Impact of the invasion of pinewood nematode and the following different removal disturbance intensities on the plant diversity of Masson pine community

Reported in this paper are our findings of the study on changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhren) Nickle and subsequent and different removal disturbance management approaches. Based on the results, the species diversity indices for the arbor layers of the different communities can be arranged in the following order (from high to low): 1) broad-leaved stand after the removal of all infected pine trees in the pure pine stand in Fuyang; 2) lightly infected Masson pine and Schima superba mixed stand in Fuyang; 3) uninfected stand mixture of Masson pine and Castanopsis fargesii as a control; 4) lightly infested pure Masson pine stand in Fuyang; 5) Quercus variables stand formed following the selective removal of infected pine trees from a mixed Masson pine and Q. variables stand in Zhoushan Islands; 6) pure young Masson pine stand formed following the removal of all infected pine trees from a pure Masson pine stand; 7) pure Liquidambar formosana stand after the removal of infected pine trees from a pure pine stand in Zhoushan Islands; 8) a mixed stand consisting of Pinus thunbergii and the Masson pine in Zhoushan Island; and 9) moderately infected Masson pine stand in Zhoushan Islands. All the three diversity indices (R ₀ = richness, H′ = Shannon-Wiener index, and E = evenness) for the shrub layer did not show any significant differences among the various communities except for the pure pine stand in Zhoushan Island, which had the lowest diversity. The three indices for the herb layer of the pure young Masson pine, Q. variables stand, and L. formosana stand were higher than that of other stands. The integrated analysis showed that the Masson pine forest in different geographical situations and extent of damage had distinct disparity, just as in different disturbance degrees and restoring manners. We created the “index of disturbing intensity of stump and fallen woods” (IDISFW) to represent the degree of disturbance of tree removal to plant diversity. We found that the relationship between the species diversity index and the IDISFW shows both a lower and higher degree of removal disturbance that follows the “mid-altitude bulge” theory. Specifically, both excessive and insufficient removal of infected trees will cause a decline of plant species diversity to a certain degree. Covariance analysis indicated that different IDISFW had no significant effects on the species diversity of the arbor layer, but had different impacts on that of the shrub and herb layers, and therefore can be used to assess changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of pine wood nematode. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(7): 1,157–1,163 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

松树山地区油松天然林群落结构和植物多样性研究

利用α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及重要值,对松树山主要森林群落(油松)林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性以及群落结构进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在群落结构方面,松树山油松天然林垂直结构层次分明,划分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层;乔木层油松胸径大部分集中在15 ～25 cm,占全部油松的56.50%;(2)从各层植物组成特征来看...     

Carbon sink in Phoebe bournei artificial forest ecosystem

Biomass, carbon content, carbon storage and spatial distribution in the 32-year-old Phoebe bournei artificial forest were measured. The mean biomass of the forest stand was 174.33 t/hm², among which the arbor layer was 166.73 t/hm², which accounted for 95.6%. Carbon contents of stems, barks, branches, leaves, root, shrub layer, herb layer, lichen layer and litter layer were 0.5769 g C/g, 0.4654 g C/g, 0.5232 g C/g, 0.4958 g C/g, 0.4931 g C/g, 0.4989 g C/g, 0.4733 g C/g, 0.4143 g C/g, 0.3882 g C/g, respectively. The mean carbon content of soil was 0.0139 g C/g, which reduced gradually along with soil depth. Total carbon storage of the P. bournei stand ecosystem was 227.59 t/hm², among which the arbor layer accounted for 40.13% (91.33 t/hm²), the shrub layer accounted for 0.17% (0.38 t/hm²), the herb layer accounted for 0.76% (1.71 t/hm²), the lichen layer accounted for 0.28% (0.63 t/hm²), and the litter layer accounted for 0.29% (0.66 t/hm²). Carbon content (0–80 cm) of the forest soil was 58.40% (132.88 t/hm²). Spatial distribution ranking of carbon storage was: soil layer (0–80 cm) > arbor layer > herb layer > litter layer > lichen layer > shrub layer. Net production of the forest stand was 8.5706 t/(hm²·a), in which the arbor layer was 6.6691 t/(hm²·a), and it accounted for 77.82%. Net annual carbon sequestration of the P. bournei stand was 4.2536 t/(hm²·a), and the arbor layer was 3.5736 t/(hm²·a), which accounted for 84.01%. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(3): 34–39 [译自: 林业科学]     

