十六种木材防腐剂野外抗蚁试验

十六种木材防腐剂经八年野外(埋桩)抗蚁试验,按处理材遭白蚁的蛀蚀程度,进行定期观察、分级评定,得出了不同浓度、不同配方的防腐剂野外抗蚁效果,其中CCA(B)防蚁效果最好,其次为OP-1和OP-2。5%CCA(B)处理材的六年完好值为100,八年完好值为90,适宜于野外(露天)木结构的防蚁处理。FCCA和BBP等水溶性防腐剂,因成本低,具一定的防蚁效果,宜在室内使用。     

不同药剂预防白蚁蛀蚀木材的效果测定

室内采用河砂木块法研究了 15种药剂对白蚁的防治效果 ,48%毒死蜱、5 %锐劲特、48%毒死蜱 + 10 %安绿宝、2 5 %辛硫·灭扫利、5 %锐劲特 + 76 9%樟脑油、10 %安绿宝等 6种药剂 (或混配剂 )抗白蚁蛀蚀效果显著优于氯丹。野外试验了15种药剂 ,2 2个月后的结果表明 :48%毒死蜱单独使用或与 76 9%松节油等混配使用 ,可以保持木材近 2a仍不受白蚁蛀蚀 ;5 %锐劲特、2 5 %辛硫·灭扫利等药剂单独使用或与巴丹等混配使用 ,其效果也优于 70 %氯丹     

白蚁防治新药蚁防胺的筛选研究

3年（1997－1999）有隔离沟施药法对克百威，丁硫克百威，蚁防胺1号（菊酯1号），蚁防胺2号（菊酯2号），氯丹，竹干馏液6种药剂处理土壤预防家白蚁（Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki)的室内外实验表明，蚁防胺是代替氯丹，对环境较安全，污染较小，效果好的新药物。     

杉木苗木泥团包根造林成活试验

用粘性赤红壤土(粘性赤红壤土蘸根)、胶泥土、山基土(林下腐殖层黑土)与3号ABT生根粉3种不同浓度(2mg·100g-1、5mg·100g-1、10mg·100g-1)配制处理杉木苗,进行造林试验.结果表明,3种土壤中,粘性赤红壤土处理对提高干旱瘠薄立地条件下杉木造林成活率有显著作用,造林成活率达90%以上,可在生产中推广应用.而胶泥土、山基土、粘性赤红壤土蘸根处理对立地条件下杉木造林其效果仍未达到造林成活要求.     

绿色植物生长调节剂在良种桉扦插育苗上的应用

对良种桉(巨按×尾叶按)优良无性系DH18-18进行ABT生根粉系列不同剂型和浓度扦插育苗试验结果表明,水溶性剂型ABT6号比ABT1号、2号对良种按扦插苗的生根有更明显的促进作用.其生根率达95.7％～100％,比醇溶性剂型高4.3～5.45个百分点,比CK高14.2个百分点,最佳处理组合为ABT6号(水溶性剂型)1000 mg·kg-1、ABT2号(醇溶性剂型)800mg·kg-1.     

树木提取液抑制白蚁的效能试验

通过26种树木的不同提取液室内制剂筛选试验,从中筛选出灭蚁活性较强的树木提取液,分别配制9种单剂,在小型试验基础上优选配方,结合植物资源等因素,研制成环保型灭白蚁粉剂。用该粉剂在厦门、福州的公园中进行防治树木白蚁的药效试验,结果表明:处理后10 d的防效为76%~100%,处理后20 d的防效为81%~100%,处理后30 d的防效为100%,并且施药9个月后检查仍能持效。     

林木白蚁的林间防治药效试验

通过对 10种杀白蚁药剂或混配制剂对林木白蚁的林间防治效果试验结果表明 ,5 0 %福美双、5 %锐劲特、2 5 %溴氰菊酯、2 5 %辛硫·灭扫利、90 %杀虫双、48%毒死蜱、5 0 %福美双 +2 0 %叶青双等 7种药剂或混配制剂在林间的防治效果均超过或接近 70 %氯丹 ,可以替代 70 %氯丹用于生产上大面积防治林木白蚁。文中还探讨了白僵菌和绿僵菌用于林间防治林木白蚁的可行性     

云南13种乡土绿化树种对SO2、NO2气体反应的研究

采用人工模拟熏气的方法,研究了13种云南乡土绿化树种对城市SO2、NO2有害气体的反应.结果表明云南红豆杉、长梗润楠、翠柏、滇润楠、麻栗坡含笑、南亚含笑、山玉兰对SO2气体的抗性弱,而云南含笑、脉叶虎皮楠、川滇三角枫对SO2气体的抗性最强,灯台树、川滇三角枫净化SO2的能力较强,其净化量分别为300mg·kg-1、700 mg·kg-1.NO2浓度为1.0 mg·m-3时,长梗润楠、云南含笑、云南拟单性木兰、云南红豆杉、麻栗坡含笑、灯台树叶片的N净化量依次为2 000 mg·kg-1、1 100 mg·kg-1、1 700 mg·kg-1、2 300 mg·kg-1、1 200 mg·kg-1、13 100 mg·kg-1.经综合比较川滇三角枫对SO2气体具有较好的抗性和净化能力,而对NO2气体具有较好的抗性;云南含笑、云南拟单性木兰、脉叶虎皮楠等树种对SO2、NO2气体具有较好的抗性和净化能力.     

不同地理种源梭梭容器育苗试验

在新疆准噶尔盆地沙漠边缘精河县的古尔图牧场运用不同种源、不同基质、不同用量GGR生长调节剂浸种处理,进行梭梭容器育苗试验。试验结果表明:吐鲁番白梭梭的各项生长指标比吐鲁番梭梭、精河梭梭、奇台梭梭优良,奇台梭梭表现最差;GGR的最适用量为20mg·kg-1,最佳基质为5∶3∶2(苗圃土∶沙子∶锯沫和羊粪)。当种源为吐鲁番白梭梭,基质为5∶3∶2,用20mg·kg-1的GGR浸种,播种38d后的梭梭苗高可达38cm,地径可达0.31cm。     

福贡县县城林业土壤理化性质对造林的影响

采集福贡县县城林业土壤,分析了其物理性质和速效养分含量。结果表明,福贡县县城林业土壤密度平均值为1.54g·cm-3,孔隙度平均值为40.12%,速效磷含量平均值为18.63 mg·kg-1,速效钾含量平均值为156.51 mg·kg-1,碱解氮含量平均值为25.73 mg·kg-1。数据表明,福贡县县城林业土壤密度和孔隙度偏低,速效钾和速效磷含量丰富,碱解氮缺乏。       

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.