累量均以90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理最高,施磷处理收获期吸磷量比不施磷处理增加14.5%～44.6%,开花后各器官磷素转运量和转运效率以90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理相对较高。磷肥利用率随着施磷量增加呈下降趋势,90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理下磷肥利用率相对较高,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率、表观回收率两年平均为130.8 kg·kg^-1、 10.6 kg·kg^-1、23.9%。磷肥用量高于90 kg·hm^-2时,土壤磷素呈盈余状况;在90 kg·hm^-2施磷水平下土壤磷素盈余0.1～17.3 kg·hm^-2;在施磷135 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2时,土壤磷素盈余量分别为32.1～77.5和101.5～115.3 kg·hm^-2。这说明,在土壤磷素肥力较高的情况下,推荐施磷量90 kg·hm^-2,可促进干物质和磷素积累,提高小麦产量,同时维持合理的磷肥利用率及磷素平衡状况。     

玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对砂浆黑土区小麦干物质及氮素积累分配和产量的影响

为明确黄淮砂姜黑土区玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对冬小麦干物质及氮素积累、分配和产量的影响，于2016-2018年玉米小麦生长季进行田间氮肥运筹试验。玉米供试材料为郑单958，小麦供试材料为泰山28，玉米季3个施氮量水平为113 kg·hm^-2（E₁）、181 kg·hm^-2（E₂）、249 kg·hm^-2（E₃），小麦季4个施氮水平为90 kg·hm^-2（F₁）、135 kg·hm^-2（F₂）、180 kg·hm^-2（F₃）、225 kg·hm^-2（F₄），测定了砂浆黑土区周年不同氮肥运筹条件下小麦不同生长阶段干物质和氮素含量，系统分析了干物质和氮素积累、分配对小麦产量及其构成因素的效应。结果表明，整个生育期小麦干物质积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在拔节到开花期最高，达到7 720.24 kg·hm^-2；E₂F₃条件下，小麦各个生育阶段的干物质积累量最高。花后同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率高于花前同化物对籽粒产量的贡献，但E₂F₃运筹明显增加了花前同化物的积累量。随着小麦生育期的推移，氮素积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，且各时期均以E₂F₃条件下氮素积累量最高，在拔节到开花时最高，为112.50 kg·hm^-2，但花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率明显高于花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率。成熟期籽粒干物质及氮素积累量在E₂F₃条件下最大，分别达到9 047.44 kg·hm^-2和184.10 kg·hm^-2，且与其他施肥模式差异显著。综合以上结果，对小麦而言，E₂F₃处理为本试验条件下砂姜黑土区玉米小麦轮作区最佳氮肥运筹。     

氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响

为给安徽省沿淮稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理运筹提供理论依据,通过大田试验,选用当地小麦主栽品种济麦22（半冬性中筋品种）和烟农19（半冬性强筋品种）为材料,设置0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm^-2 5个施氮水平,分析施氮量对两种基因型小麦冠层结构、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在0~180 kg·hm^-2 施氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加,小麦株高、叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值显著上升,群体截获更多光能,冠层截获光合有效辐射显著增加,群体透光率显著降低,冠层光谱反射率在400～725 nm波段逐渐下降,在725～1 000 nm逐渐上升;随着施氮量的进一步增加,360 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理的各冠层指标与270 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理之间差异未达到0.05显著水平。籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先升后降趋势,2个小麦品种产量均以270 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理最高。穗数、穗粒数均随施氮量增加而显著提高,都以360 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理最大,但180、270和360 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理间差异较小或不显著;千粒重则表现为先升后降的趋势,以90 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理最高。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值均随施氮量增加而逐渐提高,除2014-2015年270和360 kg·hm^-2 两个施氮处理间差异不显著外,两年不同施氮处理间均差异显著。综合高产、优质、低环境风险的选择条件,沿淮稻茬麦区小麦季氮素在180~270 kg·hm^-2 范围内偏下限施用较为适宜,强筋品种烟农19可适当提高施氮量。     

