浙江省针叶林下阔叶树直播造林试验

在马尾松林下进行南酸枣、毛红椿、山杜英、青冈、无患子、珊瑚朴、枫香、刨花楠、木荷直播造林试验,调查其发芽率、发芽势、树高与地径,结果表明:不同树种间直播发芽率存在显著差异,南酸枣、青冈、刨花楠比较适合直播造林,木荷、枫香、珊瑚朴直播造林效果不理想;在直播造林情况下,不同树种的树高、地径生长也存在极显著差异,树高生长以刨花楠和青冈较好,地径相对生长量以青冈和无患子效果较好。综合各种因素,青冈、刨花楠和无患子可以作为针叶林下阔叶树直播造林的树种选择。     

赤皮青冈、闽楠、木荷造林对比试验

2014-2015年,在浙江省缙云县对赤皮青冈(Cyclobalanopsis gilva)、闽楠(Phoebe bournei)、木荷(Schima superba)3种树种进行容器苗和裸根苗在上、中、下3种不同坡位造林试验,并研究其对造林成活率、地径及树高生长量的影响。结果表明:不同树种容器苗造林后树高生长量、地径生长量及造林成活率均显著高于裸根苗;坡位对不同树种造林成活率、地径生长量和树高生长量的影响均表现为下坡中坡上坡;不同树种之间,木荷在各坡位造林的成活率均高于赤皮青冈、闽楠,闽楠则在地径生长量和树高生长量上优势最明显。试验表明容器苗造林可以有效提高造林成活率,下坡造林有利于幼苗更好生长。     

樟树人工林经营效果分析

对福建省永安国有林场和福建农林大学莘口教学林场樟树人工林进行了调查分析,结果表明：立地条件、造林方式对樟树人工林生长效果影响明显。培育樟树丰产用材林应选择I级立地、并以山坡下部为宜。樟树混交林比纯林具有明显的生长优势,适宜与樟树混交的树种有杉木、福建柏、闽楠等。福建柏、闽楠是樟树理想的混交伴生树种和林冠下套种混交树种;杉木与樟树混交,种间竞争比较激烈,需确定目的树种并及时调整林分密度。     

不同林冠下套种南方红豆杉的生长效果

通过对不同林冠下南方红豆杉人工林生长对比试验,结果表明：杉木林下套种的5年生南方红豆杉的树高、地径、冠幅生长最好,在阔叶树林下套种的则生长最差。从枝下高看则是在阔叶林林下最高,在马尾松林下最低。     

4种壳斗科常绿树种容器苗造林早期生长比较

进行4种壳斗科常绿树种容器苗造林试验。根据造林保存率、胸径、树高、冠幅、变动系数值,采用方差分析、多重比较、系统聚类方法,比较4树种早期生长状况。结果表明,青冈的保存率最高,表现出较强的环境适应能力,但其它生长指标差于另3种树种。综合比较反映,米槠表现最优,小叶青冈、鹿角栲表现居中,青冈次于前3种树种。     

不同生境、造林模式闽楠人工林生长及林分分化

利用福建省三明市和建瓯市不同生境、造林模式闽楠人工林的24块代表性样地材料,对其生长及林分分化进行系统研究。结果表明:45龄闽楠人工纯林北坡、东坡林分树高均值明显高于西坡、南坡,而南坡、东坡林分平均胸径显著较北坡、西坡大,中坡、下坡生长明显优于上坡;45龄不同混交类型闽楠人工林中,与杉木混交效果较好,显著优于分别与福建柏、毛竹、木荷混交的林分;8 10龄弱光环境下闽楠林分在马尾松冠下和杉萌套种模式时生长较好,其树高、胸径显著大于杉木冠下闽楠林分;相同坡向、坡位、混交林及马尾松冠下闽楠人工林树高、胸径变异较小,而冠幅变异较大。不同微环境和造林模式的闽楠人工林径阶分布采用Weibull分布函数拟合,效果较好,各坡向、坡位闽楠人工纯林、与毛竹混交的林分及弱光条件下闽楠幼林均为倒"J"型分布,即其林分结构相对稳定、竞争较合理,而分别与杉木、福建柏和木荷混交的林分径阶呈单峰左偏山状分布,表明其处于竞争的自然稀疏后期;不同生境、造林模式闽楠林分林木分级显示,除杉萌套种和杉木冠下林分各级林木所占比例相对分散外,其他调查林分Ⅱ级木、Ⅲ级木占主导地位。因此,营建闽楠人工林应依据不同培育目标进行立地、混交模式及微环境选择,其人工林分宜选偏阳、半阳坡、中下坡,造林时尽可能选庇荫微环境,至中龄期可逐步移除冠层树种;杉木为其较理想伴生树种,与杉木混交林分的生长后期或杉萌套种闽楠林分郁闭期,建议间伐伴生树种;而弱光微环境应首选立地较好的马尾松冠下。     

杉木阔叶树混交林不同培育模式的效果分析

杉木人工林下套种闽楠、细柄阿丁枫试验表明:闽楠、细柄阿丁枫适合杉木林冠下造林,且针阔混交林有助于改善水源涵养功能与提高土壤肥力。     

杉木二代更新不同栽培措施试验

针对杉木人工林地力衰退的发生原因，对杉木二代更新采取营造不同树种、套种、施肥等栽培技术措施进行对比试验，并提出建议。研究结果表明，采取营造不同树种对林木胸径和单株材积生长影响极显著，套种对林木树高生长影响达极显著水平。     

屏边县杉木采伐迹地秃杉造林试验

通过对杉木采伐迹地秃杉造林试验表明,在杉木采伐迹地上种植秃杉,生长良好,且造林成活率为96%,保存率为(3年)94%,3年生树高达2.6m,胸径达5.2cm,没有病虫害,秃杉可作为杉木采伐迹地更新换代的骨干树种加以推广.     

基于8杉2枫的不同混交方式对林分初期生长状况研究

指出了杉木是我国福建地区主要的造林树种之一,其用途十分广泛。但是由于其针叶养分含量低,林地自肥能力差,因此大面积种植时植株的生长情况往往不容乐观。为此,采用杉木和枫香不同混交方式进行了试验,并对每种混交方式下幼林生长量进行了连续跟踪调查。结果表明:带状混交的杉木、枫香的生长效果最好。此混交方式下杉木和枫香的平均胸径、树高、总保存株数等都比其他混交方式更良好。旨在通过相关研究来提升我国杉木枫香混交技术。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.