珍稀濒危植物瑶山苣苔伴生群落特征

在野外调查基础上,对瑶山苣苔(Dayaoshania cotinifolia)伴生群落进行了研究。结果表明:在4 000m2的样方中,有维管植物208种,隶属于78科147属。群落外貌以小型叶面积、纸质、单叶为主的常绿高位芽植物为特征。群落垂直结构较复杂,成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间植物。群落幼苗储备量大,更新良好。瑶山苣苔生存群落表现出较高的物种多样性,各项物种多样性指数排序为乔木层>灌木层>草本层。     

不同强度人为干扰对毛竹林植物多样性的影响

为了比较不同程度人为干扰下毛竹林下植被的群落组成结构,研究了人工干扰对毛竹林下植被群落的影响。本研究以杭州市临安区为例,选择了人工干扰程度不同的9个样地,并在每个样地中设置样方,测量植被的多样性,调查植被的种类、株数等,同时计算其重要值、丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(J_sw)、Alatalo均匀度指数(E)。结果表明:不同强度人为干扰下的毛竹林群落科属种组成发生了明显的变化,表现为中度干扰下毛竹林植被的科属种数目最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰最小;而乔木层物种数在轻度干扰下最多,灌木层物种数在中度干扰下最多,草本层物种数在重度干扰下最多;毛竹林乔木层和灌木层中S、D、H、J_sw和E值总体上均呈现出中度干扰最大、轻度干扰次之、重度干扰最小的变化趋势,但草本层中各项指标值随着干扰强度的增大而增大。因此,保持适度的人为干扰、维持植被多样性对竹林经营过程有着重要的意义。     

松华坝水库天然林植物多样性调查研究

根据松华坝水库天然林群落的不同海拔梯度以及不同坡向设置36个典型样方进行调查。对松华坝水库物种组成、种子植物区系、群落各层次物种的重要值以及植物多样性进行分析。结果表明：调查到维管植物300种;乔木层云南松种群占绝对优势;水库天然林从乔木到灌木再到草本,植物多样性水平递增;随着海拔的上升,植物多样性水平先升高再降低;从阳坡到半阴坡再到阴坡,植被多样性水平先升高再降低。     

湘中丘陵区石栎混交林群落物种多样性研究

通过对湘中丘陵区石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓｇｌａｂｅｒ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）Ｎａｋａｉ）混交林群落调查．利用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ和Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ多样性指数及相应的均匀度和种间相遇机率．对其群落物种的多样性进行了初步研究．结果表明：湘中丘陵区石栎混交林群落乔木层与下木层的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ多样性指数分别为１．１８４和３．１９７；Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ多样性指数分别为０．６２４和０．８１４；种间相遇机率分别为０．６２５和０．８１４；均匀度分别为４５．８０％和６３．９４％．乔木层第Ⅰ亚层多样性指数低于第Ⅱ亚层；群落的物种多样性是时间和空间的函数．     

近自然化改造对杉木人工林物种多样性的影响

在广西凭祥市热林中心青山实验场设置杉木人工林近自然化改造样地,进行3种间伐强度处理(75%、55%、35%),均匀套种4种阔叶树。改造5年后,研究不同间伐强度近自然经营对群落组成、物种多样性和林分生长状况的影响。结果表明:近自然化改造5年后,乔、灌、草3层的物种数明显增加,灌草层的优势种有所变化,但各间伐处理的优势物种大致相同;各间伐处理的灌木层物种多样性指数无显著差异;改造后各处理草本层物种多样性指数均高于未改造的纯林,各处理草本层的Simpon指数和均匀度指数均显著高于改造前的纯林。杉木胸径随间伐强度的增大而增加且差异显著,但各处理间树高无显著差异;套种的4种阔叶树的胸径、树高随间伐强度的增大而增加,大叶栎、红椎的胸径、树高生长量在不同间伐处理林分中有显著差异;高间伐强度改造的杉木人工林适合套种阳性树种大叶栎、米老排和中性树种红椎,中等间伐强度改造的杉木人工林适合套种耐阴性树种润楠。     

