川西米亚罗林区林场水平森林生物量研究

利用川西米亚罗林区森林资源清查数据,以森林蓄积量和森林生物量之间的关系模型为基础,对川西林业局301林场的森林生物量进行了估算,并对研究地区不同林龄及森林类型的森林生物量进行了分析。研究结果表明:1)研究区域林分总生物量为3 041 229t,林分单位面积平均生物量为87.13 t/hm2,低于全国生物量及四川省生物量的平均值,主要由于占绝对优势的云、冷杉林所处立地条件差,生物量较低造成;2)林分年龄结构不合理,成、过熟林面积较大(占69%);3)水土保持林的生物量在所有森林类型中所占比例最高(占80%)。     

湖南安仁县典型森林生态系统生物量和碳贮量

以2013年安仁县"十二五"森林资源调查资料作为依据,运用生物量、蓄积量为依据的生物量转换因子连续函数法,对安仁县9种森林类型的生物量、碳贮量进行了估算。结果表明:安仁县的主要森林类型是杉木、慢生阔叶树、马尾松、中生阔叶树、湿地松、速生阔叶树、桉树组、柏木、杨树,其中杉木是优势树种,林分面积占乔木总面积的40.07%;幼龄林占乔木林面积的51.85%,中龄林占乔木林面积的21.15%,近熟林占乔木林面积的11.35%,成熟林占乔木林面积的7.25%,过熟林占乔木林面积的1.40%;主要树种的生物量、碳贮量分别为1 808 132.55×10~3、904 006.37×10~3 t,碳汇价值为5.8×10~(10)元;林分单位面积生物量、平均碳密度分别为25.37、12.68 t·hm~(-2);几种森林类型单位面积的生物量、碳密度都比全国平均水平低,因此,安仁县的碳汇潜力非常大。     

沈阳城市森林结构与生态效益

用样方调查方法对沈阳市建成区163.5km2范围的树木进行实地调查,并建立了基于Arc View 3.2以及CITYgreen模型的城市森林信息管理系统。应用该系统分析了沈阳市土地利用及树木分布的格局、树种柏成、树木密度、树高等级分布、胸径等级分布、健康状况等指标。     

云南省镇雄县森林植被碳储量及碳密度研究

以2017年云南省镇雄县森林资源规划设计调查的数据资料为基础,运用生物量与蓄积量之间关系的生物量转换因子连续函数模型对镇雄县森林植被的生物量进行估算。利用生物量与碳储量的转化率,估算得出镇雄县森林碳储量及碳密度。结果表明:全县森林植被总生物量为1090.52×10~4t,乔木层生物量贡献占主导地位;全县森林植被总碳储量为545.26×10~4t,地类为纯林的碳储量远大于其他地类;全县平均碳密度为14.75t/hm~2,全县碳密度最高位分布在西北部山区,山区碳密度明显大于平原碳密度平均值,碳密度与树种平均年龄的线性关系,符合s型增长曲线。     

基于随机森林回归模型的思茅松人工林生物量遥感估测

以云南省景谷县思茅松人工林为研究对象,以研究区2005年TM影像及2006年森林资源二类调查小班空间属性数据库为信息源,在前期建立思茅松单木生物量模型基础上,在ENVI下提取9个植被指数作为备选自变量,建立研究区思茅松人工林随机森林回归遥感估测模型。结果表明:随机森林回归遥感估测模型的决定系数(R2)=0.97,均方根误差(RMSE)=4.97;模型的预估精度(P)=87.67%。利用已经训练好的随机森林估测模型,估测研究区思茅松人工林生物量为3 644 612.00t;单位面积生物量为59.90 t/hm2。研究结果可为其它典型森林类型生物量或碳储量估测提供案例分析。     

基于高分遥感数据的阿尔泰山乔木林地上生物量预测

为了在区域尺度上精准和便捷地估测森林生物量,以高分遥感数据和实地调查数据为基础,通过提取植被指数、纹理等遥感特征变量,并运用最近邻算法(k-NN)构建乔木林地上生物量预测模型。结果表明,运用k-NN进行区域尺度上乔木林生物量遥感定量估测,当k值为2,特征为B1(波段1)、SR(简单植被指数)、NDVI(归一化植被指数)、B4(波段4)时,研究区乔木林生物量估测结果最优。通过分析可知：乔木林生物量整体表现不高,地上生物量为803.90万t,单位面积生物量均值为82.15 t/hm²;乔木林主要龄组是成熟林时,其面积和生物量占比均最大;在海拔1 500～2 400 m范围,乔木林单位生物量较高。     