灌水和施肥对垄作沟灌啤酒大麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

为给甘肃河西绿洲灌区啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的水肥管理提供参考,通过裂区试验,设置4个不同灌溉定额(1 500 m·hm^-2、2 100 m·hm^-2、2 700 m·hm^-2和3 300 m·hm^-2)和3个不同施肥水平（N 75 kg·hm^-2+P₂O₅56.25 kg·hm^-2、 N 150 kg·hm^-2+P₂O₅112.5 kg·hm^-2、N 225 kg·hm^-2+P₂O₅168.75 kg·hm^-2）,研究了灌水和施肥对垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉定额、施肥量及水肥互作对啤酒大麦的产量和水分利用效率均有明显影响。当灌溉定额从1 500 m·hm^-2增大到2 700 m·hm^-2时,啤酒大麦千粒重提高5.36 g,成穗数增加1.16×10⁶·hm^-2,增产57.99%,水分利用效率提高24.12%;灌水量超过2 700 m·hm^-2时,增产效果不明显。在N 75～150 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅56.25～112.5 kg·hm^-2范围内,增施肥料有利于啤酒大麦千粒重和穗粒数增加,并显著提高产量和水分利用效率。在灌溉定额2 700 m·hm^-2、纯N 150 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 112.5 kg·hm^-2条件下,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦的产量和水分利用效率分别为6 239.84 kg·hm^-2和13.33 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,水肥利用效果和经济效益相对较优。     

大气NH3浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响

为揭示大气NH₃浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响，通过开顶式气室，以小偃22为试验材料，于2020-2022两年进行田间微区试验，设置3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg·hm^-2）和两种大气NH₃浓度（空气背景NH₃浓度:0.01~0.03 mg·m^-3;高NH₃浓度:0.30~0.60 mg·m^-3）,对不同处理下小麦地上部和根系干物质、氮素积累量及氮素利用效率进行分析。结果表明，大气NH₃浓度升高能显著提升小麦地上部生物量、根系生物量、地上部氮素积累量和根系氮素积累量，2年内平均增幅分别为5.77%、6.74%、8.94%和9.98%。在空气背景NH₃浓度下，施氮后小麦显著增产， 180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平分别提高了45.26%和50.67%。在大气NH₃浓度升高环境中，随着施氮量的增加，小麦产量出现先升后降趋势， 180 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量最高， 240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下小麦产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平降低17.97%，小麦氮肥农学效率和氮素利用率也随之降低。这说明，大气NH₃浓度升高的环境中适当减少氮肥施用量能有效提升冬小麦的氮素利用率，稳定小麦产量。     

不同配方专用肥对冬小麦产量和养分吸收的影响

为给关中地区小麦生产筛选适宜的专用肥,2008-2009年以小偃22为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同配方的小麦专用肥对冬小麦产量、养分吸收及其经济效益的影响。结果表明,在总施氮量基本一致的条件下,不同专用肥和追肥配施处理对小麦产量、氮磷钾养分吸收和利用以及经济效益有显著的影响。在8个处理中,基施复合肥（N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=18%∶18%∶18%）500 kg·hm^-2、返青期追施纯氮50 kg·hm^-2处理的籽粒产量、氮磷钾养分吸收量、氮钾肥利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和农学利用效率以及经济效益最高,相比农民习惯施肥处理分别增产和增收38.4%和38.9%。因此,18%∶18%∶18%的N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O比例可作为关中地区小麦专用肥配方。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦氮素转运、干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

为明确氮肥运筹对江淮地区稻茬小麦氮素转运、干物质积累、产量及品质的影响,选用当地主栽小麦品种扬麦20,在3种施氮量（180、225、270 kg·hm^-2 ）和3个氮素基追比例（6∶4、5∶5、4∶6）组合的氮肥运筹模式下,分析了施氮量和基追比例对氮素转运、干物质积累及其贡献率、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量和基追比例显著影响了小麦氮素在不同器官的分配比率、氮素利用率、氮收获指数、氮素转运效率、转运氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率、干物质分配量和产量。在相同基追比例下,在施氮量180~270 kg·hm^-2范围内增施氮肥,成熟期籽粒干物质分配量、花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率、产量呈现先升高后下降趋势,以施氮量225 kg·hm^-2处理最高,270 kg·hm^-2处理次之,180 kg·hm^-2处理最低;小麦蛋白质和湿面筋含量呈上升趋势。在相同施氮量下,小麦氮素利用率、成熟期籽粒干物质分配量、花后干物质积累量及产量以基追比例6∶4处理最高。在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、基追比例6∶4时,氮素在成熟期籽粒中的分配比率、氮素利用率和氮收获指数高于其他组合,氮素转运效率、籽粒干物质分配量、花后干物质积累及其对籽粒产量贡献率和产量显著高于其他组合,且籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值符合弱筋小麦标准。从提高产量和氮素利用效率两方面综合考虑,施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、基追比例6∶4可作为江淮稻麦轮作区域实现小麦高产优质的最佳氮肥运筹模式。     