皆伐前后油松人工林下植物多样性变化及与土壤水分的关系

【目的】探讨油松人工林皆伐前后林下植物多样性的变化及与土壤水分的关系,为在油松林皆伐后植被恢复和发育阶段维持生物多样性、保持林分结构稳定、发挥更高生态效益等方面提供科学依据和经营措施建议。【方法】采用时序研究法,在河北平泉地区选择立地一致的不同林龄油松人工林(32年中龄林、40年近熟林、53年成熟林)和皆伐后不同时间(5、10、24 a)的天然更新林作为研究对象,分析不同生长发育阶段油松人工林下植物物种组成与多样性的变化规律及与土壤水分间的相关性。【结果】1)皆伐前后6种林分样地共出现灌木植物21种,草本植物65种,不同样地林下植物组成存在差异。胡枝子在各林分样地均有出现,且重要值均> 20%,在灌木层优势地位明显;草本层中菊科植物种类最多,有18种,其次是蔷薇科和禾本科,分别为6种和4种。2)不同林分样地林下植物多样性指数均表现为草本层>灌木层,皆伐前随着林龄增加林下植物多样性逐渐增加;皆伐后灌木层植物多样性表现为先下降后增加再下降,且变化幅度明显,伐后10 a灌木层Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数最大,分别为1.40、0.61、1.24和0.74,与53年样地差异不显著。皆伐后不同时间的天然更新林草本层植物多样性均与伐前53年样地的差异不显著,皆伐对灌木层植物的影响较大。3)不同林地土壤水分变化规律较一致,表现为伐前随林龄增加而逐渐增加,伐后5~10 a仍保持较高水平,伐后24 a出现下降,经相关分析植物多样性指数与土壤水分之间有显著的正相关关系,与草本层的相关性达极显著水平。【结论】伐前林下植物多样性变化主要与林分密度降低、光照条件改善有关,伐后主要与油松天然更新及种间竞争有关。依靠油松天然更新恢复的林地保持了较高的生物多样性,但在皆伐10 a后出现下降的趋势,建议在此时对油松更新苗进行人工抚育、降低密度以维持植物多样性。土壤水分是影响植物多样性的关键生态因子,良好的土壤水分条件和林下植被的恢复和发展可以相互促进。     

Changes in species composition and diversity in the restoration process of sub-alpine dark brown coniferous forests in western Sichuan Province, China

By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time, we analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration sequences (20, 30, 40, 50 years) in two secondary forest types in western Sichuan Province, distributed in a northerly or northwesterly direction. The analysis was based on the results of measurements of 50 plots located at elevations between 3100–3600 m. The forests originated from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests and moss-dark brown coniferous old growth forests were harvested. Similar old-growth dark brown coniferous forests at ages ranging between 160 and 200 years were selected as the reference forests for comparisons. We recorded 167 species of vascular plants from 44 families and 117 genera. There was no significant difference in terms of the number of species among secondary forests. But the importance values of dominant species varied during the restoration processes. The dominant species in the secondary forests is Betula albo-sinensis, while Abies faxoniana is the dominant species in old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. Species richness increased significantly with restoration processes. It increased quickly in secondary forests during the period from 30 to 40 years, but decreased significantly in the old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. The species richness among growth forms decreased in the following order: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer. The maximum value of the evenness index occurred in secondary forests at age 40 and remained relatively stable in the bamboo-birch forests, but the evenness index tended to decrease in moss-birch forests and slightly increased in the old-growth mossdark brown coniferous forests. There was a statistically significant difference in the eveness index between the tree and shrub layers as well as between the tree layer and the herb layer, but there was no significant difference between the shrub layer and the herb layer. The value of the Shannon index increased over restoration time. In bamboo-birch forests, the maximum value of the Shannon index was 3.80, recorded at age 50. In moss-birch forests, the maximal value was 3.65, reached in this forest at age 30. The value of the Shannon index of old-growth dark brown coniferous forests was recorded between younger secondary and older secondary forests. The value of the dominance index of communities varied. At the first stage of restoration, it increased, and at the end it was decreased. The dominance index of the tree layer had a similar trend as that of the community dominance index, but was more variable. The minimum value of the dominance index of the tree layer in the moss-birch forests reached 20 years earlier than that of the bamboo-birch forests. There was a significant difference among restoration sequences in the α diversity indices except for the dominance index. No significant differences between the two secondary forest types were detected. Over age, the value of the Bray-Curtis index between secondary forest and old-growth dark brown coniferous forest increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 17–23 [译自: 林业科学]     

乌拉山自然保护区主要森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

乌拉山自然保护区位于典型草原与荒漠草原的交界处,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性的理想区域。利用α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及重要值,对乌拉山主要森林群落（白桦林、油松林）林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性以及群落结构进行了研究,结果表明：（1）群落草本层α多样性指数明显高于灌木层;（2）群落灌木层、草本层α多样性指数表现为：白桦林〉天然油松林〉人工油松林;天然油松林〉人工油松林〉白桦林〉柄扁桃灌丛;（3）群落β多样性指数表现出同一种森林群落类型之间绝大多数呈轻度相似性;不同森林群落类型之间呈极不相似;生境条件的差异、人为干扰等因素对群落β多样性的影响较为明显;（4）群落物种组成以菊科、蔷薇科植物为主,草本植物以多年生中生、中旱生、旱生植物为主,林下灌木水分生态型以中生为主。     