福州市主要森林类型林下灌木层生物量和碳密度研究

为了解林下灌木层生物量和碳密度变化特征,基于森林火灾风险普查样地调查与森林资源一张图数据,对福州市乔木林主要森林类型林下灌木层生物量和碳密度进行研究。结果表明:(1)福州市乔木林林下灌木层总生物量169.37×10^(4)t,总碳储量为79.61×10^(4)t,平均碳密度达1.49 t/hm^(2);(2)不同森林类型林下灌木层碳密度1.11~1.94 t/hm^(2),其大小依次为人工阔叶林>天然阔叶林>人工马尾松林>天然针叶林>人工针叶林>人工杉木林;(3)不同森林类型林下灌木层单位面积生物量、碳密度随着乔木层郁闭度的增加总体呈明显减少趋势,生物量大小为低郁闭度>中郁闭度>高郁闭度;(4)不同森林类型林下灌木层单位面积生物量、碳密度随着乔木层林龄的增加总体呈先减少后增加趋势,生物量大小为幼龄林>成、过熟林>中龄林>近熟林。     

基于3S技术的福清核电厂调查区生物量研究

采用样线、样方调查法,对福清核电厂调查区植被进行调查,在此基础上运用3S技术对福清核电厂调查区植被生物量进行研究,结果表明:调查区植被群落的生物量为4 813 773.01 t,其中乔木群落占94.26%,灌草丛仅占5.74%;乔木群落占据绝对优势,平均生物量为17.03 t/hm^2。研究区植被覆盖率不高,水体、耕地、滩涂占了很大比例,因此该区域要严格控制生态自然林砍伐,采取适当的退耕还林措施,加强"四绿"工程建设。     

森林细根生产和周转研究

随着近 2 0多年来对细根功能的深入认识和研究方法的发展 ,林分细根生物量、生产和周转及其与环境因子的关系成为森林生态学的研究热点之一 ,开展了大量研究。本文在收集了大量研究报道基础上 ,对森林细根研究结果进行综述。结果如下 :细根 (直径 <2～ 5mm)生物量变化在 46～ 2 80 5g·m- 2 之间 ,大部分在 10 0～ 10 0 0g·m- 2 ;细根生物量分别占地下部分总生物量和林分总生物量的 3%～ 30 %和 0 .5 %～ 10 % ;北方常绿针叶林平均细根生物量最低 (2 16g·m- 2 ) ,热带常绿阔叶林最高 (10 87g·m- 2 )。细根年净生产量 2 0～ 1317g·m- 2 ·a- 1 ,占林分总净初级生产量的3%～ 84% ,大部分在 10 %～ 6 0 % ;从北方森林到温带、亚热带至热带森林 ,细根生产量呈增加趋势 ;针叶林细根生产在总净初级生产中的比例小于阔叶林 (常绿和落叶 )。树木细根生命周期短至数天 ,长达数年。细根年周转率 4.3%～ 2 73.2 % ,阔叶林细根周转率低于针叶林。细根生产和周转是土壤碳和养分的重要来源 ,细根生产向林地输入的生物量占总输入 (细根生产和地上枯落物输入 )的 6 .2 %～ 88.7%。除气候森林类型外 ,森林生态系统细根生物量、分布、生产、周转还因季节、土壤类型、立地条件和生长发育阶段而异。同时 ,还受树木体内碳     

基于森林生物量相容性模型长白山天然林生物量估测

利用中国第四次(1997年)二类森林调查数据,借助长白山天然林森林生物量相容性模型,以汪清天然林区为例,对阔叶林、针叶林及针阔混交林等不同森林群落进行森林生物量及其分量的估测,研究区森林生物量密度及碳密度估测值分别为110.06 t/hm2和51.73 t/hm2,碳库估测值为0.0119 Gt C.阔叶林生物量占总森林生物量的59%,在该研究区占主导地位。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.