播量对宽幅条播冬小麦群体结构和干物质积累分配的影响

为明确宽幅条播的适宜播量，于2017-2018年在山西省闻喜县（冬小麦试验示范基地）开展大田试验，采用宽幅条播，设150、225、300、375和425  kg·hm^-2共5个播量处理，研究播量对小麦群体结构、干物质积累和分配的影响。结果表明，播量从150  kg·hm^-2增加至300  kg·hm^-2，可增加冬小麦越冬期、拔节期群体分蘖数、越冬-拔节阶段群体分蘖增加量；增加各生育时期地上部干物质积累量，尤其生育中、后期；提高开花期和成熟期叶片、穗轴+颖壳干物质积累量所占比例；增加花前叶片、穗轴+颖壳中干物质积累量，显著提高花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒贡献率，从而提高了穗数（5%~13%）、千粒重（0.3%~5.0%），并显著提高产量（4%~19%），但播量超过300  kg·hm^-2则趋势相反。相关分析表明，冬小麦成熟期穗数与生育前期群体分蘖数密切相关，千粒重与花前干物质积累量和花后干物质积累量密切相关，尤其是花后干物质积累量。总之，山西南部冬小麦采用宽幅条播，播量为300  kg·hm^-2时，利于冬小麦前期形成较多的有效分蘖，增加中后期干物质积累量，尤其叶片、穗轴+颖壳积累比例；利于增加花前叶片、穗轴+颖壳干物质转运量；促进花后干物质积累及其对籽粒的贡献，提高穗数和千粒重，实现增产。     

氮水运筹对苏北平原稻茬麦干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用的影响

为明确苏北平原稻茬麦的最优氮水运筹模式，以淮麦30为材料，在大田测土施肥条件下，设置0 kg·hm^-2（N₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、270 kg·hm^-2（N₂）3个施氮量和生育期不灌水（W₀）、灌拔节水（W₁）、灌拔节水+孕穗水（W₂）3个灌水处理，研究小麦干物质积累与转运、产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对不同氮水运筹的响应。结果表明，小麦干物质积累量、转运量和转运效率，氮素积累量、转运量和转运效率，花后干物质贡献率及氮素贡献率均随施氮量和灌水次数的增加而增加，各处理均以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥和灌水次数的增加对小麦成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量、氮素收获指数与氮素利用效率均有显著促进作用，以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力则随施氮量增加而降低，以N₁W₂效果最佳；在相同氮肥水平下，灌水处理的上述三个指标较不灌水处理高。对本试验条件下各测定指标，氮肥在氮水运筹中起主导作用，且氮肥和灌水有显著的互作效应。综上，在苏北平原稻茬麦区，施氮量180 kg·hm^-2结合浇灌拔节水和孕穗水（W₂）的氮水模式可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运与分配、促进增产的同时，提高氮肥利用效率，从而实现节氮增产的目标。     

宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响

为探讨宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响，以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料，在大田试验条件下设置90×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D1）、180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D2）、270×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D3）、360×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D4）4个种植密度处理，分析了不同种植密度下麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量、小麦群体动态、叶面积指数、冠层光截获特性、光能利用率、阶段干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的特点。结果表明，D2处理的麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量在返青期显著高于D3、D4处理，与D1处理无显著差异；在拔节期、开花期、成熟期D2处理显著高于D1、D4处理，与D3处理差异不显著。群体总茎数在越冬期、返青期、拔节期均随种植密度的增加而增加，且不同处理之间差异显著，在开花期、成熟期D4处理显著高于其他处理，D3、D2处理差异不显著，但显著高于D1处理；分蘖成穗率在D2处理下达到最大值，为52.51%；D2处理的叶面积指数在开花后0 d、开花后7 d、开花后14 d显著高于其他处理；开花后7 d，D2处理的冠层光合有效辐射截获量、截获率、光能利用率均显著高于D1、D3、D4处理，冠层光合有效辐射透射率表现为D3、D2处理差异不显著，但显著低于D4处理和D1处理。D2处理的拔节至开花阶段、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理，单位面积穗数随种植密度的增加而增加，但D2、D3处理差异不显著；穗粒数、千粒重随种植密度的增加而降低，D1、D2处理差异不显著，但显著高于D3、D4处理；籽粒产量及水分利用效率均在D2处理下达到最大值，分别为9 158.71 kg·hm^-2、17.21 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。这说明在本试验条件下，180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2为构建宽幅播种小麦合理群体结构、提高群体光能利用率、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的最优种植密度。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥（圈肥和豆饼）与无机肥（三料复合肥）配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。