浙江丽水太山褐叶青冈林群落结构及其多样性

通过样方调查,应用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度等指标对分布在浙江丽水太山山地的褐叶青冈林群落类型进行了分析.结果表明:太山山地褐叶青冈林物种丰富;乔木层优势种群明显,树高分布主要以近似对称分布为主,群落乔木层个体高度的分布较为均匀;在群落的垂直结构上,灌木层、乔木层、草本层的物种多样性依此降低,灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数最大;在各样方中,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性没有明显的变化趋势;群落生活型以中、小高位芽植物为主,群落叶的性质以单叶、革质和全缘的小叶为主;群落优势种群年龄结构和群落类型属于衰退型.     

Diversity and dominant species of arthropods in different forests of Aershan, Inner Mongolia

Taking different forests in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as sample plots,diversity and dominant species of arthropods were studied.The results show that two classes,17 orders,68 families,130 species and 3742 individuals were identified and 92.31% of total species appeared in natural forests,and 75.38% of total species appeared in plantations.The orders of Lepidoptera,Coleop-tera,Diptera and Hymenoptera covered most of the collected arthropods.In different forest types,diversity indices is natural mixed forests...     

谷城红椿天然群落物种多样性与种群分布格局

为研究谷城县天然红椿群落的物种多样性和红椿种群的分布格局,通过野外调查,采用样方法,运用7种多样性指数研究两个样地的乔灌草多样性,并对各多样性数据进行相关性分析;采用相邻格子样方法,运用7种不同分布格局指数,对不同红椿种群的空间格局进行系统研究。结果表明:不同样地灌木和乔木层香农指数差异显著;乔灌草层各样性指数间相关性较高;不同样地种群分别为集群分布和泊松分布。人为干扰造成群落不同样地草灌乔多样性下降,种群分布格局变化;天然红椿种群呈泊松分布,人为干扰下呈聚集分布。     

桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落生物量及林下植物多样性

[目的]研究桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落的生物量及其林下植物多样性的特点,为该区域的生物多样性保护、生态功能恢复效果评价积累基础数据。[方法]以桂西南岩溶区4种不同恢复模式为研究对象,采用样方法对林下植物多样性进行研究;采用收获法研究灌木层与草本层的地上、地下生物量及凋落物层现存量;采用异速生长模型来估算乔木层的地上生物量,并参考IPCC根茎比来量化乔木的地下生物量。[结果]表明:共调查记录林下植物85种,隶属于46科,81属,其中,灌木植物25科,46属,50种;草本植物21科,35属,35种;不同恢复模式群落生物量的变化趋势为自然恢复林(166.66 t·hm-2)任豆林(48.61 t·hm-2)吊丝竹林(36.54 t·hm-2)灌草坡(0.96 t·hm-2)。[结论]不同恢复模式灌木层物种丰富度差异不显著,最高的为灌草坡(16种),其次为任豆林(15种),最低为自然恢复林(12种);草本层物种丰富度最高的为任豆林(12种),其次为灌草坡(10种),最低为自然恢复林(4种)。自然恢复林乔木不同组分生物量与任豆林、吊丝竹林之间差异显著(P0.05);灌草坡的灌木、草本地上生物量与吊丝竹林、任豆林、自然恢复林之间差异显著(P0.05)。吊丝竹林、任豆林的灌草生物量表现为草本层灌木层,而灌草坡与自然恢复林的灌草生物量则表现为灌木层草本层。     

香格里拉普朗尾矿区工程边坡植被恢复调查研究

为研究香格里拉市高寒山区工程边坡迹地植物群落结构,以香格里拉普朗尾矿区工程边坡迹地为研究对象,研究其植物群落的物种组成、物种相似性及物种多样性。结果表明：工程迹地乔木层的优势种主要是丽江云杉,灌木层优势种以川滇高山栎为主,其次是滇西北小檗和西南蔷薇,草本层优势种以苔草、蒿等植物为主,未受破坏的自然林地植物优势种更为多元化;工程迹地1年自然恢复样地与自然群落样地物种相似性指数较小,为0.03~0.30;工程迹地多年自然恢复样地物种与自然群落样地物种相似性系数较高,最高为0.43;F1样地草本层Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均较大,但不同工程迹地之间差别较小。草本层自然恢复较快,在演替早期,草本植物中的蒿、苔草、野青茅及西南鸢尾等植物,可作为工程迹地植被恢复的先锋植物。     

