基于激光测距的激光测树仪结构设计

介绍了激光树高测量仪的工作原理及结构设计。该仪器采用控制装置与测量装置相分离的结构,可以有效地减少误差来源,提高测量精度;采用激光测量距离以及角度传感器测量角度的方法,操作方便、快捷,且可以实现数据的自动存储与输出;采用可快速拆卸与组装的结构设计,携带方便。     

计算机控制激光扫描识别木段横断面图形的研究

针对原木在确定最佳旋切回转中心时,需要识别原木横断面外形几何尺寸而研究、设计了采用计算机控制的激光扫描检测系统,对原木进行动态测试、数据转换及图形显示。其方法是沿木段长度方向均匀设置５～７个激光传感器,当木段旋转时,起动激光传感器进行数据采集,每隔１５°扫描一个点,在各横断面圆周上共采集２４个点的数据,由计算机计算出每个角度上原木表面到中心轴的距离,并对这些数据通过坐标变换,在计算机上绘制出原木横断面几何图型。测试结果表明,该系统的综合测量精度达到±１ｍｍ。     

果树拉枝新技术

<正> 果树拉枝不当,难以达到促花促果目的。拉枝时应注意以下几个技术问题:(1)3月开张多年生主枝角度的重点是拉开基角。主枝太粗时,应在背部背面锯几道口,深达枝粗1/3—1/2,然后开角80°左右;(2)主、侧枝背上斜生或直生的上年生大旺枝,应结合     

白僵菌激光育种试验

激光能使一个染色体造成局部缺损或整个丧失,结果失去局部或全部的遗传信息;激光能引起染色体断裂或形成片断,断裂的染色体可改变位置,以新的格局重新结合起来,形成所谓移位现象;一个片断的染色体可以180°转向,然后重新接合于染色体上面构成全新的染色体组型,即出现所谓倒置现象;激光能使染色体局部重复和造成染色体数量增减;此外激     

不同倾斜度扦插对葡萄成苗率的影响

葡萄插条直接扦插育苗,是现在人们所普遍采用的育苗方法,而扦插时的倾斜角度并没有具体的理论数据,为了提高扦插育苗的成苗率和成苗质量,进行了不同倾斜角度的葡萄插条扦插试验。结果表明:以向北倾斜0°~45°的插条最容易成苗,其萌芽率、新梢生长量、新梢成熟节数、基部第二节中间粗度、成苗等均较其他倾斜角度有明显的差别。因此,对于大面积建园来说,扦插时以向北倾斜0°~45°的角度是最利于成苗的,是快速成苗的首选扦插角度。     

光栅角度传感器干涉计量原理

介绍了一种激光干涉测角方法,它具有非接触,动态实时测量的特点。     

一种基于图像处理的旋切原木直径测量方法

【目的】提出一种基于图像处理的旋切原木直径测量方法,为旋切原木直径测量提供非接触式的技术支持。【方法】增添650nm红色激光器和940nm不可见激光器作为辅助光源,采用树莓派官方摄像头和带有滤光片装置的USB高清工业摄像头进行图像采集,利用图像处理技术探究5种计算方法(计算激光线下弧线像素点个数、计算激光线骨架像素点个数、计算激光线周长像素点个数取平均值、计算激光线X轴方向像素点个数和通过激光线计算拟合圆直径)和6种数据拟合方法(傅里叶拟合、指数拟合、高斯拟合、Polynomial拟合、Power拟合和SumofSine拟合)下能够满足测量精度的最优方案。【结果】对比各计算方法采用不同数据拟合方法的拟合优度,可得到拟合优度最佳的2种方案:计算激光线X轴方向像素点个数并采用SumofSine拟合方法,其决定系数为0.9998,标准差为1.638;计算激光线X轴方向像素点个数并采用傅里叶拟合方法,其决定系数为0.9998,标准差为1.881。在原木测量误差分析中对拟合优度相差较小的2种方法(傅里叶拟合和SumofSine拟合)进一步对比,傅里叶拟合的平均绝对误差范围为1.7%,标准差为2.11,方差为4.45;SumofSine拟合的平均绝对误差范围为1.5%,标准差为4.35,方差为18.95。【结论】计算激光线X轴方向像素点个数并采用傅里叶拟合方法,在满足旋切机用原木直径测量精度要求的同时,拟合优度最佳。     

基于多角度高光谱CHRIS影像的隆宝滩湿地遥感分类方法研究

采用青海省隆宝滩地区的多角度高光谱CHRIS遥感数据,通过研究+36°、0°和-36°三个角度影像的组合变换,提出影像变换+不同角度波段组合的方法,用以获取地物的分类信息。该方法首先对0°影像进行穗帽变换,选择其湿度图像,再与+36°和-36°影像的第4波段(0.461 μm)进行RGB组合,生成新的彩色合成影像,然后再进行支持向量机(SVM)的监督分类。结果显示,利用该方法对隆宝滩湿地分类的精度可达到90.02％;而利用传统的监督分类对0°影像直接进行分类,其精度为75.46%。由此可见,利用不同角度信息进行波段组合的方法,大大提高了高光谱影像进行湿地信息提取的精度,为湿地信息提取提供了一个有效的方法。     

红松木倾斜角度对其木材形成组织的影响

为研究树干倾斜角度对应压木木材细胞壁形成过程的影响,以7年生红松苗木为研究对象,对其茎干进行不同角度的倾斜处理.先后测定苗木的树高和胸径、木材形成组织中的木质素和纤维素含量、傅里叶红外变化光谱和极性代谢产物.结果表明:倾斜角度对高生长的抑制作用非常显著,对直径生长无显著影响.倾斜后木质素含量增加,纤维素含量降低;倾斜角度对木质素和纤维素含量均有显著影响.不同倾斜角度FTIR吸收峰强度也有明显差异.糖类、脂类、氨基酸、含氮化合物、有机酸等代谢物随倾斜角度呈现不同的变化规律.因此,红松苗木50°倾斜处理形成典型的应压木结构.代谢物相对含量的变化规律与形成的木材宏观性质相吻合.代谢物的变化也反映了树木对应力刺激的响应机制.     

广西林科院实用新型测量工具--测距尺

测距尺是新近发明的一种新型多功能的测量工具，１９９９年取得专利权。其构造简单，便于操作，精确度高，实用性强，能代替经纬仪测距离，代替罗盘仪测角度，代替测树仪测树高，小工具，大作用。 结构 测距尺由两条普通的尺子组成，成“十”形，“─”的叫测尺，“｜”的叫测杆。 结构原理 测距尺根据密位公式，将测尺上的分划数换算成密位（角度），１°≈１６．６７密位。 性能与用途 测距尺能测量距离、间隔（高度、宽度）、角度（密位）、坡度和坡长。测量距离可远可近，远至上千米，近到几米；测量间隔（高度、宽度）可大可小，大至上…     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.