深圳铁岗-石岩市级湿地自然保护区典型次生林物种多 样性与土壤化学性质

以深圳市铁岗 - 石岩市级湿地自然保护区 4 个典型次生林固定样地为研究对象，对其物种多样 性进行调查，用常规分析方法测定土壤的主要化学性质。研究结果显示：（1）调查样地中共有 39 科 67 属 89 种植物，以海南蒲桃（Syzygium hainanense）、阴香（Cinnamomum burmannii）、木荷（Schima superba） 和樟（Cinnamomum camphora）等为主要数量优势种；（2）不同样地物种丰富度指数和 Shannnon-Wiener 多样性指数排序分别为乔木层 > 灌木层 > 草本层和灌木层 > 乔木层 > 草本层，乔木层 Simpson 优势度指 数高于灌木层和草本层；灌木层 Pielou 均匀度指数高于乔木层和草本层；（3）土壤 pH 值为 4.28~4.51， EC 为 0.031~0.062 ms/cm，有机质和全氮含量分别为 12.37~39.56 g/kg 和 0.50~1.47 g/kg，全磷含量为 0.35~0.39 g/kg，全钾含量为 14.63~37.17 g/kg，碱解氮含量为 39.19~140.36 mg/kg，有效磷含量为 0.94~8.90 mg/kg，速效钾含量为 35.15~97.03 mg/kg；（4）4 个样地物种多样性指数和土壤化学性质之间不存显著相关 关系。研究结果显示，土壤氮、磷、钾含量是影响铁岗—石岩自然保护区植被分布的主要因素。     

闽北杉阔混交林群落物种多样性的研究

应用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、种间相遇机率、生态优势度等多种指标,将杉阔混交林群落划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层、层间层,对不同层次群落的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同层次群落的物种多样性不同,总的趋势是灌木层>乔木层>层间层>草本层。乔木层物种丰富,但生态优势度高于灌木层,个体数量产生一定程度的集中,物种多样性低于灌木层;灌木层生态优势度最低,物种组成丰富,表现出最大的物种多样性;草本层植物物种组成简单,生态优势度最大,物种多样性最低;层间层植物物种数量低于草本层,但生态优势度也低于草本层,其物种多样性高于草本层。该群落中灌木层在保持群落多样性方面所起的作用最大。     

Structure and functions ofPinus sylvestris var.sylvestriformis plantation ecosystem

Changbai pine (Pinus sylvestris var.Sylvestriformis) is an endemic and important tree species in Changbai Mountain. There were only 63 plant species in Changbai pine plantation, where hemicryptophyte was dominant(39.68%). Simpson diversity index was 0.87, Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.96, and evenness index was 0.82. Community structure were divided into three layers: tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The total biomass and net production were 111.982 t/hm² and 8942.80 kg/(hm² a) respectively. The total biomass for tree, shrub and herb layers were 106.150, 2.230, 2.264 t/hm², accounting for 94.79%, 1.99%, and 2.02%, respectively, and net production for those were 7465, 223, and 1182 kg/(hm² a), accounting for 83.47%, 2.49%, and 13.22% of the total respectively. The nutrient content in various organs is in the order of needle> branch> root> bark> trunk, For the assimilated organ, the nutrient content is in the order of N> K> Ca> P> Mg, and that in absorption organ is in the order of Ca> N> K> P> Mg. For the whole plantation ecosystem, nutrient content is in the order of soil> litter> herb layer> shrub layer> tree layer. Nutrient storage and its accumulation rate in tree layer take up 88.79% and 76.43% of the total, respectively. The project is funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

北京市居住区绿地植物组成及其物种多样性研究

为探讨北京市五环内居住区绿地植物种类、结构以及植物群落特性,於2005年5～8月进行机械布点,共调查乔木样方180个,灌木样方200个,草本样方1 095个.结果表明:①北京市居住区共有维管束植物68科178属273种.②从市中心到五环梯度群落物种多样性特征为:物种丰富度草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;均匀度乔木层、灌木层＞草本层;多样性指数灌木层、草本层＞乔木层.③绿地结构类型中,乔灌草交互组成的复层结构占优势.